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PubMed2005

[Household food availability in Brazil: distribution and trends (1974-2003)].

OBJECTIVE: Data from household food budget surveys were examined in order to describe the regional and socio-economic distribution of household food availability in Brazil in 2002-2003 and trends from 1974 to 2003. METHODS: The study uses data from the "Pesquisa de Orçamento Familiar 2002-2003" budget survey conducted by the Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) from July 2002 to June 2003, including a national sample of 48,470 households. In each household, during seven consecutive days, all monetary and non-monetary expenses with food and beverages for family consumption were registered. Crude weights of purchased foods were transformed into calories and nutrients with the use of food composition tables. RESULTS: Adequate protein content and a high proportion of animal protein were found in all regions and income strata. These were the most important positive aspects identified in the household food availability in Brazil. On the other hand, all regions and socio-economic strata showed excess calories from sugar and little availability of fruits and vegetables. An excessive proportion of calories came from total and saturated fat in the more economically developed regions and in the urban milieu, as well as among higher-income families. Time-trends in metropolitan areas indicated a decline in the consumption of basic, traditional foods, such as rice and beans; notable increases (up to 400%) in the consumption of processed food items, such as cookies and soft drinks; maintenance of the excessive consumption of sugar; and a continuous increase in total fat and saturated fat content in the diet. CONCLUSIONS: Patterns and trends regarding household food availability in Brazil are consistent with the increasing participation of chronic non-communicable diseases in morbidity and mortality and with the continuous increase in the prevalence of obesity.

Brazil↗

PubMed2006

Field demonstration of reduction of lead availability in soil and cabbage (Brassica Chinensis L.) contaminated by mining tailings using phosphorus fertilizers.

A field demonstration of reduction of lead availability in a soil and cabbage (Brassica Chinensis L.) contaminated by mining tailings, located in Shaoxing, China was carried out to evaluate the effects of applications of phosphorus fertilizers on Pb fractionation and Pb phyto-availability in the soil. It was found that the addition of all three P fertilizers including single super phosphate (SSP), phosphate rock (PR), and calcium magnesium phosphate (CMP) significantly decreased the percentage of water-soluble and exchangeable (WE) soil Pb and then reduced the uptake of Pb, Cd, and Zn by the cabbage compared to the control (CK). The results showed that the level of 300 g P/m(2) soil was the most cost-effective application rate of P fertilizers for reducing Pb availability at the first stage of remediation, and that at this P level, the effect of WE fraction of Pb in the soil decreased by three phosphorus fertilizers followed the order: CMP (79%)>SSP (41%)>PR (23%); Effectiveness on the reduction of Pb uptake by cabbage was in the order: CMP (53%)>SSP (41%)>PR (30%). Therefore our field trial demonstrated that it was effective and feasible to reduce Pb availability in soil and cabbage contaminated by mining tailings using P fertilizers in China and PR would be a most cost-effective amendment.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2006

Availability of physical activity-related facilities and neighborhood demographic and socioeconomic characteristics: a national study.

OBJECTIVES: We examined associations between neighborhood demographic characteristics and the availability of commercial physical activity-related outlets by zip code across the United States. METHODS: Multivariate analyses were conducted to assess the availability of 4 types of outlets: (1) physical fitness facilities, (2) membership sports and recreation clubs, (3) dance facilities, and (4) public golf courses. Commercial outlet data were linked by zip code to US Census Bureau population and socioeconomic data. RESULTS: Results showed that commercial physical activity-related facilities were less likely to be present in lower-income neighborhoods and in neighborhoods with higher proportions of African American residents, residents with His-panic ethnicity, and residents of other racial minority backgrounds. In addition, these neighborhoods had fewer such facilities available. CONCLUSIONS: Lack of availability of facilities that enable and promote physical activity may, in part, underpin the lower levels of activity observed among populations of low socioeconomic status and minority backgrounds.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1994

Condom availability in schools: the need for improved program evaluations.

OBJECTIVES: This article examines the impact of contentious local debates on the design and implementation of school-based condom availability programs. METHODS: Information about condom availability in schools was reviewed by 50 leading educators and health officials at a 1992 forum held in Menlo Park, Calif. RESULTS: Few existing condom availability programs were designed to yield definitive data on sexual risk-taking behavior or other measures of program effectiveness. CONCLUSIONS: In the debate over school-based condom availability programs, as in many aspects of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention programs, scientific, moral, and political concerns overlap. Behavioral research into the potential effectiveness of such programs can help inform debates about fundamental values concerning sexual decision making and privacy, family integrity and parental autonomy, and public health.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Condom availability programs in Massachusetts high schools: relationships with condom use and sexual behavior.

OBJECTIVES: This study assessed relationships between condom availability programs accompanied by community discussion and involvement and adolescent sexual practices. METHODS: Sexual practice and condom use differences were assessed in a representative sample of 4166 adolescents enrolled in high schools with and without condom availability programs. RESULTS: Adolescents in schools where condoms were available were more likely to receive condom use instruction and less likely to report lifetime or recent sexual intercourse. Sexually active adolescents in those schools were twice as likely to use condoms, but less likely to use other contraceptive methods, during their most recent sexual encounter. CONCLUSIONS: The strategy of making condoms available, an indication of socioenvironmental support for condom use, may improve HIV prevention practices.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks.

The purpose of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of commercially available sports drinks by answering the questions: (i) will consuming a sports drink be beneficial to performance? and (ii) do different sports drinks vary in their effectiveness? To answer these questions we have considered the composition of commercially available sports drinks, examined the rationale for using them, and critically reviewed the vast number of studies that have investigated the effectiveness of sports drinks on performance. The focus is on the drinks that contain low carbohydrate concentrations (<10%) and are marketed for general consumption before and during exercise rather than those with carbohydrate concentrations >10%, which are intended for carbohydrate loading. Our conclusions are 3-fold. First, because of variations in drink composition and research design, much of the sports drinks research from the past cannot be applied directly to the effectiveness of currently available sports drinks. Secondly, in studies where a practical protocol has been used along with a currently available sports beverage, there is evidence to suggest that consuming a sports drinks will improve performance compared with consuming a placebo beverage. Finally, there is little evidence that any one sports drink is superior to any of the other beverages on the market.

Beverages↗

PubMed1984

Study on the striatal dopamine availability in Parkinson's disease.

Striatal dopamine availability in connection with the plasma levodopa levels was studied in 12 parkinsonian patients treated with optimal doses of levodopa. Three patients showed the wearing-off phenomenon and the 9 others showed no daily fluctuations in disability. All of the 3 patients with the wearing-off phenomenon showed an up-and-down pattern of dopamine availability index. Out of the 9 patients presenting no fluctuations in disability, 6 showed an ascending pattern of the dopamine availability index and 3 an up-and-down pattern. Of the former 6 patients, 2 received short-term (less than one year) levodopa therapy and the other 4 had the first onset at 42 years or under. In the latter 3 patients, the onset was at over 50 years of age and the duration of levodopa treatment was more than 3 years. In these 3 patients, the mode of action of dopamine in the striatum was considered to be insufficient despite the absence of fluctuations in disability. Thus, the dopamine availability index was considered to be very significant from the viewpoint of prognosis of levodopa therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

Capital expenditures and the availability of funds.

Data on capital expenditures and the availability of funds assembled from the annual financial and service records of 42 short-term voluntary hospitals in New York City over two decades were used to analyze the behavior of annual capital expenditures on building and equipment assets. Desired expenditures on capital as a factor of production are viewed as being the result of changes in anticipated output and of the substitution of capital for labor. Actual capital expenditures in each year also reflect the availability of flows of nonoperating revenues and the completion of capital programs initiated in previous years. Nonoperating revenues include philanthropy and earnings on financial assets as principal sources. A monetary revenue series, adjusted for changes in hospital charges, was used to measure output and thus to seperate the effects of demand for hospital services and supply of funds on investment behavior. The data were approached as annual aggregates for 42 hospitals over the years 1946-1966 and as annual hospital averages for teaching and nonteaching hospitals over the same period. In both approaches four causal factors-output, substitution, the flow of nonoperating revenues, and a distributed lag-explained about 95 per cent of the sample variance of capital expenditures. Allowing for available funds reduced the average time required for 95 per cent completion of a capital adjustment from 7 to 3 years. Responsiveness of hospitals to these economic variables suggests that socially desired investment can be attained by (a) "monetizing" needs of groups now underserved; (b) improving availability of funds if used for acceptable public purposes; and (c) including consumers in determining institutional and regional priorities.

Charities↗

PubMed2003

Rapid A1c availability improves clinical decision-making in an urban primary care clinic.

OBJECTIVE: Failure to meet goals for glycemic control in primary care settings may be due in part to lack of information critical to guide intensification of therapy. Our objective is to determine whether rapid-turnaround A1c availability would improve intensification of diabetes therapy and reduce A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: In this prospective controlled trial, A1c was determined on capillary glucose samples and made available to providers, either during ("rapid") or after ("routine") the patient visit. Frequency of intensification of pharmacological diabetes therapy in inadequately controlled patients and A1c levels were assessed at baseline and after follow-up. RESULTS: We recruited 597 subjects. Patients were 79% female and 96% African American, with average age of 61 years, duration of diabetes 10 years, BMI 33 kg/m(2), and A1c 8.5%. The rapid and routine groups had similar clinical demographics. Rapid A1c availability resulted in more frequent intensification of therapy when A1c was >/=7.0% at the baseline visit (51 vs. 32% of patients, P = 0.01), particularly when A1c was >8.0% and/or random glucose was in the 8.4-14.4 mmol/l range (151-250 mg/dl). In 275 patients with two follow-up visits, A1c fell significantly in the rapid group (from 8.4 to 8.1%, P = 0.04) but not in the routine group (from 8.1 to 8.0%, P = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS: Availability of rapid A1c measurements increased the frequency of intensification of therapy and lowered A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes in an urban neighborhood health center.

Age of Onset↗

PubMed1994

Availability of amino acids for 10- to 20-kilogram pigs: lysine and threonine in soybean meal.

The availabilities of lysine and threonine in soybean meal for 10- to 20-kg pigs were determined in two experiments using slope-ratio methodology. In the first experiment, a basal diet formulated to contain 6 g of lysine/kg, but adequate in all other amino acids, was supplemented with 1, 2, or 3 g of lysine/kg from either soybean meal or L-lysine-HCl. Each of the seven diets was available on an ad libitum basis to six individually penned pigs (barrows:gilts, 1:1) from an initial weight of 9.9 kg until they reached a live weight of 20.8 kg. Daily feed intake was similar among diets. Common-intercept multiple linear regression of daily live weight gain and gain:feed ratio on dietary lysine level indicate slope ratios (soybean meal:lysine.HCl) of .85 and .88, respectively. In Exp. 2, a basal diet formulated to contain 4 g of threonine/kg was supplemented with .65, 1.30, 1.95, or 2.60 g of threonine/kg from either soybean meal or L-threonine. Each of the nine diets was available on an ad libitum basis to six individually penned pigs (barrows:gilts, 1:1) from 9.9 to 21.0 kg live weight. As in Exp. 1, daily feed intake was similar among the nine diets. The slope ratios (soybean meal:L-threonine) from common-intercept multiple regression analyses were .73 and .78 for daily weight gain and gain:feed ratio, respectively. Thus, the availabilities of lysine and threonine in soybean meal for young pigs were estimated to be 85 to 88% and 73 to 78%, respectively.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1996

Tryptophan availability and the susceptibility to stress in multiple sclerosis: a hypothesis.

In his seminal description of the clinical manifestations of multiple sclerosis (MS) in 1868 Charcot suggested that psychological stress is an important factor in the pathogenesis of the disease. MS patients often relate that mental stress exacerbates their symptoms and even provokes attacks of their disease. Moreover, a subgroup of MS patients experiences exacerbation of symptoms following a period of mental stress rather than occurring at times when stress is maximal, i.e., attacks are reported to occur on the rebound from stress. Psychological stress may also contribute to the onset and long term clinical deterioration of the disease. Mental stress is associated with activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis resulting in increased release of ACTH and cortisol secretion. Stress-induced activation of the HPA axis is associated with an increased metabolism of cerebral serotonin (5-HT) the synthesis of which is dependent upon the availability of its precursor tryptophan. Thus, increased tryptophan availability may partly underlie the general response to stress. Plasma and CSF tryptophan levels are diminished in chronic MS patients and it is suggested that plasma tryptophan levels are even lower in patients who are stressed. Attenuated increase in the availability of systemic tryptophan in response to stress is thought to underlie the susceptibility of MS patients to stress. This hypothesis is supported by the findings in chronic MS patients of a significantly diminished adrenal cortisol reactivity to insulin-induced hypoglycemia which is considered a stress response mediated through the 5-HT system. Consequently, since patients with MS exhibit an abnormal response to stress it follows that increased tryptophan availability through dietary supplementation would diminish their vulnerability to psychological stress. Additionally, if sustained or repeated stress contributes to progression and clinical deterioration of the disease then chronic tryptophan supplementation also may halt its progression.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Estimation of oxygen availability in arterial blood using the Siggaard-Andersen algorithm.

We have used the Siggaard-Andersen algorithm for oxygen parameters to develop a Fortran 4.1 program which calculates the concentration of oxygen released from arterial blood when the pO2 is reduced to a stated value. This program can be used to generate the in vivo oxygen dissociation curve. Substitution of 4.0 kPa allows calculation of the concentration of oxygen released from arterial blood when the blood becomes venous at a pO2 of 4.0 kPa. This entity is an estimate of the maximal amount of oxygen available for release from arterial blood. We have termed it "Maximal Available Oxygen". We believe that "Maximal Available Oxygen" is a simpler concept to describe oxygen carriage and release properties of blood than "Uncompensated Mixed Venous Oxygen Tension" and "Cardiac Oxygen Compensation Factor", and possesses a number of other theoretical and practical advantages. The algorithm is unsuitable when arterial blood is highly saturated with oxygen. To overcome this problem, we have modified the algorithm to allow generation of the curve and estimation of "Maximal Available Oxygen" and other parameters from a specimen of arterial and a specimen of venous blood.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1997

Available lysine in dried milk after processing.

Raw milk, dried milk and stored dried milk (6 and 18 months) were analyzed for total lysine and available lysine. Total lysine and available lysine content of the samples ranged between 7.92-9.02 g/16 g N and 6.20-8.76 g/16 g N, respectively. Available lysine content of the raw milk decreased 14.27% by drying process. Structural changes in dried milk due to crystallisation of lactose might have increased the Maillard reaction causing losses in available lysine of dried milk accounting to 15.45% after 6 months and to 17.44% after 18 months of storage at room temperature (20-30 degrees C).

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Drinkers' use of physical availability of alcohol: buying habits and consumption level.

On the aggregate level, physical availability of alcohol is related to per capita consumption, prompting the question whether high availability can increase consumption net of social norms which enhance drinking. This issue is investigated using individual-level data in a high-availability urban environment. Effortless, efficient purchase of alcoholic beverages explains a small but significant amount of the variance in consumption when normative factors are statistically controlled. Qualitative factors of availability are discussed, with particular emphasis on food stores, which account for more than half this sample's purchases.

Adult↗

PubMed1990

Subjective, social, and physical availability. II. Their simultaneous effects on alcohol consumption.

Part I of this (this journal, Vol. 25, No. 8, pp. 889-910) series described the theoretical justification for this research, the methods and measures used, and the interrelationships between indicators of physical, subjective, and social availability. Part II explores the relationships between these variables and alcohol consumption using bivariate analyses and structural equation modeling. As predicted, for these metropolitan residents, physical distance from an outlet only indirectly related to alcohol consumption via its negative relationship to subjective availability. Indicators of both subjective and social availability positively related to alcohol consumption. The implications of these results for future availability research and prevention programming are discussed.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed2006

Effects of continuous versus periodic milk availability on behavior and performance of dairy calves.

Dairy calves fed milk ad libitum engage in feeding activity throughout the day and night. However, providing calves with continuous access to milk can present practical problems with milk quality, particularly during warm weather. One way to maintain milk quality in ad libitum feeding regimens is to limit the time that milk is available, but no research to date has addressed how this might affect calves. The objectives of this study were to quantify the effects of continuous access to milk (24 h/d) vs. access during only part of the day on milk feeding behavior and performance. Twenty-eight female Holstein calves were randomly assigned to treatments at 5 +/- 3 d of age and monitored for 28 d. All calves had milk delivered through a teat. Treatments were 1) access to milk for 24 h/d; 2) access to milk for 2 feedings per day (each of 2 h), with water available through the teat the remainder of the day (4-h wet treatment); and, 3) access to milk for 2 feedings per day (each of 2 h), but with no water available through the teat (4-h dry treatment). Calves given 24-h access to milk consumed 11.2 +/- 0.5 kg/d on average. Milk intake tended to be lower for the 4-h wet and 4-h dry treatments, averaging 10.0 +/- 0.3 kg/d, with no difference between these 2 treatments in this or any other variable. Average daily gain over the course of the experiment did not vary with treatment and averaged 1.1 +/- 0.04 kg/d. Calves in the 24-h treatment spent more time on the teat than those calves on the 4-h treatments, but during the 4 h/d when milk was available to all calves, calves in the 4-h treatments spent more time on the teat. These results show that individually housed calves fed milk ad libitum for only 4 h/d compensate by changing their milk feeding behavior and are able to achieve similar weight gains to animals fed milk continuously.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗

PubMed1987

Mobile nylon bag for estimating intestinal availability of rumen undegradable protein.

The objective was to develop a method for estimating intestinal availability of rumen undegradable protein. One-gram samples of six feedstuffs were placed into small (3.5 X 5.5 cm) nylon bags (pore size 48 micron). Bags were heat sealed and ruminally incubated in a polyester mesh (lingerie) bag in quadruplicate for each of six time periods (0, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h). Two bags from each rumen incubation time were inserted into the small intestine via a duodenal cannula at the rate of one bag per 45 min. Bags were mechanically washed either upon removal from the rumen--for determination of rumen degradability, or when recovered from the feces--for estimation of intestinal availability. Dried bags plus contents were digested intact for nitrogen analysis. Rumen degradable protein and apparent intestinal availability of undegradable protein (based on 8 h of rumen incubation) for corn gluten meal, fish meal, meat and bone meal, soybean meal, canola meal, and alfalfa hay, respectively, were 11.8, 95.0; 28.5, 82.8; 46.7, 73.0; 55.1, 99.3; 69.7, 79.2; and 68.8, 71.2. Results support the use of this technique as a rapid method for estimating both ruminal degradability, and intestinal availability of rumen undegradable protein.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Freely available genomic datasets for atrial fibrillation research: current resources and analytical pipeline.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, characterized by clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Increasing use of genomics and other omics approaches has driven reliance on publicly available AF datasets to advance biological discovery. Thus, this systematic review aimed to identify freely available genomic AF datasets through Mendeley Data and its interconnected repositories, and to characterize the most common analyses performed on these data. The search was conducted in adherence to the PRISMA 2020 guideline. Nineteen freely available genomic AF datasets were identified: Summary statistics for 'Biobank-driven genomic discovery yields new insight into atrial fibrillation biology', hum0014.v8.58qt.v1, AF GWAS in UK Biobank, UK Biobank (Publication 9659), GWAS summary statistics from a 2025 multi-ancestry AF meta-analysis, GSE115574, GSE128188, GSE14975, GSE2240, GSE238242, GSE254133, GSE261170, GSE271748, GSE271839, GSE293813, GSE294456, GSE31821, GSE41177, and GSE79768. The GEO datasets were further examined using differential gene expression, functional enrichment, protein-protein interaction networks, hub gene analysis, microRNA target prediction, and gene clustering, as well as, for the more recently deposited datasets, eQTL colocalization, single-cell/single-nucleus clustering, cell-cell communication analysis, and gene-dosage-dependent transcriptional and electrophysiological profiling. These analyses show some consistency but also considerable heterogeneity in initial conditions, data normalization, and analytical methodological settings. In conclusion, only a limited number of datasets are freely available, so additional, well-characterized and standardized datasets are needed to provide a complete picture of the AF pathology.

Mendeley Data↗