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PubMed2006

[Renal ultrasound. Urologic and nephrologic viewpoint].

Renal ultrasound examination is an integral part of urologic and nephrologic clinical examination. It brings very useful information about kidney morphology (B-mode) and haemoperfusion (renal color coded duplex ultrasonography). Standard examination technique is required for recognition of normal findings, urinary transport disturbances of diverse causes (stones, intrinsic or extrinsic compression), kidney tumours and kidney injury. Typical ultrasound findings of these abnormalities were demonstrated. Renal ultrasound with new techniques (sono-CT, harmonic tissue imaging, power mode etc.) is for urology and nephrology an indispensable diagnostic method. In combination with patient history, clinical and laboratory examination takes important part in accomplishing the diagnosis.

Angiomyolipoma↗

PubMed1997

A system for three-dimensional visualization of human jaw motion in speech.

With the development of precise three-dimensional motion measurement systems and powerful computers for three-dimensional graphical visualization, it is possible to record and fully reconstruct human jaw motion. In this paper, we describe a visualization system for displaying three-dimensional jaw movements in speech. The system is designed to take as input jaw motion data obtained from one or multi-dimensional recording systems. In the present application, kinematic records of jaw motion were recorded using an optoelectronic measurement system (Optotrak). The corresponding speech signal was recorded using an analog input channel. The three orientation angles and three positions that describe the motion of the jaw as a rigid skeletal structure were derived from the empirical measurements. These six kinematic variables, which in mechanical terms account fully for jaw motion kinematics, act as inputs that drive a real-time three-dimensional animation of a skeletal jaw and upper skull. The visualization software enables the user to view jaw motion from any orientation and to change the viewpoint during the course of an utterance. Selected portions of an utterance may be replayed and the speed of the visual display may be varied. The user may also display, along with the audio track, individual kinematic degrees of freedom or several degrees of freedom in combination. The system is presently being used as an educational tool and for research into audio-visual speech recognition. Interested researchers may obtain the software and source code free of charge from the authors.

Computer Graphics↗

PubMed2000

Analysis of the autoimmune epitopes on human testicular NASP using recombinant and synthetic peptides.

The human nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein, NASP, is a testicular histone-binding protein of 787 amino acids to which most vasectomized men develop autoantibodies. In this study to define the boundaries of antigenic regions and epitope recognition pattern, recombinant deletion mutants spanning the entire protein coding sequence and a human NASP cDNA sublibrary were screened with vasectomy patients' sera. Employing panel sera from 21 vasectomy patients with anti-sperm antibodies, a heterogeneous pattern of autoantibody binding to the recombinant polypeptides was detected in ELISA and immunoblotting. The majority of sera (20/21) had antibodies to one or more of the NASP fusion proteins. Antigenic sites preferentially recognized by the individual patients' sera were located within aa 32-352 and aa 572-787. Using a patient's serum selected for its reactivity to the whole recombinant protein in Western blots, cDNA clones positive for the C-terminal domain of the molecule were identified. The number and location of linear epitopes in this region were determined by synthetic peptide mapping and inhibition studies. The epitope-containing segment was delimited to the sequence aa 619-692 and analysis of a series of 74 concurrent overlapping 9mer synthetic peptides encompassing this region revealed four linear epitopes: amino acid residues IREKIEDAK (aa 648-656), KESQRSGNV (aa 656-664), AELALKATL (aa 665-673) and GFTPGGGGS (aa 680-688). All individual patients' sera reacted with epitopes within the sequence IREellipsis.GGS (aa 648-688). The strongest reactivity was displayed by peptides corresponding to the sequence AELALKATL (aa 665-673). Thus, multiple continuous autoimmune epitopes in NASP involving sequences in the conserved C-terminal domain as well as in the less conserved testis-specific N-terminal region comprising the histone-binding sites, as predicted for an antigen-driven immune response, may be a target of autoantibodies in vasectomized men and may provide a relevant laboratory variable to describe more accurately the spectrum of autoantibody specificities associated with the clinical manifestation of vasectomy.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1977

Elongation factor Tu resistant to kirromycin in an Escherichia coli mutant altered in both tuf genes.

A mutant of Escherichia coli is described that displays kirromycin resistance in a cell-free system by virtue of an altered elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu). In poly(U)-directed poly(Phe) synthesis the kirromycin resistance of the crystallized enzyme ranged between a factor of 80 and 700, depending on temperature. Similarly, kirromycin-induced EF-Tu GTPase activity uncoupled from ribosomes and aminoacyl-tRNA required correspondingly higher concentrations of the antibiotic. Resistance of EF-Tu to kirromycin is a consequence of a modified enzyme structure as indicated by its altered fingerprint pattern.P1 transduction experiments showed that the kirromycin-resistant EF-Tu is coded by an altered tufB gene (tufB1). The known existence of two genes coding for EF-Tu would interfere with the recognition of a mutant altered in only one of those genes, if the mutation were recessive. Because kirromycin blocks EF-Tu release from the ribosome, kirromycin sensitivity is dominant, as shown by the failure of a mixed EF-Tu population to express resistance in vitro. Therefore, phenotypic expression of kirromycin resistance in vivo appears to be only possible if the EF-Tu mutant lacks an active tufA gene, a property likely to be inherited from the parental D22 strain. The observations that introduction of a tufA(+) region makes the resistant strain sensitive to the antibiotic and that transduction of tufB1 into a recipient other than E. coli D22 yields kirromycin-sensitive progeny support these conclusions.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1986

A chimeric plasmid from cDNA clones of poliovirus and coxsackievirus produces a recombinant virus that is temperature-sensitive.

We have inserted a 405-nucleotide fragment from the 5' noncoding region of the coxsackievirus B3 genome into an infectious cDNA copy of the poliovirus RNA genome. Transfection of plasmid DNA containing this hybrid genome construct into cultured monkey cells produced infectious virus. Recombinant virus stocks displayed a temperature-sensitive phenotype for growth at 37 degrees C. We found that there is a dramatic reduction in the level of viral proteins and viral RNAs in HeLa cells infected with the recombinant at 37 degrees C compared to that obtained at 33.5 degrees C. Thus, insertion of a portion of the coxsackievirus genome into the poliovirus genome produces a temperature-sensitive recombinant virus. That this substitution occurs in a region of the poliovirus genome that, to date, has not been shown to have any coding function suggests that RNA sequences involved in replicase recognition or ribosome binding may contribute to the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the recombinant virus.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Major transplantation antigens in host responses to infection.

There is increasing support for the concept that in all of their varied immunologic functions, T lymphocytes act through a dual specificity. In the case of intracellular viral infections, the recognition required for cytolysis involves both a "self" component, coded for by the genes that specify the major transplantation antigens, and an "X" component, provided by viral antigens expressed on the target-cell surface.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

A general method for retrieving the components of a genetically engineered fusion protein.

Escherichia coli expression vectors encoding an acid-labile aspartyl-proline (Asp-Pro) dipeptide bridging two protein sequences were constructed and used to synthesize two different bovine growth hormone (bGH) fusion proteins. The codons GAT-CCX coding for Asp-Pro are provided by the recognition site for Bam HI (GGATCC). Treatment of the bGH fusion proteins at low pH in the presence of guanidine hydrochloride releases the bGH moiety from the fusion protein. The release of the bGH from the fusion protein specifically requires the Asp-Pro dipeptide linking the bGH sequence to the fusion protein. The bGH released from the fusion protein retains anti-bGH immunoreactivity as well as the ability to bind to growth hormone receptor in vitro.

Acids↗

PubMed2003

Unmelanized plumage patterns in Old World leaf warblers do not correspond to sequence variation at the melanocortin-1 receptor locus (MC1R).

Evolutionary changes in patterns and coloration of plumage are likely to represent a major mechanism for speciation among birds, yet the molecular basis for such changes remains poorly understood. Recently much attention has focused on the melanocortin-1 receptor (MC1R) as a candidate locus for determining the level and extent of epidermal melanin deposition. We tested the hypothesis that MC1R sequence variation is associated with interspecific variation in unmelanized plumage pattern elements in Old World leaf warblers (genus Phylloscopus). This genus is characterized by a variety of plumage patterns that nonetheless vary along similar lines. Species vary in the presence or absence of pale (unmelanized) pattern elements against a dark background, and these patterns are used in species recognition and courtship. We sequenced most of the MC1R coding region for eight Phylloscopus species, representing the full range of plumage patterns found in this genus. Although MC1R sequence varied among species, this variation was not related to melanin-based plumage variation. Rather, evolution of this locus in these birds appears to be conservative. Ratios of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) were consistently low, suggesting that strong purifying selection has operated at this locus, and likelihood ratio testing revealed no evidence of variable selective pressures among lineages or across codons. Adaptive evolution at MC1R may be constrained by the adaptive importance of plumage pattern elements in this genus.

Animals↗

PubMed2007

The alternative sigma factor SigB of Corynebacterium glutamicum modulates global gene expression during transition from exponential growth to stationary phase.

BACKGROUND: Corynebacterium glutamicum is a gram-positive soil bacterium widely used for the industrial production of amino acids. There is great interest in the examination of the molecular mechanism of transcription control. One of these control mechanisms are sigma factors. C. glutamicum ATCC 13032 has seven putative sigma factor-encoding genes, including sigA and sigB. The sigA gene encodes the essential primary sigma factor of C. glutamicum and is responsible for promoter recognition of house-keeping genes. The sigB gene codes for the non-essential sigma factor SigB that has a proposed role in stress reponse. RESULTS: The sigB gene expression was highest at transition between exponential growth and stationary phase, when the amount of sigA mRNA was already decreasing. Genome-wide transcription profiles of the wild-type and the sigB mutant were recorded by comparative DNA microarray hybridizations. The data indicated that the mRNA levels of 111 genes are significantly changed in the sigB-proficient strain during the transition phase, whereas the expression profile of the sigB-deficient strain showed only minor changes (26 genes). The genes that are higher expressed during transition phase only in the sigB-proficient strain mainly belong to the functional categories amino acid metabolism, carbon metabolism, stress defense, membrane processes, and phosphorus metabolism. The transcription start points of six of these genes were determined and the deduced promoter sequences turned out to be indistinguishable from that of the consensus promoter recognized by SigA. Real-time reverse transcription PCR assays revealed that the expression profiles of these genes during growth were similar to that of the sigB gene itself. In the sigB mutant, however, the transcription profiles resembled that of the sigA gene encoding the house-keeping sigma factor. CONCLUSION: During transition phase, the sigB gene showed an enhanced expression, while simultaneously the sigA mRNA decreased in abundance. This might cause a replacement of SigA by SigB at the RNA polymerase core enzyme and in turn results in increased expression of genes relevant for the transition and the stationary phase, either to cope with nutrient limitation or with the accompanying oxidative stress. The increased expression of genes encoding anti-oxidative or protection functions also prepares the cell for upcoming limitations and environmental stresses.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed2005

A qualitative study to identify community structures for management of severe malaria: a basis for introducing rectal artesunate in the under five years children in Nakonde District of Zambia.

BACKGROUND: Malaria is a serious illness among children aged 5 years and below in Zambia, which carries with it many adverse effects including anemia and high parasites exposure that lead to infant and childhood mortality. Due to poor accessibility to modern health facilities, malaria is normally managed at home using indigenous and cosmopolitan medicines. In view of problems and implications associated with management of severe malaria at home, rectal artesunate is being proposed as a first aid drug to slow down multiplication of parasites in children before accessing appropriate treatment. METHODS: A qualitative study using standardised in-depth and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) guides to collect information from four (4) villages in Nakonde district, was conducted between February and March 2004. The guides were administered on 29 key informants living in the community and those whose children were admitted in the health facility. Participants in the 12 FGDs came from the 4 participating villages. Participants and key informants were fathers, younger and older mothers including grandmothers and other influential people at household level. Others were traditional healers, headmen, village secretaries, traditional birth attendants, church leaders and blacksmiths. FGDs and interview transcriptions were coded to identify common themes that were related to recognition, classification and naming of malaria illness, care-seeking behaviour and community treatment practices for severe malaria. RESULTS: Parental prior knowledge of the disease was important as the majority of informants (23 out of 29) and participants (69 out of 97) mentioned four combined symptoms that were used to recognise severe malaria. The symptoms were excessive body hotness, convulsions, vomiting yellow things and bulging of the fontanelle. On the other hand, all informants mentioned two or more of symptoms associated with severe malaria. In all 12 FGDs, participants reported that treatment of severe malaria commenced with the family and moved into the community as the illness progressed. Although treatment of severe diarrheal effects, were common among the Winamwanga, no rectal medicines to treat severe malaria were identified. Apart from the anti-malarial fansidar, which was mentioned by 23 in IDIs and 40 in FGDs, participants and informants also frequently mentioned indigenous medicines provided by healers and other respectable herbalists for repelling evil spirits, once a child had severe malaria. Mothers were the important arms for administration of ant-malarial drugs in the villages. Referrals began with healers to CHWs, where no CHWs existed healers directly referred sick children to the health facility. CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that there is a precedent for rectal application of traditional medicine for childhood illness. Therefore rectal artesunate may be a well-received intervention in Nakonde District, provided effective sensitisation, to mothers and CHWs is given which will strengthen the health care delivery system at community level.

Administration, Rectal↗

PubMed2004

Complete nucleotide sequences of ALV-related endogenous retroviruses available from the draft chicken genome sequence.

Complete nucleotide sequences of chicken endogenous retroviruses belonging to E33/E51 and EAV-0 groups have been analysed on the basis of the recently available draft genome sequence of red jungle fowl (Gallus gallus), the progenitor of domestic chicken (G.g. domesticus). It was shown that all these proviruses have deletions in the SU-coding domain of the env gene, involved in receptor recognition, whereas gag and pol genes appear to be intact. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that E33/E51 and EAV-0 groups are related to the ALV genus. An analysis of expression using chicken EST databases showed that these proviruses are transcriptionally active.

Alpharetrovirus↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Identification and registration of neurologic occupational diseases in the national health system].

INTRODUCTION: There are reasons to believe that in Spain, as in other countries, the number of professional occupational diseases in general and neurological disorders in particular is underestimated. Many workers with illness due to their work are attended by Primary Care and Specialist doctors of the National Health Service. Every day patients with neurological disorders which may possibly be related to their occupation go to see Primary Care and Specialist doctors of the Health Service. For the recognition and consequent recording of neurological occupational diseases, it is essential that there be collaboration between the Occupational Risk Prevention Service and the National Health Service, so that lesions occurring at work are brought to light and suitably handled. DEVELOPMENT: In this article we describe the neurological occupational disorders, the occupations and agents which may produce them and their recognition as occupational diseases in the current Spanish legal code. We also give details as to the channels for declaration and registration of occupational diseases at the present time, and the way in which the specialist in Neurology can help to make the neurological occupational diseases more evident. Finally, we describe the outbreaks of polyneuropathy due to n-hexane which occurred in Spain in 1998. In the management of these outbreaks it became evident that satisfactory communication between the Primary Care, Specialist Attention, epidemiological vigilance and occupational health services led to suspicion of an 'occupational toxin' in relation to the cases of polyneuropathy within a brief period of time. This also led to the establishment of the relevant investigation and coordination between health and labor authorities, which in turn led to adoption of measures of prevention and control to prevent the occurrence of further cases.

Adhesives↗

PubMed1990

Loss of human CR1- and murine Crry-like exons in human CR2 transcripts due to CR2 gene mutations.

Analysis of the coding sequences of the murine Cr2 gene indicated that it contains two distinct regions of homology to the murine Crry, and human CR1 and CR2 genes. The last 15 short consensus repeats (SCR) of Cr2 are very similar to the 15 reported SCR of human CR2. These 15 SCR of Cr2, plus the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains, make up a protein very similar in organization and sequence to the human CR2 gene product. Another Cr2 transcript contains the sequences encoding the previously described 15 SCR plus those encoding another six amino terminal SCR. These amino terminal SCR are very similar to those of Crry and the first six SCR seen within the CR1 long homologous repeats. Amino acid sequence similarity analysis, however, indicated that the sequences encoding the six amino terminal SCR of Cr2 evolved from a separate lineage of SCR than Crry and CR1, suggesting that the human counterparts to these additional Cr2 SCR had not been identified. Using the cDNA sequences specific for the amino terminal SCR of murine Cr2, the human counterparts were isolated and localized within the human CR2 gene between those nucleotides encoding the signal sequence and those encoding the first SCR of the mature human CR2 protein. Unlike the murine Cr2 gene products, these Crry/CR1-like sequences of the CR2 gene are not maintained in mature CR2 mRNA, and thus represent pseudoexons. DNA sequence analysis of the pseudoexon homologous to that encoding the first SCR of the murine Cr2 gene indicated that a stop codon has been introduced within the human coding sequence but that the 5' and 3' splice recognition sequences appear to be functional. Although the stop codon would block the translation of a transcript with this exon, it would not inhibit the incorporation of the exon within the mature CR2 transcript. Therefore, another mutation must have been introduced within the human CR2 gene such that both this exon and the other CR1/Crry-like exons are removed from mature CR2 transcripts.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1976

Blocking of MLC stimulation by anti-Ia sera: studies with the virus plaque assay.

The development of congenic mouse strains identical at the H-2K and H-2D loci but differing by I-region associated (Ia) determinants has permitted an association to be established between Ia determinants and stimulation in mixed lymphocyte culture reactions (MLR). The present experiments were undertaken to establish whether the Ir-coded control of MLR operated at the level of recognition or of stimulation. Reciprocal MLR were established between A.TH and A.TL mouse spleen cells in the presence or absence of anti-Ia sera directed either at determinants of the stimulating or responding cells. The number of T cells responding was assessed by the virus plaque assay. Anti-Ia sera directed against the responding cells were no more inhibitory of the MLR than normal mouse serum. In contrast, anti-Ia sera directed against determinants of the mitomycin-treated stimulating cells markedly inhibited activation of T cells in the MLR.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Japanese-language results for the speak strategy from Cochlear Pty Limited.

Recognition of speech sounds with a new speech-coding strategy, Speak, was compared with that of the Multipeak (Mpeak) strategy. Results of consonant, word, and sentence tests on 10 postlingually deaf subjects demonstrated that the performance of the Speak strategy significantly exceeded that of the Mpeak strategy under both quiet and noise conditions. Information transfer ratios for consonant features were improved by 20% to 40% with the Speak strategy under the noise condition. Thus, the Speak coding strategy can provide better speech sound perception than the Mpeak coding strategy.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Perception and memory: action and interaction.

Receptive field properties of neurons in, and the effects of cortical ablation of, inferior regions of the macaque temporal lobe reveal their role in the visual representation of objects. However, changes in receptive field properties, as a result of visual experience with specific objects or patterns, suggest that cells encode both sensory and mnemonic features of a visual stimulus. Thus, in addition to selectivity for the visual qualities of a stimulus, response properties of cells indicate their involvement with mechanisms of visual associative and visual recognition memory. Recently, ablation studies have extended the putative role of these neurons in memory. These results suggest that the anterior inferotemporal cortex not only plays a role in recognition memory by signaling novelty or familiarity and in coding for visual associative memory but also modifies responses of neurons to the stimuli themselves, playing a part in the visual learning that underlies sensory classification of complex visual discriminanda.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Expression and purification of the cytoplasmic tail of an endocytic receptor by fusion to a carbohydrate-recognition domain.

Gene fusion has been used to produce the cytoplasmic domain of an endocytic receptor. DNA sequences coding for the 52 COOH-terminal amino acids of the mannose receptor from human macrophages, including the 41-amino acid cytoplasmic tail, were fused to the codons specifying the carbohydrate-recognition domain (CRD) of rat mannose-binding protein. The fusion protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified in one step on mannose-Sepharose, making use of the carbohydrate-binding activity of the CRD. The tail peptide was released from the fusion protein using endoproteinase Arg-C. This method provides an alternative to chemical synthesis for the production of midlength peptides.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Physician's ethical responsibilities when there is a discrepancy between demand and supply of medical services.

BACKGROUND: The discrepancy between the demand for and the supply of physician's services is the result of actions of multiple parties, including physicians. This situation raises ethical challenges for physicians, because it involves the profession's core values. OBJECTIVE: To discuss physicians' ethical obligations regarding the quantity of services that they might provide. METHOD: The obligations to accept new patients and to provide services to existing patients are deduced from the Code of Ethics of the Canadian Medical Association and The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada. A model of physicians' ethics proposed by Pellegrino and Thomasma is examined as an example of a possible higher ethical standard. RESULTS: According to the Code of Ethics, physicians may refuse or accept new patients provided they do not discriminate improperly, and do not deny aid when there is "urgent need." It also states that the termination of medical services is permissible after "adequate notice" is given to the patient. The code states that physicians are to be guided by principles such as justice and compassion. Motivated by these principles, overworked physicians may accept new patients or delay the justifiable termination of services. Such action is praiseworthy as long as the physician can provide to all his or her patients the quantity and quality of care that meets professional standards. More altruistic ethical standards of practice than those in the Code of Ethics have been advocated. Physicians who, in making decisions about the quantity of services they provide, are guided by altruism rather than self-interest deserve recognition and encouragement.

Altruism↗