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PubMedDate not supplied

[Thymus-dependent nature of the antigens of enteropathogenic viruses].

The nature of antigens in enteropathogenic animal viruses--coronavirus--an agent of transmissive gastroenteritis of pigs (TGE) and pig enterovirus of serotype VI was studied. Basing on the results of the histomorphometric study of the white spleen pulp under the individual introduction of viruses and in combination with the lymphoid chalone it was established that the developing immune response has a thymus-dependent induction mechanism. The pharmacological stimulation of the T-system of animals suffering from virus gastroenteritis provides a positive therapeutic effect. The selective stimulation of the animal T-system may be considered as a promising trend in therapy of intestinal infections and as one of the possible ways to increase the immune response to the antigens of viral vaccines.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1994

Contribution of antibody-secreting cells induced in mucosal lymphoid tissues of pigs inoculated with respiratory or enteric strains of coronavirus to immunity against enteric coronavirus challenge.

Two antigenically related porcine coronaviruses, transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) which infects primarily the intestinal tract and causes severe diarrhea, and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) which infects the respiratory tract and causes subclinical or mild respiratory infections, presented a unique opportunity to study the interrelationship of gut-(GALT) and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissues (BALT) and their contribution to protective immunity against TGEV infection. Pigs were inoculated oral-nasally with TGEV or with PRCV at eleven days of age and challenged 24 days later with TGEV. All pigs initially given TGEV developed diarrhea and were completely protected against disease upon challenge. In contrast, pigs given PRCV had no clinical disease and shed virus in nasal secretions only; after challenge, 5 of 12 pigs developed diarrhea. Virus-specific IgG and IgA Ab-secreting cells (ASC) were enumerated by ELISPOT in the mesenteric and bronchial lymph nodes, spleens, and gut lamina propria at challenge and various post challenge days. Before challenge, in pigs exposed to TGEV, IgA-ASC in the duodenum and jejunum constituted the major ASC response. Conversely, PRCV-exposed pigs had mainly IgG-ASC in bronchial lymph nodes, with low ASC responses in the gut. After challenge, numbers of IgG-ASC increased rapidly in the gut lamina propria and mesenteric lymph nodes of only PRCV-primed pigs. Our results suggest that virus-specific IgG-ASC precursors derived in BALT of PRCV-primed pigs may migrate to the gut in response to TGEV challenge and contribute to the partial protection observed. The presence of IgA-ASC in the gut lamina propria of TGEV-primed pigs at the time of challenge correlated with complete protection against TGEV challenge. Thus a dichotomy exists in the BALT and GALT ASC responses; immunization via BALT induced a systemic type of response (IgG-ASC) and provided imperfect protection against an enteric pathogen, whereas immunization via GALT induced IgA-ASC and provided complete protection.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

[Etiological study of viral gastroenteritis in swine].

Studied were the etiology and spread of nonbacterial gastroenteritis in pigs over a period of five years. Ascertained were cases of diarrhea caused by the virus of transmissive gastroenteritis, epizootic diarrhea, and rotaviruses. The transmissive gastroenteritis virus was found in 14.1 per cent of the investigated material, mostly in the winter months (67.8 per cent), which was 65.6 per cent of the positive cases. The number of cases and that of the farms involved abruptly rose in the last two years of the investigated period when as many as 73.4 per cent of the positive findings were recorded. Thirty to 37.7 per cent of the studied farms proved to be infected. Enzootic diarrhea was recorded on seven out of the 12 studied farms, whereas 30 to 50 per cent of the sampled material was positive. The serologic study of reconvalescent blood sera of pigs from three infected farms revealed that 90 up to 100 per cent of them contained antibodies. In a great part of the sera (from 15 to 68.9 per cent) there were transmissive gastroenteritis antibodies as well. In 6.8 per cent of the Investigated samples and on 30 per cent of the farms there were also findings of rotaviruses. Cases of rotavirus gastroenteritis were recorded the year round with a rising trend in the cold months. Antibodies to these viruses were established on a large scale--from 58.13 to 100 per cent. There were also mixed infections--corona- and rotaviruses or viruses and bacteria.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus to coronaviruses of other species.

Utilizing the direct and indirect fluorescent antibody procedure, the antigenic relationship of the feline infectious peritonitis virus (FIPV) to 7 other human and animal coronaviruses was studied. FIPV was found to be closely related to transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) of swine. Transmissible gastroenteritis virus and FIPV were in turn antigenically related to human coronavirus 229E (HCV-229E) and canine coronavirus (CCV). An interesting finding in the study was that the 8 coronaviruses selected for this study fell into one of two antigenically distinct groups. Viruses in each group were antigenically related to each other to varying degrees, but were antigenically unrelated to coronaviruses of the second group. The first antigenically related group was comprised of mouse hepatitis virus, type 3 (MHV-3), hemeagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus 67N (HEV-67N) of swine, calf diarrhea coronavirus (CDCV), and human coronavirus 0C43 (HCV-OC43). The second antigenically related group was comprised of FIPV, TGEV, HCV-229E and CCV.

Antigens, Viral↗

PubMed1989

Effect of antisecretory drugs on experimentally induced weanling diarrhoea in piglets.

In 45 newly-weaned 3 to 4-week-old piglets, diarrhoea was induced by a combined infection with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus and enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains. In untreated control animals this dual inoculation resulted in profuse diarrhoea, vomiting, hypovolaemic shock and death of 77% of the animals within five days of TGE virus inoculation. Antisecretory drugs were administered intramuscularly for three consecutive days after experimental infection. The neurolepticum chlorpromazine, at 2 mg/kg/24 h, resulted in a significant inhibition of diarrhoea and vomiting, and in an increase in weight gain and survival. Sedation and hypothermia, however, were serious side-effects. The alpha 2 agonist clonidine, at 80 micrograms/kg/12 h, induced a significant antidiarrhoeal effect and a reduction in mortality. The drug, however, provoked decreased activity of alpha 2-adrenergic excitation and incoordination. The beta-adrenergic antagonist propranolol, at 0.33 mg/kg/8 h, and the calcium channel blocker verapamil, at 2 mg/kg/8 h, had no beneficial effect on the experimentally induced diarrhoea.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Immunity of swine to Ascaris suum.

Swine were hyperimmunized to Ascaris suum by giving multiple oral inoculations of embryonated eggs. Sera and lymphocyte lysate from these pigs were administered parenterally to 4-week-old pigs. The latter animals were no more resistant to larval migration than control pigs receiving sera or lymphocyte lysate from non-immunized pigs. Other pigs were infected with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus, allowed to recover and challenged with embryonated ascarid eggs. They likewise were no more resistant to ascarid larval migration than control pigs.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Immunization of pregnant gilts with PRCV induces lactogenic immunity for protection of nursing piglets from challenge with TGEV.

The level of passive protection against transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) was evaluated by experimentally infecting 12 pregnant gilts with different doses of porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCV) and challenging their litters at 4 days of age. An overall survival rate of 70% was found for piglets nursing the 12 PRCV-infected gilts, compared to a 16% survival rate for piglets of nine uninfected control gilts. Six of the PRCV-infected gilts had adequate levels of immunity to resist infection with TGEV following the challenge of their litters. These six completely immuned gilts also solidly protected their litters from TGEV as shown by a 96% piglet survival rate through weaning at 3 weeks of age. The results suggest that respiratory infection with PRCV induces a substantial degree of protective lactogenic immunity against TGEV.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

In vivo intestinal uptake of immunoreactive bovine albumin in piglet enteritis.

We examined the uptake of bovine serum albumin (BSA) from the intestine into the circulation of 3-week-old piglets infected with transmissible gastroenteritis virus. Transfer of immunoreactive bovine serum albumin (iBSA) from the intestinal lumen into the circulation was enhanced during both the early invasive phase of this viral enteritis (12-h postinoculation) and the diarrheal phase (84-h postinoculation). In some animals, enhanced uptake persisted into the recovery phase, 324 h after inoculation. Gel filtration studies suggested that iBSA had the molecular size characteristic of native BSA; no immunoreactive fragments of BSA were detected. Based on studies of two animals, the half-life of iBSA approximated that of porcine albumin. Further study is required to determine the immunological consequences of the enhanced uptake of protein occurring during viral infection of the intestine.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Effect of chlorpromazine on experimental diarrhoea in just-weaned piglets.

In just-weaned piglets (n = 30, 3-4 weeks) diarrhoea (100%) and vomiting (66%) were provoked by inoculation with transmissible gastroenteritis virus and enterotoxigenic E. coli strains (O149: K91: K88ac; LT, STa and STb enterotoxin positive). This combined infection resulted in a mortality of 71% within 7 days. During this period animals revealed a decrease in body weight, in arterial pressure, in leukocyte count, in plasma pH and in plasma lactic acid concentrations, and an increase in heart rate and in total plasma protein concentration. In shocked and expiring piglets an increase in haematocrit and a decrease in base excess and actual bicarbonate were observed. Chlorpromazine, administered intramuscularly on 3 successive days following the dual infection in 8 K88ac susceptible pigs, in a dosage of 2 and 1.5 mg/kg.24 h, somewhat retarded the appearance of severe diarrhoea and suppressed vomiting. These beneficial effects, however, did not result in an increased survival.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

D-Glucose transport in piglet jejunal brush-border membranes: insights from a disease model.

We measured glucose transport in jejunal brush-border membrane vesicles isolated from piglets with acute viral diarrhea, comparing our results with those from control animals. Characterization of membranes from both study groups demonstrated comparable purity and integrity. In the presence of an inwardly directed Na SCN gradient, D-glucose accumulated in control vesicles to a concentration several times the 60-min equilibrium level. "Overshooting" uptake was much lower and more gradual in vesicles from 40-h transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)-infected pigs compared with control pigs. Equilibrium kinetic studies, in which gramicidin was used to clamp membrane potential at zero, demonstrated a pattern of Na-dependent D-glucose transport in 40-h TGE-infected membranes that differed greatly from the control pattern. From an Eadie-Hofstee plot of stereospecific Na-dependent D-glucose uptake into control vesicles, a pattern suggesting two carrier populations emerged: one with a low-affinity, apparent Km equaling 52.63 +/- 13.81 mM and the other a high-affinity apparent Km equaling 3.92 +/- 0.24 mM for D-glucose. In 40-h TGE-infected membranes, the pattern conformed to a single line, suggesting a homogeneous population of low-affinity carriers, (Km = 37.03 +/- 1.92 mM), which did not differ from the low-affinity carriers seen in control animals. We conclude that the absence of the high-affinity D-glucose carriers in jejunal brush-border membrane is an important determinant of the defective glucose transport that characterizes viral diarrhea. Because previous studies have strongly suggested that in acute TGE diarrhea the epithelium is composed of relatively undifferentiated crypt-type cells, we speculate that high-affinity D-glucose carriers are lacking in normal crypt epithelial cells and that they are incorporated into brush-border membranes of jejunal enterocytes as the cells differentiate in the course of their migration from crypt to villus.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗

PubMed1987

Absence of a cAMP-mediated antiabsorptive effect in an undifferentiated jejunal epithelium.

In the relatively undifferentiated jejunal mucosa occurring in piglet viral enteritis, we measured the response of transepithelial Na+ and Cl- fluxes in vitro to raised intracellular adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels. At the acute 40-h stage of transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE), luminal membrane markers, sucrase and lactase, and a basolateral jejunal epithelial membrane marker Na+-K+-ATPase, were significantly decreased in activity, while a proliferative marker, thymidine kinase, was significantly enriched; these enzyme characteristics are typical of enterocytes isolated from crypts of other species. As expected, control piglet jejunum in short-circuited Ussing chambers after theophylline (10 mM) developed significant net secretory Na and Cl fluxes primarily due to significant antiabsorptive effects (delta JNa m----s = 3.48 +/- 0.52, delta JCl m----s = 2.59 +/- 0.28). Furosemide (10(-4) M), an inhibitor of electroneutral NaCl cotransport, produced antiabsorptive effects (delta JNa m----s = 2.53 +/- 0.31, delta JCl m----s = 2.58 +/- 0.28) in control jejunum that were not significantly different from those seen in response to theophylline. TGE jejunum, however, responded to theophylline not by an antiabsorptive effect but by significant electrogenic Cl- secretion (delta JCl s----m = 1.59 +/- 0.48); furosemide had no effect on ion fluxes in TGE tissue. Control and TGE jejunal mucosal homogenates did not differ in their basal or theophylline-stimulated levels of cAMP. We conclude that the relatively undifferentiated small intestine occurring in acute TGE does not generate either a cAMP-mediated antiabsorptive effect or a furosemide-mediated antiabsorptive effect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1985

Impact of chronic protein-calorie malnutrition on small intestinal repair after acute viral enteritis: a study in gnotobiotic piglets.

To investigate the effect of chronic protein-calorie malnutrition on intestinal repair after an enteric infection, we examined small intestinal structure, enzyme activity, and sodium transport in undernourished piglets during the acute and convalescent phases of a viral enteritis, transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE). Gnotobiotic pigs, nutritionally deprived from the age of 7 days, gained less weight than dietary controls from 14 days of age until the end of the study. Animals from malnourished and control diet groups were inoculated with TGE virus at 22-23 days and studied during the acute (40 h) and convalescent (4, 10, and 15 days) stages of this experimental enteritis along with noninfected dietary controls. After TGE infection, we observed a further decrease in weight gain and an increased mortality only in undernourished pigs. In jejunum and ileum of both dietary groups at 40 h after TGE infection, we observed comparable structural lesions, similar decreased activities of mucosal enzymes (sucrase, lactase, sodium-potassium-dependent ATPase), and increased thymidine kinase activities. Also we noted comparable diminution of glucose-stimulated jejunal sodium absorption in both dietary groups at 40 h. In control diet pigs, transport abnormalities recovered by 4 days after TGE infection and normal mucosal structure and enzyme activity returned over 4-15 days. In undernourished piglets, structural repair and enzyme abnormalities were prolonged when compared with the control diet group; glucose-stimulated sodium transport did not recover until 10 days after infection and never regained the enhanced activity seen in noninfected undernourished controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Alanine enhances jejunal sodium absorption in the presence of glucose: studies in piglet viral diarrhea.

We measured the response of jejunal sodium (Na) absorption to neutral amino acid (L-alanine) and to dipeptides (L-alanyl-L-alanine, glycylsarcosine) in normal piglets and in piglets with acute viral diarrhea after experimental infection with transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE) virus. In the TGE jejunum villi were blunted, crypts were deepened, and the epithelium was composed of relatively undifferentiated cells with reduced disaccharidase, decreased sodium-potassium-stimulated ATPase, and elevated thymidine kinase activities. The response of Na absorption to a maximal concentration of L-alanine (20 mM) or D-glucose (30 mM) was significantly blunted in TGE jejunum in Ussing chambers. However, the addition of L-alanine together with D-glucose caused a significantly greater increment of Na absorption than either L-alanine or D-glucose alone in control and TGE tissue. The effect of Na absorption of the dipeptide L-alanyl-L-alanine (10 mM), which was rapidly hydrolyzed by control and TGE mucosa, was similar to that of L-alanine (20 mM), while glycylsarcosine, a poorly hydrolyzed dipeptide, did not change net Na absorption in the jejunum. Our data support the concept of separate carrier systems for neutral amino acid and hexose in the crypt-type intestinal epithelium characterizing viral enteritis. We speculate that a sodium-cotransporting amino acid, if added to oral glucose-electrolyte solutions, could benefit oral rehydration therapy in acute viral diarrhea; neither of the dipeptides tested here can be expected to enhance absorption to any greater extent than its constituent amino acids.

Alanine↗

PubMed1997

Potential animal health hazards of pork and pork products.

The animal health hazards associated with the importation of pork and pork products include four viral agents: foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever (hog cholera), African swine fever, and swine vesicular disease viruses. The safety of importing pork from a zone infected with one or more of these diseases can be adequately determined only through risk assessment. This also applies for the safety of importing pork products which have undergone some form of processing (fully cooked pork products are not counted here). For each disease, the agent (pH and temperature lability), target organs, agent survival in pork and pork products, and agent quantification are discussed. Agent quantification is an input of the risk assessment which measures the viral titres in waste pork and pork products in relation to the oral infective dose estimated for each disease. Two other viral diseases, transmissible gastroenteritis of pigs and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome, are presented to illustrate why these two diseases are not hazards when associated with pork and pork products.

African Swine Fever↗

PubMed2001

Utilizing stochastic genetic epidemiological models to quantify the impact of selection for resistance to infectious diseases in domestic livestock.

This paper demonstrates the use of stochastic genetic epidemiological models for quantifying the consequences of selecting animals for resistance to a microparasitic infectious disease. The model is relevant for many classes of infectious diseases where sporadic epidemics occur, and it is a powerful tool for investigating the costs, benefits, and risks associated with breeding for resistance to specific diseases. The model is parameterized for transmissible gastroenteritis, a viral disease affecting pigs, and selection for resistance to this disease on a structured pig farm is simulated. Two genetic models are used, both of which involve selection of sires. The first involves selection with the assumption of continuous genetic variation (the continuous selection model). The second involves selection with the assumption of introgression of a major recessive gene that confers resistance (the gene introgression model). In the base population, the basic reproductive ratio, R0 (i.e., the expected number of secondary cases after the introduction of a single infected animal) was 2.24, in agreement with previous studies. The probabilities of no epidemic, a minor epidemic (one that dies out without intervention), and a major epidemic were 0.55, 0.20, and 0.25, respectively. Selection for resistance, under both genetic models, resulted in a nonlinear decline in the probability of a major epidemic and a decrease in the severity of the epidemic, should it occur, until R0 was less than 1.0, at which point the probability of a major epidemic was zero. For minor epidemics, the probability and severity of the epidemic increased until R0 reached 1.0, at which point the probabilities also fell to zero. The epidemic probabilities were critically dependent on the location on the farm where infected animals were situated, and the relative risks of different groups of animals changed with selection. The main difference between the two genetic models was in the time scale; the introgression results simply depended on how quickly the resistance allele could be introgressed into the population. For the introgression model, the probability of a major epidemic declined to zero when 0.6 of the animals were homozygous for the resistance allele.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMed2002

Identification of the epitope region capable of inducing neutralizing antibodies against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus.

In order to identify the neutralizing epitope of the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), the spike protein region that is presumed to contain the virus-neutralizing epitope was determined. This was based on the sequence information for the neutralizing epitope of the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV). A recombinant protein that corresponds to the spike region of TGEV was produced, and polyclonal antisera were generated using the recombinant protein. It was discovered that polyclonal antisera significantly inhibited plaque formation by PEDV, suggesting that this region of the spike protein contains the epitope(s) that is capable of inducing PEDV-neutralizing antibodies. In addition, the region that corresponds to the neutralizing epitope of TGEV may also be involved in neutralizing PEDV, although the two viruses are serologically quite distinct. Finally, the amino acid sequences that are deduced from the genes for the determined-neutralizing epitope were highly homologous among the PEDV strains that were isolated from different geographical areas, which suggests conservation of the antigen gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1991

[Creatinine clearance as the foundation for clinical determination of kidney function in swine].

Comparative examinations of renal function using inulin- and endogenous creatinine-clearance tests in 5 pigs showed nearly identical values of glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Based on this relation 79 healthy pigs, weighting 2 kg to 230 kg were investigated using the creatinine-clearance test for determination of normal values of GFR and urine flow rate (Vu) as well as renal excretion (E), renal clearance (Clr) and fractional excretion (FE) of urea, sodium, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, glucose and lactate. The renal excretion of creatinine (E-Creat) was closely correlated with the body weight. Therefore it is possible to use the body weight for estimation of E-Creat and to calculate GFR and Vu using plasma and urine concentrations of creatinine independent of a timed volumetric urine collection. Subsequently E, Clr and FE of electrolytes or other endogenous substances can be evaluated. Finally the practicability of this procedure for detection of disturbed glomerular filtration or tubular reabsorption was demonstrated in piglets suffering from colidiarrhoea and/or transmissible gastroenteritis.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Rotaviral diarrhea in pigs: brief review.

Rotavirus is a name given to a group of viruses that have similar characteristics and are generally capable of causing diarrhea in the young. Infection of pigs with porcine rotavirus is common and widespread and can result in diarrhea, especially in 1- to 4-week-old pigs. This virus is frequently associated with a diarrheal syndrome popularity known as "white scours," "milk scours," or "3-week-old scours." Pigs less than 1 week old are infrequently infected, presumably because of adequate passive immunity. The infection resembles enzootic transmissible gastroenteritis. Diagnosis can be made by immunofluorescent staining of mucosal scrappings from the small intestines.

Animals↗