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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Spasmolytic activity of some plants used by the Otomi Indians of Quéretaro (México) for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of chloroform-methanol (1:1) extracts derived from Baccharis heterophylla H. B. K (Asteraceae), Desmodium grahami Gray (Leguminosae), Dyssodia pinnata var. pinnata Rob. (Asteraceae), Gentiana spathacea H. B. K. (Gentianaceae), Loeselia mexicana Brand. (Polemoniaceae), Selaginella pallescens Spring. (Selaginellaceae) and Zornia diphylla Pers. (Fabaceae) on the spontaneous contractions of isolated rat ileum. The concentration-response curves and IC50 values were obtained and the respective relaxant potencies were compared with that of the CHCl3-MeOH (1:1) extract of Datura lanosa. The data showed that all the extracts produce a concentration-dependent inhibition of spontaneous ileum contractions. In addition, the antimicrobial activity of the extracts against pathogenic enterobacteria was tested. The pharmacological actions shown by the extracts of the selected species tend to support ethnomedical use of the plants for the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Effects of PGE2 and of different synthetic PGE derivatives on the glycosylation of pig gastric mucins.

The glycosylation of pig gastric mucins, discharged in response to prostaglandin (PG) E2 and to three synthetic PGE-derivatives (misoprostol, nocloprost, rioprostil) was compared. After a 20 h culture period in the absence or presence of 1 micromol/l of one of the PGs, mucins were isolated by gel chromatography and their glycosylation characterized by their linkage to a panel of lectins. For all tested PGs, a significantly increased lectin linkage to mucin glycoproteins of high molecular weight was detected; no significant effects were observed for low molecular weight glycoproteins. Within the stimulatory pattern, major effects were found for the linkage of peanut agglutinin and soybean agglutinin, suggesting predominant effects on the expression of galactose and N-acetyl-galactosamine. Only minor effects were found for sialic acid, mannose, N-acetyl-glucosamine and fucose expression, as evidenced by the linkage of Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Concanavalin A, Datura stramonium agglutinin and Ulex europaeus I agglutinin. All PGs exerted a similar stimulatory pattern. However, at the indicated concentration, misoprostol (281 +/- 36% of control) rendered a significantly higher overall effect than PGE2 (208 +/- 31%), whereas the increases induced by nocloprost (237 +/- 35%) and rioprostil (202 +/- 35%) were not significantly different from the PGE2 effects. These results, suggesting similar stimulatory effects of PGE2 and of the tested synthetic PGs on glycosylation of mucin oligosaccharides, discharged from mucous cells during an in vitro culture, may, at least in part, explain clinical findings that during an impairment of the endogenous PG synthesis, the tested synthetic PGs are effective exogenous substitutes for endogenous E-type prostaglandins and act as anti-ulcer drugs.

Acetylgalactosamine↗

PubMed1998

Comparative lectin-histochemistry on the pre-epithelial mucus layer in the distal colon of conventional and germ-free rats.

The mucin composition of the rat distal colonic pre-epithelial mucus layer (PML) was studied by lectin histochemistry in conventional (CV), and germ-free (GF) rats to define effects exerted by the gut flora. No peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding was observed in the PML of GF rats, while the PML of their CV counterparts showed a considerable PNA linkage, indicating terminal Gal-beta1,3-GalNAc residues. Soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA) stained the PML mucins in CV and in GF rats, indicating terminal GalNAc moieties. A quantitative difference in the Limax flavus agglutinin (LFA) binding capacity was found between CV and GF rats, indicating terminal sialic acid moieties: the staining intensity of bound LFA/ FiTC was higher in CV rats than in GF rats. No linkage of Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA) and of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) was found in the PML of GF rats, indicating the absence of terminal GlcNAc, while in CV rats, a clearly marked border was visible next to the luminal content as a "nipple edge" when stained with DSA or WGA. Canavalia ensiformis agglutinin (ConA), indicative for branched mannose, stained PML mucins and goblet cell mucins of GF rat distal colon. In CV rats, both locations were free of ConA binding sites. These results suggest degrading effects, exerted by the gut flora on the rat colonic pre-epithelial mucus layer.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Glycans with N-acetyllactosamine type 2-like residues covering adult Schistosoma mansoni, and glycomimesis as a putative mechanism of immune evasion.

Glycans at the surface of adult Schistosoma mansoni were investigated with gold-labelled lectins. The fragile complex of the glycans with the outer membranes could be preserved for electron microscopy by avoiding extensive pre-fixation with aldehydes and by introducing osmium-ferrocyanide as a membrane fixative. Male and female worms were entirely covered with glycans that intensely bound lectins from Erythrina cristagalli and Datura stramonium, suggesting that galactose(beta 1-4)N-acetylglucosamine residues occur in high numbers in the surface glycans. Similar staining was obtained with lectins from Triticum vulgaris, Glycine max and Ricinus communis agglutinin I, which react with N-acetylglucosamine or terminal galactose residues and bind non-selectively with high affinity to N-acetyllactosamine. Fucose, N-acetylgalactose and sialic acid were not detected with lectins and sialidase treatment. The tegument contained an abundance of glycans with the same lectin reactivities as the surface-expressed molecules, indicating that the worms synthesize and replenish their surface glycans and do not merely adsorb host substances. Glycomimesis is discussed as a mechanism of immune evasion in view of N-acetyllactosamine being a common and weakly immunogenic component in glycans of vertebrate hosts. S. mansoni might disguise themselves with the glycans against attack by immune effectors.

Amino Sugars↗

PubMed1999

The surface coat of infective larvae of Trichinella spiralis.

The surface coat of the infective larvae of the parasitic nematode Trichinella spiralis was characterized with respect to its biophysical properties, morphology and composition. Labelling of larvae with the fluorescent surface probe PKH26 was lost after activation (by incubation in mammalian medium containing trypsin and bile), or following pronase treatment. Electron microscopical examination revealed that pronase treatment resulted in the loss of an amorphous surface layer only, further demonstrating the specificity of PKH26 for the larval surface coat. Surface coat shedding was inhibited by sodium azide and carbonyl cyanide, or by incubation of larvae at 4 degrees C, suggesting the shedding process required metabolic energy. Pre-labelled, unactivated larvae demonstrated continuous slow surface coat shedding and could be re-labelled with PKH26, indicating that the shed coat is replaced in these parasites. However, pre-labelled larvae which were activated failed to re-label with the probe, suggesting that activation provides an irreversible trigger for surface changes. PKH26, therefore, is a useful marker for larval activation. Examination of the shed coat material by scanning electron microscopy revealed 2 types of morphologies; one comprising thin multilaminate sheets and the other of amorphous material with ridges producing a fingerprint-like motif. Western- and lectin-blotting of the shed coat material demonstrated 2 prominent entities; a 90 kDa glycoprotein, which bound Datura stramonium agglutinin and was resistant to N- and O-glycanase treatment and a 47-60 kDa set of protein(s). Analysis of the surface lipids by electrospray mass spectometry revealed the presence of lysophosphatidic acid (lysoPA, C14:2) and an unidentifiable component of 339.4 Da. These two lipids constituted 36.9% and 36% by mass of surface coat lipids respectively. The presence of lysoPA was confirmed by thin layer chromatography, which also detected phosphatidic acid (PA). The polar lipids detected in solvent rinses of intact parasites by electrospray mass spectrometry were PI (C48:4), PE (C40:4 and C38:4), PS (C40:4), lysoPC (C20:2 and C18:2) and lysoPA (C14:2). These observations are discussed with respect to the role of the surface coat and its shedding in the T. spiralis host-parasite relationship.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Comparative studies of the sugar chains of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidylpeptidase IV purified from rat kidney brush-border membrane.

Asparagine-linked sugar chains of rat kidney aminopeptidase N and dipeptidylpeptidase IV were investigated comparatively. Oligosaccharides released from the two enzymes by hydrazinolysis were fractionated by paper electrophoresis, serial chromatographies on columns of immobilized Aleuria aurantia lectin, concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin E4, and Datura stramonium agglutinin, and Bio-Gel P-4 (less than 400 mesh) column chromatography. Structures of oligosaccharides in each fraction were assumed by their effective molecular sizes and behaviors on the four lectin columns and then confirmed by sequential exoglycosidase digestion and methylation analysis. The sugar chains of aminopeptidase N and dipeptidylpeptidase IV are almost the same as those of rat kidney gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase reported previously [Yamashita, K., Hitoi, A., Matsuda, Y., Tsuji, A., Katunuma, N., & Kobata, A. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 1098-1107]. They are a mixture of 5 high mannose type sugar chains and 32 (for aminopeptidase N) or 26 (for dipeptidylpeptidase IV) mono-, bi-, tri-, and tetraantennary complex type sugar chains. The unique feature of the complex-type sugar chains of both enzymes is that they all contain the bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residue and are incompletely galactosylated in their outer-chain moieties.

Aminopeptidases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Sialidase activity in culture fluid of Chinese hamster ovary cells during batch culture and its effects on recombinant human antithrombin III integrity.

Sialidase activity in cell-free supernatant of batch-cultivated Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells producing human recombinant antithrombin III (rhAT III) was monitored during cultivation using 4-methylumbelliferyl substrate and HPLC for free sialic acid determination. Supernatant sialidase as well as lactate dehydrogenase activity increased significantly during batch growth. The enhanced number of dead cells correlated with increasing sialidase activity which seemed to be principally due to cell lysis, resulting in release of cytosolic sialidase. Loss of terminally alpha (2-->3) bound sialic acids of the oligosaccharides of rhAT III was analyzed in lectin-based Western blot and enzyme-linked lectin assays, using Maackia amurensis and Datura stramonium agglutinins for specific determination of Neu5Ac alpha (2-->3)Gal- and Gal beta (1-->4)-GlcNAc-terminated glycoproteins, respectively. Results show a remarkable loss of terminal sialic acids of rhAT III along with decrease in CHO cell viability and concomitant increase of dead cells throughout long-term batch cultivation. To avoid this degradation effect, process parameters forcing high viability are essential and harvesting of culture at an early time even at suboptimal recombinant protein concentration is highly recommended to avoid product desialylation.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Identification of 45 kD antigen in immune complexes of patients of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

A glycoprotein antigen with an apparent mw of 45 kD was observed to be predominant in the circulating immune complexes isolated from patients of allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis as well as in the immune complexes prepared in vitro. Further characterisation of 45 kD antigen with trypsin showed four immunologically active peptides with mw 43, 36, 33 and 16 kD. Carbohydrate characterization using various lectins (Maackia amurensis agglutinin, Sambucus nigra agglutinin, Peanut agglutinin, Galanthus nivalis agglutinin and Datura stramonium agglutinin) showed presence of both N-linked and O-linked sugar moieties such as mannose, glucose, galactose and N-acetyl glucosamine. Predominant presence of 45 kD antigen in immune complexes, recognition of 45 kD by monoclonal antibodies raised against glycoprotein rich fraction of A. fumigatus and presence of elastinolytic protease activity indicate that 45 kD antigen is probably a potent virulence factor and may be contributing to the pathogenesis of ABPA by its biological as well as immunological activities.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Electroantennographic and behavioral responses of the sphinx moth Manduca sexta to host plant headspace volatiles.

Coupled gas chromatography with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) using antennae of adult female Manduca sexta was employed to screen for olfactory stimulants present in headspace collections from four species of larval host plants belonging to two families: Solanaceae--Lycopersicon esculentum (tomato), Capiscum annuum (bell pepper), and Datura wrightii; and Martyniaceae--Pronboscideaparviflora. Headspace volatiles were collected from undamaged foliage of potted, living plants. GC-EAD revealed 23 EAD-active compounds, of which 15 were identified by GC-mass spectrometry. Identified compounds included aliphatic, aromatic, and terpenoid compounds bearing a range of functional groups. Nine EAD-active compounds were common to all four host plant species: (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, nonanal, decanal, phenylacetaldehyde, methyl salicylate, benzyl alcohol, geranyl acetone, (E)-nerolidol, and one unidentified compound. Behavioral responses of female moths to an eight-component synthetic blend of selected tomato headspace volatiles were tested in a laboratory wind tunnel. Females were attracted to the blend. A comparison of responses from antennae of males and females to bell pepper headspace volatiles revealed that males responded to the same suite of volatiles as females, except for (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate. EAD responses of males also were lower for (Z)-and (E)-nerolidol and one unidentified compound. Electroantennogram EAG dose-response curves for the 15 identified EAD-active volatiles were recorded. At the higher test doses (10-100 microg), female antennae yielded larger EAG responses to terpenoids and to aliphatic and aromatic esters. Male antennae did respond to the higher doses of (Z)-3-hexenyl benzoate, indicating that they can detect this compound. On the basis of ubiquity of the EAD-active volatiles identified to date in host plant headspace collections, we suggest that M. sexta uses a suite of volatiles to locate and identify appropriate host plants.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Qualitative and quantitative variation among volatile profiles induced by Tetranychus urticae feeding on plants from various families.

Many plant species are known to emit herbivore-induced volatiles in response to herbivory. The spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch is a generalist that can feed on several hundreds of host plant species. Volatiles emitted by T. urticae-infested plants of 11 species were compared: soybean (Glycine max), golden chain (Laburnum anagyroides), black locust (Robinia pseudo-acacia), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum), eggplant (Solanum melalonga), thorn apple (Datura stramonium), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), hop (Humulus lupulus), grapevine (Vitis vinifera), and ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba). The degree to which the plant species produced novel compounds was analyzed when compared to the odors of mechanically damaged leaves. Almost all of the investigated plant species produced novel compounds that dominated the volatile blend, such as methyl salicylate, terpenes, oximes, and nitriles. Only spider mite-infested eggplant and tobacco emitted a blend that was merely quantitatively different from the blend emitted by mechanically damaged or clean leaves. We hypothesized that plant species with a low degree of direct defense would produce more novel compounds. However, although plant species with a low direct defense level do use indirect defense to defend themselves, they do not always emit novel compounds. Plant species with a high level of direct defense seem to invest in the production of novel compounds. When plant species of the Fabaceae were compared to plant species of the Solanaceae, qualitative differences in spider mite-induced volatile blends seemed to be more prominent in the Fabaceae than in the Solanaceae.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Psychotropic mushrooms and plants].

There are a lot of medical applications of psychotropic plants. However, there are many more mushrooms and plants with psychotropic effects considered useless by scholar medicine. The resulting regulations make the users criminal law breakers. Depending on the Zeitgeist there had been experiments with hallucinogenics in a medical setting. Normally psychotropic mushrooms and plants play no role in medical practice. However, the use of datura by youths can lead to emergency situations, so this problem will be dealt in more details.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Identification of essential active-site residues in ornithine decarboxylase of Nicotiana glutinosa decarboxylating both L-ornithine and L-lysine.

The cDNA encoding ornithine decarboxylase (ODC; EC 4.1.1.17), a key enzyme in putrescine and polyamine biosynthesis, has been cloned from Nicotiana glutinosa (GenBank AF 323910), and was expressed in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence of N. glutinosa ODC showed 90% identity with Datura stramonium ODC, and 44% identity with human ODC. N. glutinosa ODC did not possess the PEST sequence [a sequence rich in proline (P), glutamic acid (E), serine (S) and threonine (T) residues] found in mammalian ODCs, which are thought to be involved in rapid degradation of the protein. The purified ODC was a homodimeric protein, having a native M(r) of 92000. Kinetic studies of ODC showed that N. glutinosa ODC decarboxylated both l-ornithine and l-lysine with K(m) values of 562 microM and 1592 microM at different optimal pH values of 8.0 and 6.8 respectively. ODC activity was completely and irreversibly inhibited by alpha-difluoromethylornithine (K(i) 1.15 microM), showing a competitive inhibition pattern. Site-directed mutagenesis was performed on ODC to introduce mutations at conserved lysine (Lys(95)) and cysteine (Cys(96), Cys(338) and Cys(377)) residues, chosen by examination of the conserved sequence, which were proven by chemical modification to be involved in enzymic activity. Except for Cys(96), each mutation caused a substantial loss in enzyme activity. Most notably, Lys(95) increased the K(m) for l-ornithine by 16-fold and for l-lysine by 3-fold, with 100-fold and 2.8-fold decreases in the k(cat) for ODC and lysine decarboxylase (LDC) activity respectively. The Cys(377)-->Ala mutant possessed a k(cat) that was lowered by 23-fold, and the K(m) value was decreased by 1.4-fold for l-ornithine. The three-dimensional model of ODC protein constructed on the basis of the crystal structure of Trypanosoma brucei, mouse and human ODCs localized the four residues in the active-site cleft. This is the first work carried out on active-site residues of plant ODC, where ODC and LDC activities occur in the same catalytic site.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1980

Purification and some properties of a lectin from the fruit juice of the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum).

In the tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plant, the fruit juice was found to be the richest source of agglutinating activity. The lectin responsible could be inhibited by oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine, and this property was exploited to purify the lectin by affinity adsorption on trypsin-treated erythrocytes. The lectin is a glycoprotein that cross-reacts immunologically with the lectin from Datura stramonium (thorn-apple).

Carbohydrates↗

PubMed1987

Differentiation-associated decrease in the proportion of fucosylated polylactosaminoglycans of CaCo-2 human colonic adenocarcinoma cells.

CaCo-2 cells are human colonic adenocarcinoma cells which can differentiate spontaneously into enterocytes when maintained confluent for extended periods of time. Cells kept in culture for 4 days (rapidly growing), 7-9 days (early confluence) and 19-22 days (late confluence) were incubated for 24 h with L-[5,6-3H]fucose or D-[6-3H]glucosamine in order to examine the changes in glycoprotein carbohydrate structure that occur during this differentiation. Labelled glycopeptides obtained by exhaustive Pronase digestion of the cell-surface and cell-pellet fractions were fractionated on Bio-Gel P-6. A high-Mr glycopeptide fraction which was excluded from Bio-Gel P-6 was present in all cases. These glycopeptides were then fractionated by affinity chromatography on Datura stramonium agglutinin-agarose. The glycopeptides which were specifically bound to the lectin column were largely degraded by endo-beta-galactosidase, thereby indicating that they consisted of fucosylated polylactosaminoglycans. The proportion of labelled polylactosaminoglycans decreased with increasing time in culture, whereas sucrase activity, which is characteristic of differentiated enterocytes, increased. These results demonstrate that a relatively large decrease in the proportion of fucosylated polylactosaminoglycans occurs with differentiation of CaCo-2 cells.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed2002

Detecting organic toxins in possible fatal poisonings--a diagnostic problem.

Two fatal cases are reported where there was strong circumstantial evidence of plant toxin ingestion. In only one case however was a low urine level of hyoscine detected (in keeping with a history of Datura sp. consumption). Fatal cases of plant toxin ingestion may be a problem for the laboratory given the wide range and rarity of certain plant poisons, and the limitation of standard screening. Identification of plant materials at the scene of suspected poisoning may be crucial in directing toxicological investigations.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

A DNA microarray for the authentication of toxic traditional Chinese medicinal plants.

A silicon-based DNA microarray was designed and fabricated for the identification of toxic traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Species-specific oligonucleotide probes were derived from the 5S ribosomal RNA gene of Aconitum carmichaeli, A. kusnezoffi, Alocasia macrorrhiza, Croton tiglium, Datura inoxia, D. metel, D. tatula, Dysosma pleiantha, Dy. versipellis, Euphorbia kansui, Hyoscyamus niger, Pinellia cordata, P. pedatisecta, P. ternata, Rhododendron molle, Strychnos nux-vomica, Typhonium divaricatum and T. giganteum and the leucine transfer RNA gene of Aconitum pendulum and Stellera chamaejasme. The probes were immobilized via dithiol linkage on a silicon chip. Genomic target sequences were amplified and fluorescently labeled by asymmetric polymerase chain reaction. Multiple toxic plant species were identified by parallel genotyping. Chip-based authentication of medicinal plants may be useful as inexpensive and rapid tool for quality control and safety monitoring of herbal pharmaceuticals and neutraceuticals.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1991

Strategies for the genetic manipulation of alkaloid-producing pathways in plants.

Increasingly, as a result of recent biochemical work, there exists a realistic possibility of taking a molecular genetic approach to the manipulation of alkaloid-producing pathways in plant tissue cultures. In the pathways forming indole alkaloids in CATHARANTHUS ROSEUS, tropane alkaloids in DATURA and HYOSCYAMUS species, and nicotine in NICOTIANA species, recent studies have identified a number of key enzymes and at least some of the factors that regulate their levels of activity. Such knowledge contributes the basis upon which it has become feasible to design a strategy by which the flux in these pathways may be enhanced at the genomic level. This review presents a summary of the state-of-the-art pertaining to these pathways and discusses the strategy to be adopted for a molecular approach to their manipulation, together with some of the pitfalls that may arise when trying to alter their natural regulation.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1987

Poly(gamma-glutamylcysteinyl)glycine: its role in cadmium resistance in plant cells.

Angiosperms can be selected for the ability to grow in the presence of normally toxic concentrations of certain trace metal ions. Addition of Cd and Cu to Cd-resistant Datura innoxia cell cultures results in the rapid synthesis and accumulation of sulfur-rich, metal-binding polypeptides. The structure of these compounds was determined using amino acid analysis, 13C NMR, and site-specific enzymic digestion. These compounds are poly(gamma-glutamylcysteinyl)glycines. Greater than 80% of the cellular Cd is bound to the bis and tris forms in Cd-resistant cells. There is a direct correlation between the maximum accumulation of the metal-binding polypeptides and the concentration of toxic ions to which the cells are resistant. In the presence of metal ions, the polypeptides form multimeric aggregates that can be resolved by gel chromatography. Cd binds to both the high and low molecular weight aggregates, whereas Cu preferentially binds to the higher molecular weight forms. The presence of gamma-carboxamide linkages between glutamyl and adjacent cysteinyl residues indicates that these polypeptides are products of biosynthetic pathways. Poly(gamma-glutamylcysteinyl)glycines bind metals and, in this respect, appear to be functional analogs of the protein metallothionein. However, in the absence of supraoptimal concentrations of trace metal ions, the functions of metallothionein in animals and microorganisms and poly(gamma-glutamylcysteinyl)glycines in plants may differ.

Amino Acid Sequence↗