[FOCI OF FEBRILE CATARRH OF THE UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT AND CONJUNCTIVITIS ASSOCIATED WITH ENTEROVIRUSES].
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Child↗
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Results for “COMMON COLD VIRUS”
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Presence of viral and bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children. A prospective study.
OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to examine and follow up the presence of respiratory viral and bacterial pathogens in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children during the cold season and compare the findings with the child's respiratory symptoms. METHODS: We enrolled 121 otitis-prone children, aged 10 months to 4 years for a prospective study. The nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) were studied at the baseline and after 12 and 24 weeks for respiratory viruses and at the baseline and after 24 weeks for bacteria. Presence of picorna(rhino-entero-parecho)-, influenza-, adenoviruses and Mycoplasma pneumoniae was detected by PCR. NPS specimens were cultured for Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis. Clinical data (the rate of respiratory symptom days, otitis media, tympanometry findings, day-care attendance and the number of siblings) were compared with microbiological data. RESULTS: Rhinovirus was found in 30% of the samples at the baseline, in 8% and in 19% of the samples after 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. Enterovirus was detected in 19% of the samples, in 21% and in 12% of samples after 12 and 24 weeks, respectively. Picornavirus positivity correlated with the respiratory symptoms but not with the number of otitis media or with abnormal tympanometry. Two samples were adeno- and three samples influenzavirus positive. Parechovirus and M. pneumoniae were negative in all samples. Rhinovirus positivity correlated with that of M. catarrhalis and S. pneumonia but not with H. influenzae. Microbiological positivity was not significantly associated with the type of day-care. CONCLUSIONS: Picornaviruses as well as bacteria were commonly found in the nasopharynx of otitis-prone children during the cold season, even in the absence of clinical symptoms.
Bacteria↗
Pathogenesis and management of virus infection-induced exacerbation of senile bronchial asthma and chronic pulmonary emphysema.
The number of senile patients with therapy resistant bronchial asthma, chronic pulmonary emphysema increases due to the habit of smoking and increased number of older people, and these inflammatory pulmonary diseases are the leading causes of death worldwide. Rhinoviruses cause the majority of common colds, and provoke exacerbations of bronchial asthma and chronic pulmonary emphysema. Here, I review the pathogenesis and management of rhinovirus infection-induced exacerbation of senile bronchial asthma and chronic pulmonary emphysema.
Aged↗
Limitations of maintenance therapy for viral respiratory infection-induced asthma.
In asthmatic children with persistent symptoms, maintenance therapy with nedocromil sodium, inhaled corticosteroids, or montelukast is associated with a decreased rate of asthma exacerbations. The greatest benefit is seen with use of regular inhaled corticosteroids in preschool- or school-age children, in whom asthma exacerbations, the need for rescue oral corticosteroids, unscheduled urgent medical visits, and hospitalizations are all decreased by approximately 50%. However, maintenance therapy is not beneficial in children with intermittent respiratory virus-induced wheezing without persistent symptoms.
Acute Disease↗
Human coronavirus 229E encodes a single ORF4 protein between the spike and the envelope genes.
BACKGROUND: The genome of coronaviruses contains structural and non-structural genes, including several so-called accessory genes. All group 1b coronaviruses encode a single accessory protein between the spike and envelope genes, except for human coronavirus (HCoV) 229E. The prototype virus has a split gene, encoding the putative ORF4a and ORF4b proteins. To determine whether primary HCoV-229E isolates exhibit this unusual genome organization, we analyzed the ORF4a/b region of five current clinical isolates from The Netherlands and three early isolates collected at the Common Cold Unit (CCU) in Salisbury, UK. RESULTS: All Dutch isolates were identical in the ORF4a/b region at amino acid level. All CCU isolates are only 98% identical to the Dutch isolates at the nucleotide level, but more closely related to the prototype HCoV-229E (>98%). Remarkably, our analyses revealed that the laboratory adapted, prototype HCoV-229E has a 2-nucleotide deletion in the ORF4a/b region, whereas all clinical isolates carry a single ORF, 660 nt in size, encoding a single protein of 219 amino acids, which is a homologue of the ORF3 proteins encoded by HCoV-NL63 and PEDV. CONCLUSION: Thus, the genome organization of the group 1b coronaviruses HCoV-NL63, PEDV and HCoV-229E is identical. It is possible that extensive culturing of the HCoV-229E laboratory strain resulted in truncation of ORF4. This may indicate that the protein is not essential in cell culture, but the highly conserved amino acid sequence of the ORF4 protein among clinical isolates suggests that the protein plays an important role in vivo.
Aged↗
Effects of the common cold on mood and performance.
Previous research has shown that both experimentally-induced and naturally occurring upper respiratory tract illnesses (URTIs) influence mood and mental functioning. None of the previous studies of naturally occurring colds has conducted appropriate virological assays to determine the nature of the infecting agent. This is an essential methodological step in studies of malaise associated with URTIs. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of naturally occurring colds on mood and objective measures of performance. This was done by first conducting a cross-sectional comparison of 37 healthy people and 158 volunteers with colds and then a longitudinal study in which 100 volunteers developed colds and 87 remained healthy. Virological techniques were used to identify infecting agents and comparisons made across the different groups. The results showed that having a cold was associated with reduced alertness and slowed reaction times. These effects were observed both for colds where the infecting virus was identified and those where it was not. Similar effects were obtained for both rhinovirus and coronavirus colds. One may conclude that upper respiratory tract illnesses lead to a reduction in subjective alertness and impaired psychomotor functioning. This was true for both illnesses where the infecting agent was identified and for those clinical illnesses where no virus was detected. It is now important to identify the mechanisms linking infection and illness with the behavioural changes. Similarly, the impact of these effects on real-life activities such as driving needs examining. Finally, methods of treatment need to be developed which not only treat the local symptoms of the illnesses but remove the negative mood and the performance impairments.
Adolescent↗
Hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies in vaccinated children with renal disease.
One year after immunization with a single 0.5-mL dose of influenza virus vaccine, serum samples from 30 children with renal diseases were tested for serum hemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody titers to A/New Jersey/76, A/Victoria/75, and A/USSR/77. Eleven unvaccinated children with renal diseases formed a comparison group. In contrast to the comparison group (0/11), 53% (16/30) of the vaccinated group had a protective level of serum HI titers (greater than or equal 1:40) against A/New Jersey. A protective level of serum HI titer against A/Victoria was noted in 83% (25/30) of the vaccinated group, while 54% (6/11) of the unvaccinated group had similar HI titers. None had a detectable HI titer against A/USSR. A minor common cold-like illness occurred in seven of the 30 vaccinated children; one of these had exacerbation of nephrotic syndrome. The data suggest a good protection against influenza one year after vaccination in children with renal disease.
Age Factors↗
Local hyperthermia benefits natural and experimental common colds.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether inhaling fully humidified air at 43 degrees C gave more benefit to cold sufferers than inhaling air at 30 degrees C. DESIGN: Randomised double blind trial. Setting--General practice and the common cold research unit. SUBJECTS: 87 Unselected patients with typical acute nasal and upper respiratory symptoms (general practice study), and 84 volunteers aged 18-50 without a history of chronic or allergic diseases. INTERVENTIONS: Subjects breathed from apparatus delivering 40 litres of room air heated to 43 degrees C or 30 degrees C and fully humidified (relative humidity 100%) per minute. End point--Reduction in severity of disease. MEASUREMENTS and main results--Patients recorded their symptoms (general practice study) and observers recorded symptoms and signs, weight of nasal secretions, isolation of virus, and antibody responses in volunteers. Patients treated for 20 minutes at 43 degrees C had in the succeeding days roughly half the score for symptoms of those treated at 30 degrees C. Volunteers treated for 30 minutes on three occasions when they were starting a cold showed an 18% [corrected] reduction in symptoms. Treatment of volunteers for 20 minutes at the onset of the cold and for 10 minutes on succeeding days showed no difference between 43 degrees C and 30 degrees C. CONCLUSIONS: Nasal hyperthermia can improve the course of a common cold and also give immediate relief of symptoms.
Adolescent↗
Transmission of experimental rhinovirus colds in volunteer married couples.
Communicability of rhinovirus type 16 or type 55 was studied in 24 childless couples; on partner (the donor) was infected with laboratory-grown virus. Initially, both partners lacked antibody to the challenge agent. Rates of transmission between partners were 41% and 33% for type 16 and type 55, respectively. These rates are similar to those determined in epidemiologic studies of natural rhinovirus infection. Although the mucosa of the anterior nares was shown to be highly susceptible to infection (less than one 50% tissue culture infective dose [TCID50]), transmission rarely occurred unless (1) at least 1,000 TCID50 of virus was recovered from the donor's nasal washing, (2) the donor had virus on his hands and anterior nares, (3) he was at least moderately symptomatic, and (4) he spent many hours with his spouse. Since person-to-person transfer of rhinovirus was so dependent upon time spent together and shedding of large amounts of virus by the donor, it seems possible that the chain of infection could be interrupted by environmental manipulation.
Clinical Trials as Topic↗
Rapid multiserotype detection of human rhinoviruses on optically coated silicon surfaces.
BACKGROUND: More than 100 immunologically distinct serotypes of human rhinoviruses (HRV) have been discovered, making detection of surface exposed capsid antigens impractical. However, the non-structural protein 3C protease (3Cpro) is essential for viral replication and is relatively highly conserved among serotypes, making it a potential target for diagnostic testing. The thin film biosensor is an assay platform that can be formatted into a sensitive immunoassay for viral proteins in clinical specimens. The technology utilizes an optically coated silicon surface to convert specific molecular binding events into visual color changes by altering the reflective properties of light through molecular thin films. OBJECTIVE: To develop a rapid test for detection of HRV by developing broadly serotype reactive antibodies to 3Cpro and utilizing them in the thin film biosensor format. STUDY DESIGN: Polyclonal antibodies to 3Cpro were purified and incorporated into the thin film assay. The in vitro sensitivity, specificity and multiserotype cross-reactivity of the 3Cpro assay were tested. Nasal washes from naturally infected individuals were also tested to verify that 3Cpro was detectable in clinical specimens. RESULTS: The 3Cpro assay is a 28-min, non-instrumented room temperature test with a visual limit of detection of 12 pM (picomolar) 3Cpro. In terms of viral titer, as few as 1000 TCID(50) equivalents of HRV2 were detectable. The assay detected 45/52 (87%) of the HRV serotypes tested but showed no cross-reactivity to common respiratory viruses or bacteria. The thin film assay detected 3Cpro in HRV-infected cell culture supernatants coincident with first appearance of cytopathic effect. Data are also presented demonstrating 3Cpro detection from clinical samples collected from HRV-infected individuals. The assay detected 3Cpro in expelled nasal secretions from a symptomatic individual on the first day of illness. In addition, 9/11 (82%) concentrated nasal wash specimens from HRV infected children were positive in the 3Cpro test. CONCLUSION: We have described a novel, sensitive thin film biosensor for rapid detection of HRV 3Cpro. This test may be suitable for the point of care setting, where rapid HRV diagnostic test results could contribute to clinical decisions regarding appropriate antibiotic or antiviral therapy.
3C Viral Proteases↗
Human rhinovirus infection induces airway epithelial cell production of human beta-defensin 2 both in vitro and in vivo.
We hypothesized that airway epithelial cells, the primary site of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection, provide a link between the innate and specific immune response to HRV via production of human beta-defensin (HBD)-2, a potent in vitro attractant and activator of immature dendritic cells. Infection of primary cultures of human epithelial cells with several HRV serotypes induced expression of HBD-2 mRNA and protein, indicating that HBD-2 production was independent of viral receptor usage or mechanisms of viral RNA internalization. Induction of HBD-2 was dependent upon viral replication and could be mimicked by transfection of cells with synthetic dsRNA, but was not dependent upon epithelial production of IL-1. Studies with stable epithelial cell lines expressing HBD-2 promoter constructs, as well as inhibitor studies in primary cells, both demonstrated that induction of HBD-2 involves activation of the transcription factor, NF-kappaB. Other transcription factors must also be activated by HRV infection, however, as expression of HBD-3 mRNA was also induced and there is no putative NF-kappaB recognition sequence in the promoter of this gene. HBD-2 showed no direct antiviral activity against HRV. In vivo infection of normal human subjects with HRV-16 induced expression of mRNA for HBD-2 in nasal epithelial scrapings. Increases in mRNA correlated with viral titer and with increased levels of HBD-2 protein in nasal lavages. This represents the first demonstration that HRV infection induces epithelial expression of HBD-2 both in vitro and in vivo, and supports the concept that HBD-2 may play a role in host defense to HRV infection.
Adult↗
Induced rhinovirus infection under controlled exposure to sulfur dioxide.
The interaction between short-term sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure and experimentally induced rhinovirus infection was studied in thirty-two volunteers divided into two groups balanced with respect to age, antibody levels, and nasal mucus flow rates. One group was exposed to SO2 exposure at the threshold limit value (TLV) of 5 ppm during 4 hours; the other group served as controls exposed to pollution-free air under the same conditions. The SO2 exposure caused a 50% decrease in nasal mucus flow rate in the anterior parts of the nose, but there was no difference in the number of colds which developed in the two groups. The group exposed to SO2 had fewer symptoms and a possibly shorter incubation period (P = .06), and virus shedding was at a lower level but more persistent than in the control group. No differences were found in antibody response. The rhinovirus infection in the control group caused a gradual decrease in nasal mucus flow rate starting 2 days after the virus instillation, and after 5 days the rate was less than half its initial value. For future experiments on the interaction between airborne pollutants and rhinovirus infections, a virus challenge by aerosol inhalation is recommended. Our study supports an earlier observation that growth of influenza virus in the nasal cavity of mice was inhibited by exposure to SO2 concentrations of 6 or 20 ppm.
Adolescent↗
Acute phase response of serum amyloid A protein and C reactive protein to the common cold and influenza.
C reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A protein (SAA) are sensitive and rapid acute phase reactants, and their measurement for monitoring inflammatory disease and assessing the prognosis in secondary amyloidosis is gaining widespread acceptance. The changes in these proteins in eight subjects suffering from natural colds, 15 subjects with experimentally induced colds (rhinoviruses E1, 3, 9, 14, or 31), and eight with experimentally induced influenza (A/Eng/40/83) were studied. SAA concentration increased in 21 of the 23 subjects with natural or experimental rhinovirus colds (mean increase 95 mg/l); CRP concentration increased in 11 (mean increase 11 mg/l). All subjects with influenza showed pronounced increases in SAA concentrations (mean increase 642 mg/l) while six showed increases in CRP concentration (mean increase 22 mg/l). All these increases were highly significant (p less than 0.001). Asymptomatic excretors of both rhinovirus and influenza virus showed significant increases in SAA concentration (p = 0.015 for rhinovirus and p less than 0.001 for influenza virus) but not in CRP concentration. No changes in SAA or CRP values were seen in 12 volunteers after challenge with saline. These observations suggest that caution is required in the interpretation of estimations of SAA concentration and that it may be too sensitive an acute phase protein for clinical use as its concentration may be raised in both trivial and asymptomatic viral infections.
Amyloid↗
Acute upper airway infections.
Upper respiratory tract infections are common and important. Although rarely fatal, they are a source of significant morbidity and carry a considerable economic burden. Numerous therapies for the common cold have no effect on symptoms or outcome. Complications such as cough are not improved by over-the-counter preparations, while labelling cough alone as a symptom of asthma may result in unnecessary use of inhaled steroid treatment. Clinical presentation of sore throat does not accurately predict whether the infection is viral or bacterial, while throat culture and rapid antigen tests do not significantly change prescribing practice. Antibiotics have only a limited place in the management of recurrent sore throat due to group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal infection. Routine use of antibiotics in upper respiratory infection enhances parent belief in their effectiveness and increases the likelihood of future consultation in primary care for minor self-limiting illness. Respiratory viruses play a major role in the aetiology of acute otitis media (AOM); prevention includes the use of influenza or RSV vaccination, in addition to reducing other risk factors such as early exposure to respiratory viruses in day-care settings and to environmental tobacco smoke. The use of ventilation tubes (grommets) in secretory otitis media (SOM) remains controversial with conflicting data on developmental outcome and quality of life in young children. New conjugate pneumococcal vaccines appear safe in young children and prevent 6-7% of clinically diagnosed AOM.
Acute Disease↗
[Rhinovirus diseases: pathogenesis, diagnostics and treatment].
Contemporary data on human rhinovirus diseases and their pathogenesis are presented. Special attention is paid to complications which may be caused by rhinovirus infections in allergy-susceptible patients. Furthermore, approaches to the diagnostics and treatment of rhinovirus diseases are described. In particular, the advantages of molecular methods for the diagnostics of rhinovirus infection (based on the PCR) in comparison with cultural and immunochemical methods are pointed out. New investigations aimed at the development of specific antirhinovirus preparations--capsid-binding (Pleconaril), blocking the binding of the virus with cell receptors (ICAM, soluble) and inhibiting rhinovirus protease 3C--have been considered.
3C Viral Proteases↗
Sites of rhinovirus recovery after point inoculation of the upper airway.
Spread of rhinovirus infection in the nose was studied after point inoculation of 25 microL of rhinovirus suspension either under the right inferior turbinate via the test duct (26 volunteers) or onto the posterior nasopharyngeal wall (through the mouth under direct vision) (six volunteers). Epithelial brush samples obtained daily from the anterior and posterior portions of the inferior turbinate in both nasal cavities and the nasopharynx were cultured for rhinovirus. Point inoculation of rhinovirus produced a high infection rate, but the entire nasal lining was not infected at the time of peak symptoms. Virus was usually first detected at the nasopharyngeal site, with subsequent spread of infection anteriorly to one or both inferior turbinates. Spread to the left turbinate was not detected in seven of 17 volunteers during the first five days after right eye inoculation. Virus recovery from the mucosa declined by day 16 and ceased by day 21.
Adult↗
Rubella vaccine evaluation in a public school system.
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Adolescent↗
The limited effect of nasal interferon induced by rhinovirus and a topical chemical inducer on the course of infection.
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Administration, Intranasal↗