SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Workload”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 631 records · Page 35Linked to original sources

PubMed1989

Part-time women general practitioners--workload and remuneration.

A postal questionnaire survey was conducted comparing the workload and remuneration of part-time women principals in group practices in the Northern and Oxford regions. Part time was defined as receiving less than a full profit share at parity. Of 501 women principals 308 (62%) responded of whom 146 (47%) were part-time. Respondents were asked to record aspects of workload over a four-week period for themselves and their full-time partner who did the most sessions within the practice. The results showed that although two-thirds of the part-timers had 50% or less of a full profit share, part-time principals overall did about 76% of the daytime clinical work (surgeries and home visits) done by their full-time partners, excluding specialized clinics. The lower the profit share the wider this discrepancy. Although 33% of the respondents did not out-of-hours work, the remainder did more than their profit share would indicate. Twenty per cent of the 116 principals with 40% or more of a full profit share and 57% of the 30 principals with less than 40% of a full profit share felt that their share was unfair. Lack of involvement in practice business and feeling that opinions did not carry equal weight were associated with feelings of unfairness.

Female↗

PubMed1989

[The usefulness of BOP and SIVIS (ADL and behavior rating scales) for the estimation of workload in a psychogeriatric nursing home. Results of a time-standard study].

In a 168-bed psychogeriatric nursing home the estimated nursing time for all aspects of care was determined by setting time-standards for a sample of 39 patients. Then BOP (Behaviour Rating Scale for Elderly Patients) and SIVIS (SIG Nursing Home Information System) data were related to nursing time for different aspects of care, in order to determine the usefulness of these scales for estimating workload. Pearson correlations between time for basic care (mainly ADL care, representing 58% of total nursing time) and some BOP subscales were high: Dependency: r = 0.81, Physical Disability: r = 0.80 and Apathy: r = 0.81. The correlation between the SIVIS-Helpindex and time for basic care was within the same range: r = 0.78. If BOP subscale Dependency and SIVIS-Helpindex scores were very high, total nursing time for basic care varied widely from 100 to 220 minutes per day. Besides basic care there are other activities done with the patients, of which social activities are the most important (17% of total nursing time). Time spent on social activities was less for patients in need of very high levels of nursing care than for patients who required mild to moderate levels of care. This study shows that a global estimation of workload by BOP as well as SIVIS is possible. A more accurate estimation requires an instrument that is more suited to differentiate between the most impaired patients.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1988

Workloads in Auckland general practice 1981/82 to 1984/85.

A random sample of Auckland general practitioners was surveyed in 1985. Data describing their workload, practice style and practice finances for the years 1981/82 and 1984/85 was collected and analysed. The trends in general practice during this time were studied, and the results compared to national data from various sources and to data from the Department of Health for the years 1984/85 and 1986/87. The workload of practitioners has appeared to remain static despite decreasing patient: doctor ratios. The real income of general practitioners is falling.

Data Collection↗

PubMed1988

Prediction of physical workload in reduced gravity.

As we plan for long-term living and working in low-gravity environments, a system to predict mission support requirements, such as food and water, becomes critical. Such a system must consider the workload imposed by physical tasks for efficient estimation of these supplies. An accurate estimate of human energy expenditure on a space station or lunar base is also necessary to allocate personnel to tasks, and to assign work-rest schedules. An elemental analysis approach for predicting one's energy expenditure in industrial jobs was applied to low-gravity conditions in this paper. This was achieved by a reduction of input body and load weights in a well-accepted model, in proportion to lowered gravity, such as on the moon. Validation was achieved by applying the model to Apollo-era energy expenditure data. These data were from simulated lunar gravity walking studies, observed Apollo 14 walking, simulated lunar gravity upper body torquing, and simulated lunar gravity cart pulling. The energy expenditure model generally underpredicted high energy expenditures, and overpredicted low to medium energy expenditures. The predictions for low to medium workloads were, however, within 15-30% of actual values. Future developmental work will be necessary to include the effects of traction changes, as well as other nonlinear expenditure changes in reduced gravity environments.

Energy Metabolism↗

PubMed1988

Crew workload in JASDF C-1 transport flights: I. Change in heart rate and salivary cortisol.

The physiological responses of heart rate and salivary cortisol for six paired captains and co-pilots during JASDF scheduled transport flights were compared to assess crew workload. The relative change of both responses showed similar patterns and were influenced significantly by whether pilots were controlling the aircraft. Moreover, differences in flying experience and responsibility of captains and co-pilots influenced the two physiological responses; heart rate and salivary cortisol measures increased more for both captains and co-pilots while they were in control of the aircraft than when they were not. Compared to captains, co-pilots showed much higher activation and variability in relative change of heart rate and salivary cortisol between periods of controlling and non-controlling the aircraft. On the other hand, captains showed relatively constant responses comparing aircraft controlling and non-controlling periods, especially in the cruise phase of flight. Salivary cortisol may be a useful, non-invasive method of assess crew workload.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

[Workload in a roentgenologic department 1978 and 1982. Changes--causes--consequences].

This is an analysis of the workload in the imaging department (number of exams and room time) from 1978-1982. The different changes are listed and explained. During the 4 years there has been a significant increase in Ultrasound, CT, and special procedures (invasive/interventional), whereas in conventional radiology the workload decreased. The origin of requests for diagnostic work-up was found to be not only due to the total number of hospital beds. It depends mainly on the type of clinical specialty making use of the beds. The consequences of these findings are discussed briefly.

Angiography↗

PubMed1985

Helicopter copilot workload during nap-of-the-earth flight.

Two automatic navigation systems, a Doppler radar system and a projected map system, and a hand-held map were examined for their effects on copilot/navigator workload and performance. The automatic navigation systems reduced the number of navigation errors and the size of deviations from intended tract. The Doppler system reduced the time devoted to navigating and the number of verbal navigation messages exchanged between the pilot and copilot. The projected map system reduced visual workload. However, with all three navigation systems, more than 80% of the copilots' time was spent on navigation tasks, less than 10% of their time was visual "free time" that could be used for other tasks, and greater than 20% of the aircrew's time was occupied with navigation communications.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

Workload and operational fatigue in helicopter pilots.

In light of the modern aetiopathogenic views, a brief review was made concerning possible causes of operational fatigue to which flying personnel in general are exposed in the exercise of flying activity. The author then describes and analyzes the meaning and importance of the various stressing factors that constitute the physical and psychic workload to which the helicopter pilot is subjected in performing his professional activities. Also analyzed are the influences exercised, both separately and jointly, on the genesis of flight fatigue in helicopter pilots by stressing and fatiguing effects of vibrations, noise, and psycho-emotional and psycho-sensorial factors related to the variety and danger of utilization of this modern aircraft. Such an analytical investigation enables the author to conclude that one must admit that helicopter piloting involves a psycho-physical workload certainly no less than that required by more powerful and faster aircraft.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed1984

Nursing workload measurement: an expanded future role.

Workload measurement systems used by nursing services are based on the concept that each patient has a unique requirement for care. As a result the detailed data are provided which managers require to identify what kinds of patients use what volume of nursing manpower resources and at what cost. Because of the great diversity of systems used, modification to some will likely be required in the future to allow the data produced to be integrated with comprehensive hospital information in accordance with the MIS Guidelines under development by the project team. This team, together with an array of resource people, have developed standard definitions of categories of work and guidelines for workload measurement systems. In this manner, nursing services across the country can maintain their freedom of choice of systems, while information about the cost of patient care is improved and comparability of information between hospitals is enhanced.

Canada↗

PubMed1983

Autonomic activity and workload during learning of a simulated aircraft carrier landing task.

Heart rate, heart rate variability, and skin conductance responses were continuously recorded from six naive males during learning of a simulated aircraft carrier landing task. There were 30 learning trials spanning more than 1 h. Over trials, heart rate decreased while flight performance increased, indicating that heart rate is sensitive to practice effects. Independent of practice, heart rate and skin conductance amplitude always increased during the last minute of final approach to landing. The results supported the following conclusions: (a) heart rate and skin conductance amplitude are reliable indicators of short-term workload increases as typified by final approach; (b) heart rate is a reliable indicator of longer term workload decreases resulting from practice and increased mastery of the task. Results are discussed within the framework of autonomic activation theory.

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed1982

Adaptation of a workload measurement system.

An adaptation of a previously reported patient-care unit (PCU) system of workload measurement is described. A PCU is any distributive or clinical pharmacy activity related to patient care, and the PCU system of workload measurement relates the activity frequency and the usual time required to complete each activity. The key to the system is the weighting factor (usual time) for each PCU. The PCU system was modified by breaking each PCU into its various elements and determining the time required to complete each element. Several time units were available from references; other units specific for hospital pharmacy were measured. The modified PCU definitions, counting mechanisms, and weighting factors used at the study hospital are included in an appendix. The number of service hours, which is the product of the frequency of each activity and its weighting factor, is an indicator of personnel time devoted to each pharmacy activity. The cost per service hour can be computed and used to set fees for each pharmacy activity. Other practical applications of the PCU system include evaluation of staffing patterns, trend analysis, and documentation of clinical services. The modified PCU system provides a more precise measurement of weighting factors than previously described methods, and it can be adapted by other institutions.

Drug Compounding↗

PubMed1982

Workload review. Birmingham Research Unit, Royal College of General Practitioners.

Consultation rates, visiting rates and a selection of miscellaneous services were recorded over two weeks in February 1981 by 82 doctors in Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire. The findings are reported here with an emphasis on the variation between individual doctors. Consultations (including visits) were at the rate of 3.27 per patient per year. Undertaking a selection of miscellaneous services for patients is estimated to be equivalent to one third of the doctor's consultation workload. In addition, participating doctors spent an average of 9(1/2) hours in the two weeks undertaking tasks connected with education and health service administration. Time spent in the administration and management of the practice was not included in this study.The home visiting rate reported in this study was 14 per cent of all consultations and, although a little lower than that reported in the General Household Survey, it is similar to the results from the National Morbidity Survey for 1970 and 71 and also similar to other PAA results.The material is presented in such a way that it provides an analysis of workload in a large number of practices, and describes a method which doctors can use to measure their own performance and compare it with the overall results.

England↗

PubMed1981

[Effect of the type of work on the correlation between the subjective and objective evaluation of the workload].

This paper is aimed at the determination of the relationship between the heart rate and results of subjective rating of the workload in women working in the forming and sewing workrooms of the hosiery plant. The work in these workrooms differed in respect of organization, degree of motorial activity, type of activities performed, and working conditions. The subjective rating involved 22 symptoms evaluated three times during a working day, by a 5 -- degree scale. During the same periods heart rate was determined telemetrically. In forming women, heart rate was higher by approx. 11%, and average rating by around 7%, as compared to sewing women. In both groups a positive correlation was found between the heart rate and symptoms typical of general fatigue and working conditions. On the other hand, the correlation between symptoms of monotony sensation and rating of hands efficiency was negative. The correlation between the heart rate and average rating was positive in forming women and negative in sewing women, which indicates that the similar total rating of the workload resulted form different causes (general fatigue and working conditions in forming women and monotony sensation and a great number of hands movements in sewing women.)

Disability Evaluation↗

PubMed1981

Myocardial mitochondrial synthesis in response to various workloads.

Mitochondrial synthesis of subsarcolemmal (SS) and intermyofibrillar (IMF) mitochondria in the perfused heart was measured under four different conditions; low heart rate (HR) and low peak left ventricular systolic pressure (PLVSP), low HR and high PLVSP, high HR and low PLVSP, and high HR and high PLVSP. The SS mitochondria exhibited the greatest rate of synthesis under all conditions, although the percentage of change from simulated resting state a low HR and low PLVSP varied with the workload. These data suggest a specificity of function of mitochondria determined by subcellular localization and myocardial workload.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Patient-care unit system for measuring clinical and distributive pharmacy workload.

A time-weighted measurement of workload for distributive and clinical pharmaceutical services, the Patient-care Unit (PCU) System, is described. The Department of Pharmaceutical Services and the School of Pharmacy at the University of California, San Francisco, defines each patient-care pharmaceutical activity and assigns it a weighted value (WPCU) based on the time required to complete the activity. Manpower requirements are based on WPCUs and records of activities performed. Forty-two WPCUs have been defined. Based on these units, the PCU System permits (1) determination of pharmacy time devoted to distributive and clinical pharmaceutical services, (2) evaluation of staffing requirements for existing or proposed programs, (3) measurement of departmental productivity, and (4) comparison of pharmaceutical services offered in different hospitals. Applications and limitations of the PCU concept, which has been adopted by nine other hospitals, are discussed. The PCU System is a step toward development of a uniform workload reporting system for hospital pharmacies.

California↗

PubMed1980

A comparison of workload and morbidity recording by partners in a group practice.

A survey was carried out of one year's workload and morbidity recording by three partners in a semi-rural teaching practice. Despite an equal workload of patient contacts there were shown to be statistically significant differences between the partners in the number of return consultations, the sex and age of the patients seen, and in nine diagnostic groups. The statistically significant differences in the latter groups appear to have been caused by variations in policy for recalling patients and the different sex and age groups of the patients consulting the partners, not by diagnostic preferences. A lack of previous experience affected one group. The partners did not find the discussion of these differences to be threatening.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

[Non-invasive measurement of stroke volume in steady-state and unsteady-state workload with CO2 rebreathing].

During steady-state exercise the noninvasive measurement of cardiac output using CO2-rebreathing has been found to be reliable and reproducible. In contrast, reliability of cardiac output measurement during unsteady state exercise is unclear. The ability to determine cardiac output (CO) noninvasively during steady state and unsteady state exercise was assessed in nine healthy students aged 25.7 +/- 7.4 years. Two cycle ergometer exercise tests were performed, one maximal unsteady state test with 25 watts increment of workload per minute, and also one steady state test at 25, 50, and 75 percent of max. VO2. CO was measured using the equilibrium CO2-rebreathing technique during unloaded cycling in both tests, at 75 and 150 watts in the unsteady state test and at all workloads during steady state exercise. Mean max. VO2 was 31.4 +/- 5.9 ml/kg/min and mean VO2 at the anaerobic threshold 24.5 +/- 7.2 ml/kg/min, respectively. During unsteady state exercise the CO2/workload slope was linear (r = 0.973), as with steady state exercise (r = 0.976). There was no difference concerning the slopes of both curves, but the elevation of VO2 with unsteady state exercise was lower, compared to steady state (p < 0.005). The relationships of CO/VO2 during unsteady and steady state exercise were best expressed by linear equations: CO = 7.49 x VO2 + 2.35 (r = 0.866) and CO = 8.24 x VO2 + 1.4 (r = 0.852), respectively. Similar to VO2/workload, both regressions did not have different slopes, but did have different elevations (p < 0.0001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1977

The analysis of family practice workloads by seriousness.

There is a need for a measure of the overall seriousness of a given family practice workload. In the past, such measurements have been attempted in various ways. In this work, the rubrics of the Canuck Book Classification (a classification of health problems in family practice) were rated for seriousness. There was sufficient agreement on 96 rubrics for them to be used as indicators of the seriousness of workloads in general. Some examples of the uses of the system are shown. Several difficulties were encountered; these are not insuperable, and the method deserves to be developed further.

Adolescent↗