Pattern of occurrence of hepatitis-B virus markers in body fluids among follow-up cases of liver diseases: a correlative study.
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Ascitic Fluid↗
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Biogenic amines and their metabolites in body fluids of normal, psychiatric and neurological subjects.
The biogenic monoamines and their metabolites have been isolated, identified and quantified in human body fluids over the past forty years using a wide variety of chromatographic separation and detection techniques. This review summarizes the results of those studies on normal, psychiatric and neurological subjects. Tables of normal values and the methods used to obtain them should prove to be useful as a reference source for benchmark amine and metabolite concentrations and for successful analytical procedures for their chromatographic separation, detection and quantification. Summaries of the often contradictory results of the application of these methods to psychiatric and neurological problems are presented and may assist in the assessment of the validity of the results of experiments in this field. Finally, the individual, environmental and the methodological factors affecting the concentrations of the amines and their metabolites are discussed.
Biogenic Amines↗
[Histocompatibility HLA system of man. Considerations in the light of current concepts. V. sHLA-I in patient's body fluids].
The retrospective estimation of concentrations of soluble HLA class I antigens (sHLA-I) in blood serum and in other body fluids of patients was executed. The physiological concentration of sHLA-I is significantly upregulated in various diseases and during inflammation, and following organ transplantation. This suggested that sHLA-I might serve as a marker of pathological changes. Observed differences in sHLA-I levels among different diseases could reflect variability in genetic factors, pathophysiology or disease activity. The authors show on usefulness of obtained results to comparative analysis of particular HLA class I allospecificities concentrations characteristic for some diseases, for example HLA-Cw7 in patients with SNHL, or HLA-B27 in zzsk. Estimation of sHLA-I concentrations in blood sera of patients could represents a good diagnostic and prognostic marker in monitoring of course disease and its activity.
Biomarkers↗
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubins in body fluids.
A novel high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system is described for the separation of bilirubin and its conjugates in body fluids. Biliary bilirubin mono- and diglucuronide can be analysed directly on a C18 reversed-phase column with acetonitrile-dimethyl sulphoxide-0.1 M ammonium acetate (pH 5.16) (50:50:85, v/v/v) as mobile phase. However, the simultaneous determination of conjugated and unconjugated bilirubins in plasma required conversion of the conjugates into their methyl esters by alkaline methanolysis before HPLC separation of the C18 column eluted with acetonitrile-dimethyl sulphoxide-0.50 M ammonium acetate (pH 4.6) (50:50:40, v/v/v). The method is superior to, and more flexible than, previously described reversed-phase systems by allowing precise control of retention times by adjustment of pH, buffer concentration and the relative proportion of organic modifier in the mobile phase.
Bile↗
Characterization of calcium phosphates precipitated from simulated body fluid of different buffering capacities.
The purpose of this experiment was to study the properties of calcium phosphate precipitated from simulated body fluids (SBFs) with different buffering capacities. The Ca/P molar ratios of the precipitates were determined and the microstructure of a sintered precipitate was studied. The results indicate that the pH of the SBF increases during calcium phosphate precipitations, which affects the Ca/P molar ratios and chemical compositions of these precipitates. A precipitate with a Ca/P molar ratio close to the stoichiometric molar ratio of hydroxyapatite was obtained when the pH of the SBF was continuously adjusted to 7.26 during precipitation. This precipitate has a fine-grained and laminated microstructure after sintering at 1000 degrees C in air. It seems that SBF can be used as a tool to study apatite-like precipitation in vitro when the pH of the solution is carefully controlled.
Biocompatible Materials↗
New "on-line" sample-pretreatment procedure for routine liquid-chromatographic assay of low-concentration compounds in body fluids, illustrated by triamcinolone assay.
In this fully automated technique for sample cleanup before chromatographic or other quantitation steps, analytes in body fluids are enriched and semi-purified on a first column. After their selective elution, analytes are "transformed" by admixing appropriate solvents in such a way that they are focused on the top of a second column. By backflush, they then are transferred to an analytical liquid-chromatographic column (or simply eluted for quantification by other techniques). This technique is illustrated by the liquid-chromatographic assay of triamcinolone from a 1-mL urine sample, with ultraviolet detection. Because analytical recovery is almost complete and precision high, no internal standardization is necessary. Interference is eliminated as well as or better than with manual techniques. Chief advantages of this technique are online operation, processing of samples of larger volume, low cost with respect to extraction devices, and nearly universal applicability for exogenous or endogenous compounds of clinical relevance. It potentially may be widely applied.
Body Fluids↗
Evaluation of potential reduction in blood and body fluid exposures by use of alternative instruments.
BACKGROUND: Injuries from needlestick, sharps injuries and splashes lead to exposure to blood and body fluids with the potential for transmission of blood-borne viruses. AIMS: To identify alternative instruments, which if used would improve worker safety. METHODS: Retrospective review of 161 injuries with identification of safer alternative products for instruments that caused injury. The proportion of injuries that could be prevented was calculated [with 95% confidence intervals (CI)]. RESULTS: The average rate of injury was 7.8/1000 employees per annum (95% CI, 6.8-9.4/1000). In the 2 years the highest rates of injury occurred in pre-registration house officers (164/1000; 95% CI, 64-264/1000), phlebotomists (154/1000; 95% CI, 15-291/1000) and senior house officers (45/1000; 95% CI, 13-77/1000). An upper estimate of 65% (95% CI, 58-72%) of incidents would have been preventable with a change to alternative devices. CONCLUSIONS: Change to the use of intrinsically safer instrumentation has the potential to prevent injury to healthcare workers.
Accidents, Occupational↗
Correlation between the papanicolaou stain and the Wright-Giemsa stain in body fluids: a quality assurance study.
OBJECTIVE: To compare the use of Papanicolaou and Wright-Giemsa stains for the evaluation of body fluids in cytology and hematology laboratories and determine whether other factors account for discrepancies in diagnosis. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed cytopathology reports of peritoneal, pleural, and cerebrospinal fluids received by hematology and cytology laboratories for 1 year. Cases were divided into 3 categories-benign, atypical, and malignant--and slides of discrepant diagnoses were reviewed. RESULTS: During this period, 198 of 3212 (0.61%) cases received by the hematology laboratory and 252 of 4402 (0.57%) cases received by the cytology laboratory were diagnosed as malignant or atypical. Of 3212 cases simultaneously received by the cytology and hematology laboratories, 17 diagnosed as malignant by hematology were diagnosed benign by cytology (sensitivity 96%). Sixteen cases diagnosed as malignant by cytology were diagnosed as benign by hematology (sensitivity 97%). No benign cases were diagnosed as malignant (specificity 100%). Review of the glass slides of the discrepant cases revealed 8 cases undercalled by hematology and 7 cases undercalled by cytology. CONCLUSION: Papanicolaou stain is superior for carcinoma and Wright-Giemsa stain for hematopoietic disorders, but used together they may reduce false negative results. Delays in processing, staining technique, and interobserver variability contribute to discrepancy.
Body Fluids↗
Mass spectrometric analysis of human transferrin in different body fluids.
In this study, we present a versatile new procedure for the analysis of transferrin and its isoforms isolated from human body fluids such as serum, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid. This method is based on a three-step procedure: (i) isolation of transferrins using anion-exchange chromatography with UV detection; (ii) concentration of the transferrin fraction; (iii) detection of the transferrins with liquid chromatography-electrospray mass spectrometry. Pre-analytical sample procedures can be omitted and no immunoaffinity columns or transferrin-specific immunoassays were used. Anticoagulants such as heparin, EDTA, citrate, and oxalate do not interfere with our analysis. According to their respective molecular masses, up to ten different isoforms of transferrin could be identified in a serum sample from a patient with a congenital disorder of glycosylation type Ia (CDG-Ia). The method was successfully applied to different pathological samples from patients with CDG-Ia, CDG-Ib, CDG-Ic, CDG-Ie, CDG-If, and CDG-IIa. Additionally, samples from alcohol consumers that were found with turbidimetric immunoassay to contain increased levels of carbohydrate-deficient transferrin were analyzed.
Body Fluids↗
Surface functional group dependent apatite formation on bacterial cellulose microfibrils network in a simulated body fluid.
The apatite forming ability of biopolymer bacterial cellulose (BC) has been investigated by soaking different BC specimens in a simulated body fluid (1.5 SBF) under physiological conditions, at 37 degrees C and pH 7.4, mimicking the natural process of apatite formation. From ATR-FTIR spectra and ICP-AES analysis, the crystalline phase nucleated on the BC microfibrils surface was calcium deficient carbonated apatite through initial formation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) or OCP like calcium phosphate phase regardless of the substrates. Morphology of the deposits from SEM, FE-SEM, and TEM observations revealed the fine structure of thin film plates uniting together to form apatite globules of various size (from <1 mum to 3 mum) with respect to the substrates. Surface modification by TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpyperidine-1-oxyl)-mediated oxidation, which can readily form active carboxyl functional groups upon selective oxidation of primary hydroxyl groups on the surface of BC microfibrils, enhanced the rate of apatite nucleation. Ion exchanged treatment with calcium chloride solution after TEMPO-mediated oxidation was found to be remarkably different from other BC substrates with the highest deposit weight and the smallest apatite globules size. The role of BC substrates to induce mineralization rate differs according to the nature of the BC substrates, which strongly influences the growth behavior of the apatite crystals.
Acetobacter↗
Powders, composed of chlorine-releasing agent acrylic resin mixtures or based on peroxygen compounds, for spills of body fluids.
The use of powders, composed of a mixture of a chlorine-releasing agent with highly absorbent acrylic resin, for disinfecting body fluid spills was evaluated by laboratory tests. 'Encap' and 'Red Z' were found to absorb rapidly up to 200 ml of water to form a semi-solid gel. When experimental formulations containing 1%, 5% and 10% available chlorine were evaluated by a standardized surface test, those containing 10% gave the best results. The ease and rate of absorption of fluids by these formulations decreased as the fluid consistency increased and they seem more suitable for watery spills than for blood. The use of a powder based on peroxygen compounds ('Virkon') for disinfecting contaminated spills was evaluated by laboratory tests and hospital trials. Laboratory tests showed that 'Virkon' is strongly and rapidly bactericidal. In hospital ward trials by nurses using 'Virkon' on both natural and artificial spills, 60 of 62 contact plates pressed on to decontaminated surfaces proved negative, and no unpleasant fumes were generated when 'Virkon' was applied to urine. In another trial, 1% 'Virkon' solution proved very effective in decontaminating mortuary tables. Antiviral activity was not tested.
Absorption↗
Laboratory screening of body fluids in self poisoning and drug abuse.
The technical and other requirements of a laboratory service for the screening of drugs in body fluids are presented. The approach to the analyses depends largely upon the nature of the request arriving at the laboratory, the facilities available, and the purpose for which the results are to be used. An acute toxicology drug screen following drug overdose would be treated differently from a batch of samples arriving from a drug dependency unit, and may entail the provision of an on-call or out of hours service. The provision of a drug analysis service should not be undertaken lightly. It depends largely upon the skill and expertise of the analysts, and can be a very costly exercise. It is important to note also that a wrong result can lead to patient mis-management, or ruin the career of an employee, therefore the greatest care must be taken to ensure that results leaving the laboratory are correct.
Body Fluids↗
Osteoclastic resorption of apatite formed on apatite- and wollastonite-containing glass-ceramic by a simulated body fluid.
We immersed mirror-polished apatite- and wollastonite-containing glass-ceramic (A-W GC) disks in a simulated body fluid (SBF) for 5 days to form bonelike apatite on their surface. Neonatal rabbit bone cells were cultured on these or on plain A-W GC disks for 10, 24, and 48 h. We observed the substrates by scanning electron microscopy after treating them with pronase E plus EDTA to remove all cells except osteoclasts. Osteoclasts with a non-motile appearance formed no lacunae on the plain A-W GC, whereas on the bonelike apatite formed on A-W GC by the SBF, actively moving osteoclasts made many tracklike resorption lacunae. These were evident even after 10 h of culture and became more extensive after longer culture periods. The bonelike apatite was therefore a more suitable medium than plain A-W GC for maintaining osteoclast activity. This study demonstrated in vitro osteoclastic resorption of bonelike apatite formed on A-W GC by an SBF. It suggests that the apatite layer, through which a surface-active ceramic bonds to bone in vivo, can be resorbed by osteoclasts and subjected to bone remodeling.
Animals↗
Cytology in veterinary practice. A review of clinical cytology--body fluids, lymph nodes and skin neoplasms.
A review over the most applicable areas of veterinary clinical cytology is given. The areas described are body fluids, lymph nodes and selected skin neoplasms. The review includes tables that survey general and specific cytologic criteria and is supplemented by photomicrographs. A classification of effusions according to cytologic criteria is discussed and there is a short discussion of 62 cases which also included histopathology.
Animals↗
Body fluid compartments, renal blood flow, and hormones at 6,000 m in normal subjects.
We previously described a syndrome of congestive heart failure occurring in healthy young men at extreme altitude (Anand et al. Lancet 335: 561-565, 1990). The pathogenesis of this condition is unclear. We therefore measured body fluid compartments, renal blood flow, and a variety of plasma hormones in 10 asymptomatic young men staying above 6,000 m for > 10 wk and compared the results with controls at sea level. Body compartments were measured with isotope dilution techniques and renal blood flow with o-[125I]iodohippurate sodium. There was a marked expansion of all the fluid spaces: total body sodium was 14% above normal (P < 0.05), total body water was 18% above normal (P < 0.05), plasma volume was 33% above normal (P < 0.05), and blood volume was 84.5% above normal (P < 0.001). The effective renal plasma flow was lower than normal by 55% (P < 0.001), but the reduction in the effective renal blood flow was 37% below normal (P < 0.001) because the hematocrit was high (41.6% above normal). Plasma norepinephrine was nearly 3 times normal (P < 0.01), cortisol 3 times normal (P < 0.001), and growth hormone 18 times normal (P < 0.01). Aldosterone was twice normal (P < 0.03). Plasma epinephrine, atrial natriuretic peptide, and plasma renin activity were unchanged. The degree of fluid retention in these normal subjects was similar to that in patients with severe untreated congestive heart failure (Anand et al. Circulation 80: 299-305, 1989), whereas sodium retention and reduction in effective renal blood flow were less.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acclimatization↗
The 'body fluid pressure control system' relies on the Renin-Angiotensin-aldosterone system: balance studies in freely moving dogs.
1. The physiological role of the 'renal body fluid pressure control system', including the intrarenal mechanism of 'pressure natriuresis', is uncertain. 2. Balance studies in freely moving dogs address the following questions: (i) what is the physiological contribution of pressure natriuresis to the control of total body sodium (TBS); (ii) to what extent is long-term mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) determined by TBS and total body water (TBW); and (iii) during Na accumulation, is Na stored in an osmotically inactive form? 3. Diurnal time-courses of Na excretion (U(Na)V) and MABP reveal no correlation. Spontaneous MABP changes do not affect U(Na)V. The long-term 20% reduction of renal perfusion pressure (RPP) results in Na retention via pressure-dependent stimulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), not via a pressure natriuresis mechanism. Prevention of pressure natriuresis does not result in ongoing Na retention when the RAAS is operative. The long-term 20% elevation of RPP induced by sustained TBS elevation facilitates Na excretion via pressure natriuresis, but does not restore TBS to normal. 4. Changes in TBW correlate well with changes in TBS (r(2) = 0.79). This correlation is even closer when concomitant changes in total body potassium are also considered (r(2) = 0.91). 5. With normal or elevated TBW, long-term MABP changes correlate well with TBW changes (r(2) = 0.69). At lowered TBW, no correlation is found. 6. In conclusion, the physiological role of pressure natriuresis is limited. Pressure natriuresis does not appear to be operative when RPP is changed from -20 to +10% and neurohumoral control of U(Na)V is unimpeded. Within this range, pressure-dependent changes in the RAAS mediate the effects of changes in RPP on U(Na)V. Pressure natriuresis may constitute a compensating mechanism under pathophysiological conditions of substantial elevation of RPP. A large portion of the long-term changes in MABP are attributable to changes in TBW. The notion of osmotically inactive Na storage during Na accumulation appears to be invalid.
Animals↗
Physiology of body fluids and electrolytes.
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Aldosterone↗
[Body fluid balance in uremic patients].
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Body Fluids↗