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PubMed1982

Epidemiological studies of Clonorchis sinensis in lower area of Nag Dong river nearby Busan City in Korea.

The infection rates with cercaria and metacercaria of the Clonorchis sinensis in snail and fish hosts, and the prevalence among the inhabitants in the lower Nag Dong river in Busan were investigated in the period from June 1981 to March 1982. The stool examination and E.P.G. count for prevalence and intensity of clonorchiasis were done by cellophane thick smear and Stoll's egg count methods. The prevalence rate of clonorchiasis among inhabitants of 3 towns in Bug Gu, was 38.4% among a total of 1,384 persons examined. By town, the prevalence in Gu Po was 25.4% out of 330 persons examined, 39.3% in 438 examined in Gang Dong and 44.8% out of 616 in examined in Myeng Ji respectively. According to sex, the male(41.9%) showed relatively higher rate than female(35.3%). By age, increase of rate was observed as increase in age. The highest rate was 80.7% in 50~59 years group. The intensity of infection was light: 89.1% of examined cases were below 10,000 E.P.G.; by area 80.9%(Gu Po), 80.2%(Gang Dong), 97.3%(Myeng JI). Out of fresh water fish species collected, 2 species were not infected with metacercaria. The metacercarial detection rate from fish in low Nag Dong river showed 100% in Pseudorasbora parva, Pseudogobio esocinus(41.4%), Hemibarbus labeo(37.1%), Acheilognathus limbata(33.3%) and Erythroculter erthropterus(4.5%) respectively. The mean number of metacercaria per gram of muscle was 21.2 in P. parva, P. esocinus(15.0), H. labeo(11.9), A. limbata(6.3), and E. erythropterus(1.6) respectively. Though 7 area along Nag Dong river were surveyed for Parafossarulus manchouricus, the snails were not found at all areas except for one area, Seo Nam stream; and the cercaria was infected 0.9% out of 708 examined.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1983

[A Study On The Intestinal Helminths Of The Patients In A Leprosarium In Korea]

A total of 2,026 leprosy patients of the National Sorokdo Hospital was examined their intestinal parasites by cellophane thick smear method in January 1983. The egg positive cases of Taenia spp. were treated with bithionol and the segments of Taenia were collected for species identification. The results were as follows: 1. Total egg positive rate of any kind helminth was 78.2 % and cumulative total was 85.2 %. The egg positive rate for each helminth was as follow; Taenia spp. 3.4 %, Ascaris lumbricoides 4.5 %, Trichuris trichiura 72.l %, Clonorchis sinensis 2.8 % and other 0.05 %. 2. A total of 66 Taenia egg positive cases was treated; out of them proglottids of Taenia were collected from 26 cases. All of the collected worms were identified as T. saginata. The results revealed significantly high egg positive rate of T. trichiura. However, A. lumbricoides was found to be controlled considerably by repeated chemotherapy during past 3 years. If chemotherapeutic agent is replaced with oxantel-pyrantel tablet, better result is expected. No clue was found for prevalence of T. solium from both human and the pig in the island.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1983

Praziquantel(Distocide(R)) In Treatment Of Clonorchis Sinensis Infection.

Praziquantel(Distocide), the Korean product, was tested for its safety and efficacy in treatment of Clonorchis sinensis infection during the period from April to September, 1983 in Korea. A total of 55 egg positive cases were selected and treated with the regimen of 25 mg/kg t.i.d. for 1 day (total 75 mg/kg). The follow-up stool examination was done in 47 cases by cellophane think smear and Stoll's egg counting techniques. The 8 uncured cases were treated again with the same regimen. The laboratory tests for blood picture and liver function were done in 27 cases and compared before and after the treatment. The results obtained are as follows: After single course treatment, the cure and egg reduction rates were 83.0% and 99.1% respectively. With the second treatment, excellent results of 100% in both rates were obtained. Several kinds of side effects such as dizziness, headache, etc. were complained by 29 cases (61.7%), however, those were so mild and transient that no special treatment was necessary. No significant chang in laboratory findings was recognizable before and after the treatment. From the above results, it is concluded that Distocide is as effective and safe as Biltricide(R) and highly recommendable in treatment of C. sinensis infection.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

[Rhabditis sp. infected cases in rural school children]

Five cases infected with Rhabditis sp. were detected in a survey to examine the stool specimen from rural primary school children. A large number of the larvae of Rhabditis sp. detected by the direct cellophane thick smear were cultured by the filter paper method. The examination was carried out in April through June 1980 in Tangjeong-Myon, Ahsan-Gun, and in September 1983 in Sandong-Eup, Yeongwol-Gun. The results obtained in this study were as follows: Prevalence: Out of 925 children, 5(0.54%) children were found to be positive. The number of the detected larvae was 110/0.1 gm of feces in case 1, 35 in case 2, 130 in case 3, 86 in case 4 and 62 in case 5. Larvae: The larvae were prepared by means of the direct fecal smear and measured by a micrometer equipped in the microscope. Twelve(12) through 15-day old larvae in culture were 197.1 micrometer long in average, and the maximum size of the matured stage larvae was 884.0 x 25.9 micrometer. However, the length variation was ranged as 173.0 to 884.0 micrometer. Adults: The size of clubbed adult female was 1,357 micrometer(1,176~1,419) in length and 80 micrometer(79~82) in width. Length of buccal cavity was 33 micrometer. A long cylindrical esophagus (273 micrometer) of the worms with a valved posterior cardiac bulb and with median bulbar swelling was morphologically indicated. Distance from mouth to vulva was occupied 58 percent of body length. Male worm was 1,006 micrometer (890~1,148) in length and 49 micrometer(48~49) wide. Caudal alae of bursa and spicules (75 micrometer in length) were well developed. Eggs: The oval shaped eggs in the female uterus, when cultured, were 66 x 56 micrometer in size, and the eggs laid by the adult could not be detected. So, reproduction might be through to be ovoviviparity. The five cases were re-examined during the period from the 1st to the 3rd week after stool examinations, but Rhabditis sp. were detected again in 4 cases in 1st week. When they were examined in 3rd week, larvae could not be detected. So, it was thought that the infection of Rhabditis sp. to humans was facultative.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

[A survey on intestinal parasites of soldiers in Korea]

Total of 2,643 Korean soldiers were examined of their stool for parasitic infections by both cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether concentration techniques from August 1983 to December 1985. Out of them, 73.6% were free from any parasite, 22.6% were ova positive and 4.0% cyst positive. The ova positive rates by species were Ascaris lumbricoides 2.0%, Trichuris trichiura 13.0%, hookworm and Trichostrongylus orientalis 0.08% respectively, Clonorchis sinensis 7.6%, Metagonimus yokogawai 1.1%, Paragonimus westermani 0.08%, Echinostoma hortense 0.04%, Fibricola seoulensis 0.9%, Taenia sp. 0.3%, Hymenolepis nana 0.2% and H. diminuta 0.04%. Most of them (87.3%) were positive by a species, 11.9% by two and 0.8% by 3 species. The cyst positive rates were Entamoeba histolytica 0.6%, E. coli 1.4%, Endolimax nana 1.7%, Iodoameba butschlii 0.04% and Giardia lambla 0.9%. Among the cyst positives, 89.5% were positive by a species, 7.6% by two and 0.5% by 3 species. The intestinal parasite infections among the Korean soldiers decreased distinctly compared with previous data.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1990

[Intestinal parasite infections among inhabitants in two islands of Tongyeong-gun, Kyeongsangnam-do].

This study was performed to evaluate the status of intestinal parasitic infections among the inhabitants in two islands (Chu-do and Doomi-do) of Tongyeong-gun, Kyeongsangnam-do (Province), from August to September, 1989. A total of 189 stool specimens was collected from the inhabitants of 3 villages and examined by Kato's cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. Stoll's dilution egg counting technique was done for the quantitative examination of helminth eggs. The overall positive rate of intestinal parasites was 30.2%. The egg positive rate of Ascaris lumbricoides was 2.1%, that of Trichuris trichiura 24.3%, hookworm 2.1%, Trichostrongylus orientalis 0.5%, Clonorchis sinensis 1.1%, heterophyid 1.6%, and Taenia species 2.6%. The cyst positive rate of Giardia lamblia was 1.6% and that of Entamoeba coli 0.5%. In T. trichiura infection, the egg positive rate of females (29.9%) was much higher than that of males (17.2%). Among the age groups, 10-19 year group showed the highest infection rate, 32.4%. It was revealed that the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections among the inhibitants of remote islands should be still high in comparison with ever-reported ones in urban or rural areas.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Status of intestinal parasite infections in inhabitants of Palmar, Guayas Province, Ecuador.

Status of intestinal protozoan and helminthic infections was surveyed in mestizo population living in rural parish of Palmar and its nearby recintos(villages). Three of the surveyed villages were at the Pacific coast and 5 villages were in inner pasture land, located about 100 km west of Guayaquil, the second largest city in Ecuador. One stool sample was examined by one cellophane thick smear for helminth ova and one direct smear stained with Lugol's iodine solution for protozoan cysts. Of 325 persons examined, 66.1% were positive for any ova or cyst. The positive rates were: 18.1% for Ascaris lumbricoides, 19.4% for Trichuris trichiura, 0.6% for hookworm, 3.7% for Hymenolepsis nana, 1.8% for Taenia sp., 19.4% for Entamoeba histolytica, 28.6% for Entamoeba coli, 5.5% for Endolimax nana, 1.5% for Iodamoeba buetschlii, 11.1% for Giardia lamblia and 0.6% for Chilomastix mesnili. Poor supply of potable water was considered the main cause of high prevalence of intestinal protozoan infections.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Intestinal parasite infections in the inhabitants along the Hantan River, Chorwon-gun.

The prevalence of intestinal parasite infections in inhabitants at the reaches of the Hantan River, Chorwon-gun, Korea, was observed from August 12 to September 14, 1993. Of 465 people observed by cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether concentration method, 2 Ascaris lumbricoides (unfertilized), 1 Trichuris trichiura, 39 Clonorchis sinensis and 16 Metagonimus egg positive cases were found. After treatment, the Metagonimus egg positive cases passed out flukes of Metagonimus Miyata type. Of 68 fish caught in the Hantan River, 14 (20.6%) were infected with metacercariae of Metagonimus, while no metacercaria of C. sinensis was found. At this area, soil-transmitted nematodes are very low, but clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis are prevalent by modernate endemicity.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

The first discovery of an endemic focus of Heterophyes nocens (Heterophyidae) infection in Korea.

A highly endemic focus of human infection with Heterophyes nocens (Heterophyidae) was discovered from a small coastal village of Shinan-gun, Chollanam-do, for the first time in Korea. Fecal examinations by cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques revealed 42.9% heterophyid egg positive rate out of 98 inhabitants examined. It was difficult to confirm the species of heterophyids only by eggs. In order to collect the adult flukes, the egg positive cases were treated with 10 mg/kg single dose of praziquantel and purged with magnesium sulfate, and the adult worms were collected from the diarrheic stools. From each of 18 cooperative patients 1 to 1,124 (total 4,730) H. nocens worms were recovered, together with a few to large numbers of heterophyids (Pygidiopsis summa, Stictodora fuscatum) and/or gymnophallids (Gymnophalloides seoi). It is speculated that H. nocens might be widely distributed along the southwestern coastal areas where the brackish water fish such as the mullets or gobies are popularly eaten raw.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Intestinal parasite and Clonorchis sinensis infection among the inhabitants in the upper stream of Taechong Dam, Kumgang (River)].

The prevalence of intestinal parasites and Clonorchis sinensis infection was observed among inhabitants in the upper stream of Kumgang (River) from January to October 1991. A total of 743 fecal specimens was examined by cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether concentration technique. The parasite positive rate including helminth eggs and protozoan cysts was 40.8%, the positive rates for every species were: Clonorchis sinensis 30.8%, Metagonimus spp. 14.5%, Fasciola spp. 0.7%, Taenia spp. 1.5%, Ascaris lumbricoides 0.4%, Enterobius vermicularis 0.1%, Hookworm 0.1%, Trichuris trichiura 1.6%, Entamoeba coli 0.7%, E. histolytica 0.3%, Endolimax nana 0.3%, Giardia lamblia 0.3% and Iodamoeba buetschlii 0.1%, respectively. The cumulative positive rate in Okchon-gun showed 51.1%, in the Kumsan-gun 50.8% and in the Muju-gun 28.6%. Through this survey, it was concluded that the soil transmitted intestinal parasites including helminthseggs and protozoan cysts have been decreased remarkably among the inhabitants along the upper stream of Taechong Dam, Kum-gang (River), on the other side, Clonorchis sinensis, Metagonimus spp. and Taenia spp. are still morderate prevalent.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Two endemic foci of heterophyids and other intestinal fluke infections in southern and western coastal areas in Korea.

Two endemic foci of heterophyid infections were discovered in coastal villages of Puan-gun, Chollabuk-do, and Sachon-gun. Kyongsangnam-do, Korea. Fecal examinations were performed on 153 inhabitants of Puan-gun and 138 of Sachon-gun, using cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation technique. The helminth egg and/or protozoan cyst positive rate was 21.5% (33/153) in Puan-gun and 39.1% (54/138) in Sachon-gun. In Puan-gun, the egg positive rate of heterophyids was the highest, 17.6%, and that of other parasites was 0.7-2.6% by parasite species. In Sachon-gun, that of heterophyids was 18.8%, followed by Clonorchis sinensis (12.3%), and other parasites (0.7-5.0%). Twenth-two (Puan-gun) and six (Sachon-gun) heterophyid egg positive cases were treated with praziquantel, and adult flukes were collected from their diarrheic stools. A total of 3,284 adult flukes of Heterophyes nocens was collected from all of the 22 patients treated in Puan-gun (3-778 individually), and other trematodes were also collected from 2-15 patients: Pygidiopsis summa, Stellantchasmus falcalus. Metagonimus yokogawai, M. miyatai, Stictodora fuscata. Heterophyopsis continua, Acanthoparyphium kurogamo, and Gymnophalloides seoi. In Sachon-gun, M. yokogawai (3,007 specimens), H. nocens (120), and S. falcatus (46) were collected from 5 of 6 treated patients, and H. continua and S. lari each from one patient. The present study revealed that heterophyid flukes, especially H. nocens and M. yokogawai, are prevalent in the southern and western coastal areas of Korea where fresh and/or brackish water fishes are popularly eaten raw.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

High endemicity of Metagonimus yokogawai infection among residents of Samchok-shi, Kangwon-do.

A small-scale epidemiological survey was undertaken during 1997-1998 on the residents along the Osib-chon (Stream), Samchok-shi (City), Kangwon-do (Province), to evaluate the status of Metagonimus yokogawai infection. A total of 165 fecal samples was collected and examined by cellophane thick smear and formalin-ether sedimentation techniques. The egg positive rate of M. yokogawai was 29.7%, showing a remarkable difference between males (46.6%) and females (16.3%). To obtain the adult flukes of M. yokogawai, 11 egg positive persons were treated with praziquantel and purged with magnesium sulfate. A total of 242,119 adult flukes (average 22,010 per person, 367-119,650 in range) was collected from diarrheic stools, all of which were identified as M. yokogawai. The results show that M. yokogawai is still highly endemic in this area.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Epidemiological study of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis along the Geum-gang (River) in Okcheon-gun (county), Korea.

The endemic status of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis along the Geum-gang (River) in Okcheon-gun (County) in Korea was examined. From February to December 2000, stools of total 1,081 inhabitants living in 5 villages were examined. Each stool specimen was examined by both the cellophane thick smear method and the formalin-ether sedimentation technique. Egg-positive cases were further analyzed by Stoll's egg-counting technique, and praziquantel was administered to positive cases. The egg-positive rates for Clonorchis sinensis and Metagonimus species were 9.3% and 5.5%, respectively, and the double infection rate was 3.5%. The numbers of eggs per gram (EPG) of feces of C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. were 918 +/- 1,463 and 711 +/- 947, respectively. The egg-positive rates for C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in the riverside area were 14.2% and 8.4%, respectively, which were significantly higher than those of the inland area (3.2% and 1.7%, respectively). The egg-positive rates of C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in males (16.7% and 10.0%) were significantly higher than those of females (3.5% and 1.8%). However, there were no significant differences of EPG values between localities and sexes. The prevalence of clonorchiasis and metagonimiasis in this survey was significantly lower than that in the previous reports. However, there is still a high prevalence of infection with C. sinensis and Metagonimus sp. in this region, especially in the riverside area.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Partial purification of the ovarian oviposition-inducing factor and estimation of its chemical nature.

The ovarian ruptured follicles larger than 0.2 g. of wet weight were collected from laying hens and an ovarian oviposition-inducing factor (OOIF) was extracted from the follicles. The extract was chromatographed on a column of Sephadex G-75. Material from the active region for inducing premature oviposition was subjected to thioglycollate or trypsin treatment. It was found that oxytocic activity of this material was completely destroyed by thioglycollate buy not by trypsin, when tested on the contractility of the isolated hen's uterus. The OOIF was found to be diffusible through a cellophane bag. It is suggested that the OOIF may be a relatively small molecule have a disulfied bridge and it seems to be a hormone or hormone-like substance resembling the posterior pituitary hormones in the chemical nature.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis therapy for patients with end stage renal disease.

CAPD is a method of dialysis that uses the patient's own peritoneal membrane. The semipermeable membrane that lines the abdominal organs and cavity selectively allows the passage of waste products, electrolytes, and fluids. Hemodialysis is an extracorporeal process whereby the patient's blood is withdrawn through a percutaneous needle inserted into a blood vessel. In hemodialysis, the operating principle is a cellophane membrane placed between the patient's blood and wash solution.

Humans↗

PubMed1976

The rat as a model for preeclampsia.

Several methods were used in an attempt to produce preeclampsia in the pregnant rat. Desoxycorticosterone acetate plus increased NaCl intake produced hypertension, proteinuria, rapid weight gain, convulsions, decreased litter size, decreased offspring weight, increased fetal and maternal mortality, and renal lesions similar to those seen in human preeclampsia. Injection of placenta in Freund's adjuvant produced mild blood pressure elevation and proteinuria in the pregnant rat. Rabbit antirat placenta serum produced hypertension in the pregnant rat but not in the nonpregnant rat. Liver congestion and renal glomerular congestion were observed in both pregnant and non-pregnant rats. Pregnancy in the rat reduced hypertension produced by applying a Goldblatt clamp prior to breeding. Uterine ischemia produced by wrapping the uterus in cellophane produced mild blood pressure elevation and proteinuria. A vitamin-E-deficient diet that contained substantial amounts of partially perioxidized, polyunsaturated fatty acids produced morphological lesions in the pregnant rat similar to those seen in human preeclampsia, but hypertension, edema, and proteinuria were absent. None of the maneuvers was effective in producing a complete model of human preeclampsia, but they do provide material for study that could answer somebasic questions about preeclampsia.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Particle bombardment mediated transformation and GFP expression in the moss Physcomitrella patens.

There are few plants facilitated for the study of development, morphogenesis and gene expression at the cellular level. The moss Physcomitrella patens can be a very useful plant with several advantages: simple life cycle containing a major haploid gametophyte stage, easy manipulation, small genome size (6 x 10(8) bp) and high similarities with higher plants. To establish the transformation system of mosses as a model for basic plant research, a series of experiments were performed. Mosses were cultured in cellophane overlaid BCD media, transformed by particle bombardment and selected by the choice of appropriate antibiotics. Initial transformants appeared 8 d or 14 d after selection, showing different sensitivities toward the antibiotics used. Heat treatment during the preparation of particles revealed that denaturing the DNA enabled a more efficient way to deliver a transgene into the chromosome. This was proven by the increase in the number of transformants by five times in the plants with denatured DNA. In the test for the repairing capacity of mosses, 154 and 195 transformants survived from 1 d and 3 d incubations, respectively, indicating that a longer period of incubation seemed to be recommendable for better survival. The selected transformants were further analyzed at the DNA and expression level. Transformed genes were confirmed by PCR where all the transformants showed the expected size of amplification. Histochemical beta-glucuronidase (GUS) and green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression also confirmed the integration of exogenous DNA. In a comparison of the two different forms of GFP, soluble-modified GFP (smGFP) expressed stronger signals than modified GFP (mGFP) due to its improved solubility. Confirmation of the transgene in the chloroplast transformation has improved the applicability of moss as a model system for the study of basic biological researches.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hemodialysis 1912-1945: no medical technology before its time: part II.

W. J. Kolff's development of the first clinical dialysis device was a remarkable achievement in the absence of any previous extensive laboratory or experimental data. An examination of the four decades before the emergence of dialysis provides a unique occasion to see how science and medical technology evolved relative to the growth of complex bodies of knowledge. Dialysis emerged from the development of six distinct scientific and medical knowledge bases: 1) mechanical forces (diffusion and convection); 2) anticoagulants (hirudin and heparin); 3) membranes (collodion and cellophane); 4) kidney physiology; 5) serum and urine analysis; and 6) clinical perceptions and treatment. Each area progressed independent of the others and at different rates of speed. Basic sources of information were found in Index Medicus, Biological Abstracts, and Chemical Abstracts between 1900 and 1945. These references were surveyed for articles and the main reference works that delineated historic stages in each. With a critical mass of knowledge, Kolff envisioned a technologic solution to specific clinical needs. His work is illustrative of how medical science and practitioners work in a dynamic manner drawing from a wide array of scientific areas to meet clinical needs.

Heparin↗