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PubMed1985

Vaccination of ewes by a single conjunctival administration of Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 vaccine.

In a lot of 99 ewes, the efficacy of a single vaccination by the conjunctival route (VC) with either 1.4 X 10(8) or 1.4 X 10(9) CFU Brucella melitensis Rev. 1 was compared with that of normal subcutaneous (SC) vaccination with 1.6 X 10(9) CFU. The ewes were challenged seven months after vaccination, when 85 days pregnant, with 5 X 10(7) CFU Brucella melitensis strain H38 administered by conjunctival route. Complement fixation, Rose Bengal and allergic tests were performed at intervals between vaccination and slaughter, and clinical and bacteriological examinations between challenge and slaughter, six weeks after lambing. After VC vaccination, few animals showed Brucella antibodies whatever the dose, and all were seronegative as early as four months after vaccination whereas a few SC vaccinated individuals were still seropositive at ten months. There were more allergic reactions among SC than VC animals, but sensitization was shown to be long-lasting in all vaccinated groups, whatever the administration route of the vaccine. VC vaccination with 10(9) CFU appeared to afford slightly greater protection than that with 10(8) CFU, and slightly lower protection than that induced by SC vaccination, but differences were not statistically significant. It is suggested that conjunctival vaccination with 10(9) CFU Rev. 1 would induce a good level of protection against Brucella melitensis infection and allow test and slaughter procedures as early as four months after vaccination.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Clinical reactions and serologic responses after vaccination with whole-virus or split-virus influenza vaccines in children aged 6 to 36 months.

The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of whole-virus and split-product influenza vaccines were studied in 77 children between the ages of 6 and 36 months. Subjects initially received monovalent vaccine containing either A/USSR/77 (H1N1) antigen in 1978 or A/Brazil/78 (H1N1) antigen in 1979. One month later a trivalent preparation was given which contained the respective H1N1 antigen plus A/Texas/77 (H3N2) and B/Hong Kong/72 antigens. Temperatures of greater than or equal to 37.8 C (greater than or equal to 100 F) were observed more commonly after initial vaccination with whole-virus vaccine (35%) than after split-product vaccine (14%). No child had a temperature of greater than or equal to 39.4 C (103 F) or a febrile convulsion. The trivalent vaccines were more reactogenic than the monovalent vaccines although none of the reaction indices exceeded 0.9. The whole-virus vaccine appeared to be more immunogenic, especially in those children who were initially seronegative (preimmunization hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody titer (less than 5). Only 50% of children vaccinated with split-product vaccines with initial hemagglutination-inhibiting titers of less than 5 achieved titers of greater than or equal to 20 to the H1N1 antigen after two doses of vaccine compared with 97% in similar whole-virus vaccine recipients. The degree of antibody response to the A/Texas/77 component of the vaccines was greater than the response to the A/Brazil/78 or A/USSR/77 antigens.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed1978

Measles vaccine efficacy in children previously vaccinated at 12 months of age.

During a large outbreak of measles in Ohio in 1976 it was possible to measure measles vaccine efficacy by age at time of vaccination and number of years since vaccination. Using a summed incidence method to control for the confounding variable introduced by mass immunization clinics held during the outbreak, vaccine efficacy was greater than 95% for children vaccinated at 12, 13, and 14 or more months of age. Vaccine efficacy for those vaccinated at 12 months of age was notably better than for those vaccinated at younger ages but not different from those vaccinated at older ages. Although recently administered vaccine appeared more efficacious than vaccine administered in the past, this difference was not significant when controlled for age at vaccination. Evaluation of the mass clinics held during the outbreak demonstrated that 59.6% of the inadequately immunized children attended the clinics, but this was not substantially different from the proportion of adequately immunized who attended (52.4%). Recommendations for measles revaccination need not include children previously vaccinated at 12 months of age or greater.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Comparison of immunogenicity and efficacy of rhesus rotavirus reassortant vaccines in breastfed and nonbreastfed children. US Rotavirus Vaccine Efficacy Group.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether breastfeeding affected the immunogenicity and/or efficacy of candidate rhesus-human rotavirus reassortant vaccines. METHODS: A total of 989 healthy infants between 4 and 26 weeks of age were enrolled into a 23-center, prospective, randomized, double-masked, controlled study of the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of three doses (4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units) of monovalent rhesus-human viral protein 7, or G, serotype 1 reassortant vaccine, (RRV-S1) or tetravalent vaccine (RRV-TV) consisting of rhesus-human reassortant G serotypes 1, 2, and 4, and the parent RRV G serotype 3. Vaccine efficacy was compared in the breastfed and nonbreastfed children as well as seroconversion rates and postvaccination geometric mean titers (GMTs) of neutralizing antibodies to human serotypes 1, 2, 3, and 4, RRV, and immunoglobulin A to RRV. GMTs in the two feeding groups were compared with and without adjustment for age at initiation of vaccination, prevaccination antibody titers, and the age and prevaccination titer interaction. RESULTS: The seroconversion rates to both vaccines by one or more assays were similar for the breastfed and the nonbreastfed groups (RRV-S1, 84% and 85%, respectively; RRV-TV, 94% and 93%, respectively). There were no significant differences in postvaccination GMTs to either vaccine, measured by any serologic assay, in the two feeding groups. The efficacy of the RRV-S1 vaccine was not significantly lower among the breastfed children than the nonbreastfed children (28% and 39%, respectively). RRV-TV, which is the vaccine being further evaluated for licensure, was equally protective in breastfed and nonbreastfed infants (50% and 51%, respectively). Logistic regression analysis, taking into account differences in age at vaccination and day 1 titer, revealed no evidence of differential vaccine efficacy in the two feeding groups for either vaccine. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that the RRV-TV vaccine, given as three doses of 4 x 10(4) plaque-forming units, induces similar seroresponses and protection in breastfed and nonbreastfed US children.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Combination vaccines consisting of acellular pertussis vaccines.

Combination vaccines consisting of multiple vaccine antigens delivered in a single injection simplify vaccine administration. Combining multiple antigens into one injection, however, presupposes that the administration of multiple vaccines in combination will not reduce the safety and immunogenicity of the component vaccines. New generation vaccines seek to combine many more antigens from multiple, different pathogens, making them difficult to study in controlled, double blind, randomized clinical trials because of the number of study arms required for complete evaluation. Methods to simplify studies of combination vaccines include building on the framework of earlier studies to calculate sample size and reduce the number of control arms, standardizing serologic assays and assessment of adverse reactions and determining serologic correlates of protection to minimize the need for multiple efficacy studies and to facilitate evaluation of immunogenicity studies. Preliminary data indicate that immune responses to combination vaccines including diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis, hepatitis B and inactivated poliovirus are comparable with those seen when the vaccines are administered separately. In contrast studies of combination vaccines that include Haemophilus influenzae type b Hib antigens show a diminished Hib antibody response, although the clinical relevance of this lowered antibody response has not yet been determined. Numerous small safety studies of combined vaccines have not found evidence of increased adverse reactions.

Clinical Trials as Topic↗

PubMed1998

Safety and immunogenicity of a combined diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis-inactivated polio vaccine-Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine administered at 2-4-6-13 or 3-5-12 months of age.

METHODS: In an open randomized study we compared the safety and immunogenicity of two schedules for priming and booster vaccinations of infants. A pentavalent combination vaccine, including a lyophilized Haemophilus influenzae type b-tetanus toxoid conjugate vaccine reconstituted with a liquid diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis (pertussis toxoid and filamentous hemagglutinin) and inactivated polio vaccine (DTaP-IPV/Act-HIB; Pasteur Mérieux Connaught, Lyon, France) was administered to 236 Swedish infants either at 2, 4 and 6 months or at 3 and 5 months, and a booster dose was administered 7 months after the last primary dose. Adverse events were monitored by diaries for 3 days after each vaccination and by questions at the ensuing visits. Antibodies against the different vaccine components were analyzed after the primary series of vaccinations, before and after the booster injections. RESULTS: There were no serious adverse reactions, and the rates of febrile events and local reactions were low in both groups. The three dose primary schedule induced higher geometricmean concentrations for all antigens than did the two dose schedule, but there were no differences between the groups in proportions with protective antibody titers against diphtheria, tetanus, Hib and polio or in proportions with certain defined levels of pertussis antibodies. Prebooster results showed a similar pattern, with the exception that the group primed with three injections showed higher proportions of infants with detectable antibodies against polio-virus types 1 and 3. After booster vaccinations there were no differences between the two schedules in geometric mean or in proportions with antibodies above defined antibody concentrations, indicating effective priming from both primary series of vaccinations. Conclusion. The combined vaccine DTaP-IPV/ Act-HIB vaccine was equally safe and immunogenic when administered according to both time schedules studied.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2003

Time spent by primary care practices on pediatric influenza vaccination visits: implications for universal influenza vaccination.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the time currently spent by primary care practice personnel, and the examination room occupancy time for childhood influenza vaccination visits, to assess the practicality of annual influenza vaccination of all preschool children. SETTING: Seven primary care practices serving one fourth of the children living in Rochester, NY. PATIENTS: Ninety-two children seen for influenza vaccination visits in the 2000-2001 vaccination season. METHODS: Using a standardized protocol, practice staff measured the time spent on check-in, nurse or physician examination, and the actual influenza vaccination process. Waiting and "hands-on" times were determined, as well as total visit and room occupancy times. Nonparametric tests and multivariable models were used to analyze the time spent for components of the visits and to compare time spent by different age groups and practice types (suburban or urban). RESULTS: The median duration of the influenza vaccination visit was 14 minutes (25th to 75th percentiles range, 9-25 minutes) across the 7 practices, with visits to urban practices being longer (22 minutes) than visits to suburban practices (9 minutes). Eighty percent of patient time involved waiting, primarily in examination rooms. The major components of influenza vaccination visits included waiting room time (4 minutes in suburban practices vs 8 minutes in urban practices; P<.01), and time in the examination room (5 minutes vs 14 minutes, respectively; P<.001), during which only 1 to 2 minutes (for both suburban and urban practices) were for hands-on vaccinations. Only 5% of visits were examined by a physician or nurse practitioner. Visit times did not vary by age. CONCLUSIONS: Although the personnel time for influenza vaccination visits was short, there was substantial patient waiting and long occupancy of examination rooms. If universal influenza vaccination is to be efficiently managed in primary care practices, it may be necessary to implement "vaccination clinics" or sessions in which large numbers of children are scheduled for influenza vaccinations at times when adequate rooms and dedicated nursing staff are available.

Child↗

PubMed1991

Haemophilus b disease after vaccination with Haemophilus b polysaccharide or conjugate vaccine.

The reported frequency of invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b disease occurring within 1 year after immunization was compared in American children who received either Praxis Biologics' Haemophilus b polysaccharide vaccine or Connaught Laboratories' Haemophilus b conjugate vaccine during the first year of distribution. All domestic cases reported to the Food and Drug Administration or the Centers for Disease Control were included in the study. An estimated 4.5 million and 2.0 million doses of polysaccharide and conjugate vaccines were administered, respectively. Approximately three cases of early-onset disease (disease developing less than 15 days after vaccination) per million doses were reported for the polysaccharide compared with four cases per million doses for the conjugate vaccine. There were 30.7 reported vaccine failures per million doses of the polysaccharide vaccine compared with 9.0 per million doses of the conjugate vaccine, a 3.4-fold difference. The reporting rate ratios (cases of vaccine failure to cases of early-onset disease) for the polysaccharide and conjugate were 11.5 and 2.3, respectively, a fivefold difference. Thus, compared with recipients of the polysaccharide vaccine, vaccine failures reported among recipients of the conjugate vaccine were 80% fewer than expected.

Bacterial Capsules↗

PubMed1994

Influence of vaccine medium and vaccination schedules on the induction of active immunity against Aujeszky's disease in maternally immune pigs.

Active immunity against Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) was compared at the end of the fattening period in pigs which had been vaccinated with the attenuated Bartha strain according to different schedules in the presence of different levels of maternal immunity. The percentage of seropositive pigs at the end of the fattening period varied from 21 to 94 per cent. The percentage was significantly higher when the vaccination schedules were applied to pigs from mothers vaccinated with an attenuated strain compared to pigs from mothers vaccinated with a subunit vaccine or from infected-immune mothers. Additionally, this percentage was two to three times lower when pigs were vaccinated once at 10 weeks old compared to pigs either revaccinated at 14 weeks or vaccinated once at 14 weeks old. When the virus strain used for vaccination had been suspended either in saline or in an oil-in-water emulsion, significant differences were not found in the serological response after vaccination and in the reduction of virus excretion upon subsequent challenge. In challenge experiments, a significantly longer duration of virus excretion was observed in vaccinated pigs which had not seroconverted than in vaccinated but seropositive pigs. The vaccination schedules for sows and fattening pigs in view of the eradication of ADV are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Clinical evaluation of low dose intradermally administered hepatitis B vaccine: a comparison of plasma-derived and recombinant yeast-derived vaccines.

A study of the safety and immunogenicity of plasma-derived and yeast-derived recombinant hepatitis B vaccines administered by the intradermal route is reported. Three groups of medical students were inoculated intradermally at 0, 1 and 6 months with 2 micrograms of vaccine. Group 1 (n = 24) were administered plasma-derived vaccine (Green Cross HB-vaccine), group 2 (n = 21) yeast-derived recombinant vaccine (Engerix B), and group 3 (n = 13) two doses of plasma-derived vaccine with a third dose of yeast-derived vaccine. One month after administration of the third dose of vaccine, seroconversion rates in each of the three groups were 83, 100 and 92%, respectively, with anti-HBs geometric mean titres (GMT) of 329 IU l-1, 1390 IU l-1 and 1061 IU l-1. Although differences in seroconversion rates were not statistically significant, the GMT in group 1 was significantly lower than that in group 2 (p less than 0.01) and group 3 (p less than 0.05). The results presented show that intradermal administration of plasma-derived or yeast-derived vaccine, or a combination of the two, can provoke an effective immunogenic response to hepatitis B virus at approximately 10% of the cost of intramuscular vaccination. In this study administration of yeast-derived vaccine yielded better results than plasma-derived vaccine when administered by the intradermal route.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1995

Newborn universal immunisation against hepatitis B: immunogenicity and reactogenicity of simultaneous administration of diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTP) and oral polio vaccines with hepatitis B vaccine at 0, 2 and 6 months of age.

The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of the administration of recombinant vaccine against hepatitis B simultaneously (but at separate sites) with diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis (DTP) and oral polio vaccines were examined. Six hundred and twenty-six children (group I) were given hepatitis B vaccine at 0, 2 and 6 months of age; the other vaccines were administered at 2, 4 and 6 months of age. A control group of 731 children (group II) received only DTP and oral polio vaccines. The results showed that 93% of the infants in group I had anti-HBs titres above the protective level ( > or = 10 mIU ml-1) after vaccination. There were no differences in the immune responses for DTP and polio between the two study groups. The vaccine efficacy against poliomyelitis was 96% for serotype I, 100% for serotype II and 97-98% for serotype III. Of the infants in both groups, 97% had antibodies against B. pertussis; all children were positive for tetanus and diphtheria. There were no differences in the incidences of general reactions between groups. Local swelling and redness were reported following 4.2 and 4.4%, respectively, of all injections of hepatitis B vaccine. These reactions were reported following 31 and 33%, respectively, of all doses of DTP vaccine. It can be concluded that the simultaneous administration of hepatitis B vaccine with the DTP and polio vaccines is well-tolerated; hepatitis B vaccine remained highly immunogenic and did not interfere with the immune response to the other antigens.

Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis Vaccine↗

PubMed2005

Vaccinations in pneumonia (VIP): pneumococcal and influenza vaccination patterns among patients hospitalized for pneumonia.

BACKGROUND: Although the CDC ACIP (Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices) recommends that appropriate inpatients receive pneumococcal and influenza vaccines, adult vaccination rates for these remain low. We therefore examined perihospitalization vaccination rates for high-risk pneumonia inpatients. METHODS: A retrospective chart review of all pneumonia patients admitted to one community hospital from 6/1/95 to 5/31/96. Vaccination history, co-morbidity, mortality, and prior and subsequent pneumonia admissions were recorded. Primary care providers and nursing homes were contacted to complete and verify vaccine histories. RESULTS: For 173 total admissions (160 subjects), vaccine histories were documented in the hospital chart in less than 0.5% of patients. While 97% had indications for both vaccines at the time of admission, no vaccines were given in the hospital and less than 5% had documented vaccinations during the subsequent 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: Despite clear indications, few patients had documented vaccination at any time. These data lend urgency to the recommendation that pneumococcal and influenza vaccines should be routinely administered to pneumonia inpatients at discharge. Furthermore, they illustrate the need for an improved method for tracking individual adult vaccinations.

Aged↗

PubMed2000

A randomized trial of two acellular pertussis vaccines (dTpa and pa) and a licensed diphtheria-tetanus vaccine (Td) in adults.

A single blinded randomized controlled trial to compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of adult formulated dTpa and monovalent pa vaccines with a licensed Td vaccine. Five hundred and forty-eight healthy adults aged 19-70 years received a single injection of dTpa or separate injections of pa or Td (with the alternate vaccine 1 month later). Local and systemic reactions were monitored for 15 days after each vaccination. Serum antibody levels were measured immediately prior to and 1 month after vaccination. Antibody levels were measured 12 months after vaccination in 100 subjects. There was no difference in the total frequency of symptoms and signs between subjects receiving any of the three vaccines. There was a significantly lower incidence of local reactions following pa (60%) than dTpa (80%, P=0.002) or Td (93%, P=0.0008). The incidence of clinically significant (Grade 2 or 3) swelling (> or =20 mm) was higher for Td (20%, P=0.002) than for dTpa (11%) or for pa (2%), however, there were no other significant differences in the incidence of Grade 2 or 3 reactions between the vaccines. A high anti-pertussis seroconversion rate (>97%) against all the studied pertussis antigens was seen 1 month after vaccination with dTpa and pa. A total of 96 and 99% of subjects receiving dTpa and Td, respectively, had anti-diphtheria titres > or =0.01 IU/ml, and all but one subject had anti-tetanus titres > or =0.1 IU/ml after 1 month. Twelve months after vaccination the majority (90-100%) of the subjects were still seropositive for each antigen and although GMTs had decreased they were substantially higher than pre-vaccination levels. The dTpa vaccine was well tolerated and capable of eliciting an immune response against all the antigens in a broad spectrum of the adult population and could potentially replace Td for routine boosters in adults.

Adhesins, Bacterial↗

PubMed2003

Response of calves persistently infected with noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subtype 1b after vaccination with heterologous BVDV strains in modified live virus vaccines and Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid.

Seronegative persistently infected (PI) calves with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) subtype 1b were vaccinated with each of four modified live virus (MLV) BVDV vaccines and a Mannheimia haemolytica bacterin-toxoid. Nasal swabs and peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) were collected for virus isolation and serums were collected after vaccination and tested for BVDV1a, BVDV1b, BVDV2, bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V), and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) antibodies. M. haemolytica and Pasteurella multocida antibodies were detected using ELISA procedures. None of the PI calves developed mucosal disease (MD) after MLV vaccination. None of the BVDV PI calves seroconverted to BVDV1b after MLV vaccination. Calves receiving MLV vaccines seroconverted to the respective type/subtype in the vaccine. Calves receiving a MLV vaccine with noncytopathic (NCP) BVDV1 (subtype not designated) did not seroconvert to BVDV1a, BVDV1b, or BVDV2. The PI calves were positive for BVDV subtype 1b, in the PBL and nasal swabs throughout the study. Calves receiving each of three vaccines with known BVDV1a strains had BVDV1a positive samples after vaccination, in some but not all calves, up to Day 28. The PI BVDV1b calves did not respond with increased M. haemolytica antibodies after vaccination compared to BVDV negative calves receiving the same M. haemolytica vaccine.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Randomised controlled trial of combined diphtheria, tetanus, whole-cell pertussis vaccine administered in the same syringe and separately with Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine at two, three and four months of age.

An open randomised controlled multicentre study compared the immunogenicity and reactogenicity of three vaccines given by injection at two, three and four months of age. Children (89) received Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine (SmithKline Beecham Biologicals [SB]) administered in the same syringe with combined diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis (DTPw) vaccine (Evans); 75 received Hib vaccine (SB) administered as a separate injection with DTPw vaccine; 66 received Hib vaccine (Pasteur Merieux [PM]) administered as a separate injection with DTPw vaccine. All subjects in both groups receiving Hib (SB) vaccine had levels of antibodies to the Hib polysaccharide polyribosylribitol phosphate (PRP) greater than 0.15 microgram ml-1 as did 97% of those receiving Hib (PM) vaccine 1 month after administration of the final vaccine dose. Subjects in all three groups demonstrated an immunological response to pertussis, diphtheria and tetanus antigens. The geometric mean titres of the group given Hib (SB) and DTPw vaccine mixed in the same syringe were lower than the other groups. There were no apparent differences between the treatment groups in the incidence of local or systemic reactions, or serious adverse events. This study has confirmed that it is possible to halve the number of injections necessary to offer protection, with advantages to parents, children, doctors and nurses, using a combined DTPwHib vaccine and in accordance with the UK's accelerated primary immunisation schedule at two, three and four months of age.

Antibodies↗

PubMed1997

Nucleic acid vaccination of sheep: Use in combination with a conventional adjuvanted vaccine against Taenia ovis.

This report describes the use of a nucleic acid vaccine in a large outbred animal species both alone and in combination with a conventionally adjuvanted vaccine. The gene encoding a host-protective antigen (45W) from the sheep parasite Taenia ovis was cloned into the expression vector pcDNA3 and the resultant plasmid termed pcDNA3-45W. Eleven of 15 sheep injected either intramuscularly or intradermally with pcDNA3-45W mounted a serum antibody response to 45W which for both routes of injection was predominantly IgG1. However, the level of antibody elicited by the nucleic acid vaccine was low and repeated vaccinations did not boost the response. Injection of pcDNA3-45W into animals in which an immune response had previously been generated by vaccination with recombinant 45W using Quil A as adjuvant (rec45W vaccine), did not result in enhanced antibody levels. Initial vaccination with pcDNA3-45W and subsequently with the rec45W vaccine resulted in antibody levels significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those obtained in sheep which had only received the rec45W vaccine. This enhanced antibody response was predominantly of the IgG1 subclass (IgG1 : IgG2, 5 : 1) in animals injected with the nucleic acid vaccine by the i.m. route. Surprisingly, a second rec45W vaccination of these animals led to little or no increase in IgG1 levels and a 10-fold increase in IgG2 resulting in a predominance of 45W-specific IgG2 (IgG1 : IgG2, 0.25 1). These studies revealed that nucleic acid vaccination has efficacy, albeit limited, in the sheep and supports previous investigations which showed that antibody responses elicited by immunization are determined by both the route and mode of antigen delivery.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗

PubMed1998

Protection against meningococcal serogroup ACYW disease in complement-deficient individuals vaccinated with the tetravalent meningococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine.

Individuals with properdin, C3 or late complement component deficiency (LCCD) frequently develop meningococcal disease. Vaccination of these persons has been recommended, although reports on efficacy are scarce and not conclusive. We immunized 53 complement-deficient persons, of whom 19 had properdin deficiency, seven a C3 deficiency syndrome and 27 had LCCD with the tetravalent (ACYW) meningococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine. Serological studies were performed in 43 of them. As controls 25 non-complement-deficient relatives of the complement-deficient vaccinees and 21 healthy non-related controls were vaccinated. Post-vaccination, complement-deficient individuals and controls developed a significant immunoglobulin-specific antibody response to capsular polysaccharides group A, C, Y, W135, but a great individual variation was noticed. Also, the proportion of vaccinees of the various vaccinated groups with a significant increase in bactericidal titre (assayed with heterologous complement) was similar. Opsonization of meningococci A and W135 with sera of the 20 LCCD individuals yielded in 11 (55%) and eight (40%) sera a significant increase of phagocytic activity after vaccination, respectively. Despite vaccination, four complement-deficient patients experienced six episodes of meningococcal disease in the 6 years post-vaccination. Four episodes were due to serogroup B, not included in the vaccine. Despite good response to serogroup Y upon vaccination, disease due to serogroup Y occurred in two C8beta-deficient patients, 3.5 and 5 years post-vaccination. These results support the recommendation to vaccinate complement-deficient individuals and to revaccinate them every 3 years.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Humoral immune response and assessment of vaccine virus shedding in calves receiving modified live virus vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1 and bovine viral diarrhoea virus 1a.

Susceptible calves were administered modified live virus (MLV) vaccines containing bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV1) and bovine viral diarrhoea type 1 (BVDV1a) strains intramuscularly, with one vaccine containing both MLV and inactivated BHV-1 and inactivated BVDV1a. There was no evidence of transmission of vaccine (BHV-1 and BVDV1a) strains to susceptible non-vaccinated controls commingled with vaccinates. No vaccinates had detectable BHV-1 in peripheral blood leucocytes (PBL) after vaccination. Each of three vaccines containing an MLV BVDV1a strain caused a transient BVDV vaccine induced viremia in PBL after vaccination, which was cleared as the calves developed serum BVDV1 antibodies. The vaccine containing both MLV and inactivated BHV-1 induced serum BHV-1 antibodies more rapid than MLV BHV-1 vaccine. Two doses of MLV BHV-1 (days 0 and 28) in some cases induced serum BHV-1 antibodies to higher levels and greater duration than one dose.

Animals↗