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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Urban stress and health in developing countries: development and validation of a neighborhood stress index for India.

Stress caused by chronic difficulties encountered by people residing in poor urban neighborhoods is associated with health problems and disease in developed countries, but the relationship between neighborhood stress and health in developing nations, such as India, has not been assessed. In this study, the authors administered the City Stress Inventory, a self-report measure assessing stress experienced as a function of environmental conditions unique to living in large cities that was validated in the United States, to 163 high school students in New Delhi, India. Components of urban stress in India, with some modifications, appear to be similar to components of urban stress reported by adolescents in the United States. Urban stress was predictive of high blood pressure as reported by the adolescents 'parents. In addition, urban stress also predicted health habits, such as chewing tobacco and alcohol use, and psychosocial characteristics, such as hostility. Adolescents' reports of parental stress concerning money and social pressures were also associated with city stress. The current study indicates that the City Stress Inventory is valid in an Indian sample and is predictive of health problems.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Spiritual development of nursing students: developing competence to provide spiritual care to patients at the end of life.

Nurses spend more time with their patients than do other health care workers. Therefore, the spiritual needs of patients must be recognized as a domain of nursing care. Holism cannot exist without consideration of the spiritual aspects that create individuality and give meaning to people's lives. The purpose of this article is to provide nursing faculty with tools that may be used to develop spiritually knowledgeable nursing students who can overcome barriers to providing spiritual care to end-of-life patients. Our students were required to complete care maps to ensure they are prepared for patient care at the end of life. In this article, we present tools that faculty and students may use to complete the spiritual concept in care mapping. The literature on spirituality is reviewed, use of care mapping in nursing curricula is described, and our teaching approach to develop nursing students who are skilled at providing spiritual care is explained. Three case studies and care maps created by former students are also presented to demonstrate examples of spiritual competence.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Socioeconomic factors affecting fertility in the developing countries and of the developing population groups in South Africa.

"In the present paper...socioeconomic factors affecting the fertility of the developing population groups in South Africa, are discussed and compared with findings [for developing countries] from the WFS [World Fertility Survey]." Data for South Africa are from an independent survey conducted during 1981-1982. "The relationship between socioeconomic factors and three dependent variables (marital fertility, desired family size, and current contraceptive use) is analysed.... The analyses are restricted to the examination of the extent to which the wife's differentials in fertility and associated variables related to education, employment status, and rural/urban residence persist, when other socioeconomic characteristics of the couple are controlled statistically."

Africa↗
PubMed1987

Executive Order No. 123 reorganizing the Ministry of Social Services and Development, now referred to as Ministry of Social Welfare and Development, 30 January 1987.

This Order reorganizes the Ministry of Social Services and Development. Among the bureaus of the Ministry are the following: "b) Bureau of Family and Community Welfare--assistance to socially disadvantaged families and communities including family planning, planning outreach programs to develop their capability in defining needs and formulating solutions as well as setting up viable community structures which bring about desired social changes..."d) Bureau of Women's Welfare--promoting women's welfare, with specific attention to the prevention or eradication of exploitations of women in any form, such as but not limited to prostitution and illegal recruitment; as well as the promotion of skills for employment and self naturalization; e) Bureau of Child and Youth Welfare--care and protection of abandoned, neglected, abused or exploited children and youth, delinquents, offenders, the disturbed, street children, victims of prostitution and others, for their social adjustment and economic self-sufficiency." The Order authorizes the Ministry to establish regional offices providing, among other things, day care centres, street children centres, centres for youth with special needs, homes for the aged, and homes for unwed mothers. Attached to the Ministry is a Population Commission, which "shall continue as the population planning and coordinating agency."

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Caesarean sections in developing and developed countries.

A clinical study of 1086 cases of caesareans done in the period 1987-1991 in a rural institute is presented with a review of the latest data from India and elsewhere. Of the women, 86.19% were between 20 and 30 years; 43.83% were primigravidas. The most common indications were obstructed labour and malpresentations. 17.76% of the emergency and 14.64% of registered obstetric admissions resulted in caesarean delivery. The status of caesarean births is very different in developed and developing countries though both face the problem of its very high incidence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Development and evaluation of sentinel node biopsy: a continuing professional development course.

The Interpretive Visualization (IVIS) Group at the Division of Biomedical Communications, Dept. of Surgery, University of Toronto has developed a visually-oriented, Internet-based Continuing Professional Development (CPD) course on Sentinel Node Biopsy. The site design methodology involved an extensive needs assessment, iterative formative evaluations of site and media design, a summative evaluation of the project, and a final evaluation for certification. Special emphasis was placed on asynchronous Web-based evaluation of the visual media-including still images, animations, and interactive figures-used in the course. Results reinforced the importance of: needs assessment; a user-centered design process; and rapid prototyping.

Clinical Competence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

In vitro studies on normal and pathological preimplantation development. I. Events of normal mouse preimplantation development as revealed by microcinematography.

After briefly presenting the main historical data of in vitro culture of preimplantation mouse embryos and their filming, the first own observations on normal preimplantation development made by using microcinematography are presented: development from two-cell to eight-cell embryos; compaction and cavitation. The timing and the duration of various developmental events were recorded. Own observations were compared with previous cinematographic data reported by other authors. Some processes needing further investigations are evidenced: rotation within the zona pellucida, penetration of cytoplasmic emissions through the zona, contraction and reexpansion.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Development cooperation in the development of a basic medical service].

Team work in building up a basic medical service. - This article reports on a project of Swiss aid to the developing country of the Peruvian Andes, whose organization is completely integrated into the national Peruvian ministry of health. After having stated the social and medical problems the article explains, how a team of Swiss doctors tries to reach to remote parts of a developing country by means of a medicine adapted to the economical situation of the poor farmer population. This is achieved by training local health auxiliaries and teaching them preventive medicine. On the other hand the curative medicine has to take second place and is concentrated mainly on a large scale tuberculosis programme. Ideas, experiences, problems and first evaluations are set out and discussed.

Developing Countries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Staff development opportunity and nurse job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and intent to remain in the organization. Implications for staff development.

In a time of financial constraints in health care, it is essential that nursing staff development in hospitals--a costly part of the budget--make a difference. The findings of the following study supported a positive relationship between nurse satisfaction with hospital-sponsored nursing staff development and the nurse's job satisfaction, commitment to the organization, and intent to remain employed in the organization.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of ethanol upon early development in mice and rats. VIII. The effect of chronic consumption of some beverages upon preimplantation development in rats.

The effects of chronic consumption of some beverages (plum-brandy 24% and cognac 20%) upon preimplantation development in rats were studied. The control of possible effects was performed on day 5 by usual flushing, examination and photographying of oviductal and uterine embryos. In order to evaluate the effect of the beverage applied, the following criteria were used: mean litter size, migration of the embryos from the oviduct to the uterus, the developmental stage attained by the pre-implantation embryos and the appearance of pathological embryos. The main results were the following: both beverages applied influenced the preimplantation development; with respect to the developmental rate and to the induction of pathological changes, the effect of both beverages was similar (retardation and an increased, number of pathological morulae and blastocysts); a different action could be detected as to the mean litter size and to the migration of preimplantation embryos: plum-brandy reduced more substantially the mean litter size, whereas cognac had a more marked retarding effect upon the migration of embryos from the oviduct to the uterus: all the changes detected show a more or less marked "litter-effect". The present data were compared with the corresponding effects of chronic ethanol administration observed previously in our laboratory. No obvious potentiating effect of beverage congeners could be established. The findings are discussed in connection with other experimental models of alcohol embryo and fetopathy.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality development as a lifelong process and consequences for promoting personality development in advanced age].

The paper explains the fact, that personality development mainly depends on the requirements of life activity and derives possibilities for promoting development in old age. These possibilities are primarily seen in forming such life conditions and requirements of activity, which grant latitude for autonomous acting and deciding to the aged as much and as long as possible as well as encourage them to use it, thereby helping them to maintain or regain every kind of autonomy and activity still possible.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Development of the lateral line system in Xenopus laevis. III. Development of the supraorbital system in triploid embryos and larvae.

During normal development of the supraorbital lateral line system of Xenopus, an elongated streak of primordial cells becomes subdivided into a linear series of cell groups containing only about eight cells each, thus forming a row of primary lateral line organs (Winklbauer & Hausen, 1983a,b). In triploid Xenopus embryos, cell size is 1.5 X normal. When the formation of lateral line organs occurs in triploid primordia, the nascent organs contain only about five or six cells each, i.e. about two thirds of normal. Thus, the increase in cell size is compensated for by a corresponding reduction in cell number, keeping constant the organ size in terms of total cell mass or volume. This result excludes a cell counting mechanism for determining organ size. In diploids, the primary organs, although being of equal size initially, differ vastly in their final size and exhibit a peculiar frequency distribution of organ sizes. A detailed quantitative model for supraorbital lateral line development has been proposed, which accounts for this characteristic frequency distribution (Winklbauer & Hausen, 1983b). This model makes precise predictions as to the frequency distribution of the final size of triploid lateral line organs, where the initial organ size is reduced to five or six cells. These predictions were verified experimentally.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Postnatal development of masticatory organs in rats II. Effects of hormones on the postnatal development of the M. masseter superficialis.

The effects of L-thyroxine (T4; 0.2 microgram/g body weight) an hydrocortisone (HC 5 microgram/g body weight) on the M. masseter superficialis in developing rats were investigated. Administration of T4 and/or HC to rats for 5 consecutive days from day 5 after birth induced precocious increase in diameter of the muscle fibers, increase of SDH activity and differences of the activity in various fibers and precocious disappearance of fibers with EDTA-insensitive ATPase activity. The effects of these hormones on the muscle gradually decreased after the 10th postnatal day. In thyroidectomized-adrenalectomized rats. T4 increased the diameter and SDH-activity of the muscle fibers and induced differences in SDH activity between fibers, but HC did not. Thus HC may act permissively on the SDH activity and the diameter of the muscle fibers. On the other hand, muscle fibers with EDTA-insensitive ATPase activity did not disappear on treatment with T4 or HC alone, but did disappear on treatment with T4 plus HC. These results suggest that increases in the circulating levels of T4 and HC in suckling rats are involved in development of the M. masseter superficialis.

Adenosine Triphosphatases↗
PubMed1981

Priorities of pediatric cardiology in the developed and developing countries.

Congenital heart disease and pediatric cardiology problems exist all over the world. The approach, however, including diagnosis and management varies considerably depending on manpower available, the clinical facility and the sociophilosophical climate prevailing in different parts of the world. In this article the priorities existing in the developed and developing countries concerning the approach to pediatric cardiology problems are discussed from the point of view of patient load, facilities available, teaching and research in this large field of highly specialized pediatric practice.

Cardiology↗
PubMed1994

Integrin regulatory switching in development: oscillation of beta 5 integrin mRNA expression during epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in tooth development.

Integrin receptors for extracellular matrix molecules are thought to play important roles in morphogenesis since they mediate aspects of embryonic cell adhesion and migration. Using in situ hybridization, the mRNA expression pattern of the beta 5 integrin receptor subunit was examined during murine tooth development, a classical system for studying morphogenesis. In developing tooth, high-level expression of beta 5 integrin mRNA alternates from epithelium to mesenchyme and back to epithelium. Each switch in localization occurs within one day. These results demonstrate that an integrin mRNA can be precisely and rapidly up- and down-regulated over unexpectedly short time spans, and that expression can oscillate between adjacent, interacting epithelial and mesenchymal tissues during morphogenesis. This rapid modulation of mRNA expression suggests a potential regulatory role for the beta 5 integrin receptor in morphogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Personality development in the elderly--a psychoanalytic paradigm of development].

Traditional concepts within psychoanalytically oriented developmental psychology end with adulthood. The life cycle theories of Erikson as well as Colarusso & Nemiroff cannot, in their current form, explain the processes of conflict interaction in adulthood that are responsible for continued development. Currently existing aging-specific psychoanalytic and cognitive-motivational oriented theories do not provide solutions to this question. Based on the first qualitative results from 2-4-hour semi-structured, biographical interviews with older adults, a simplified model of development throughout the life-course based on the following three basic organizing principles (in accordance with Spitz) is presented 1) psychological processes until adulthood; 2) social relationships during adulthood; 3) somatic processes in late life. Further empirical investigation of this model will be carried out within the context of the Eldermen-study now in progress. First results indicate a variety of clinically relevant developmental conflicts in late life. A deeper understanding of these conflicts will provide the basis for more extensive and appropriate therapeutic interventions.

Aged↗
PubMed1996

National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Statement: cervical cancer, April 1-3, 1996. National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Panel.

OBJECTIVE: The objective was to provide physicians and the general public with a responsible assessment of current screening, prevention, and treatment approaches to cervical cancer. PARTICIPANTS: A non-Federal, nonadvocate, 13-member panel representing the fields of obstetrics and gynecology, gynecologic oncology, radiation oncology, and epidemiology participated. In addition, 28 experts in obstetrics and gynecology, gynecologic oncology, radiation oncology, gynecologic surgery, and psychology presented data to the panel and a conference audience of 500. EVIDENCE: The literature was searched through Medline, and an extensive bibliography of references was provided to the panel and the conference audience. Experts prepared abstracts with relevant citations from the literature. Scientific evidence was given precedence over clinical anecdotal experience. CONSENSUS PROCESS: The panel, answering predefined questions, developed their conclusions based on the scientific evidence presented in open forum and the scientific literature. The panel composed a draft statement that was read in its entirety and circulated to the experts and the audience for comment. Thereafter, the panel resolved conflicting recommendations and released a revised statement at the end of the conference. The panel finalized the revisions within a few weeks after the conference. CONCLUSIONS: Carcinoma of the cervix is causally related to infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV). Reducing the rate of HPV infection by changes in sexual behaviors in young people and/or through the development of an effective HPV vaccine would reduce the incidence of this disease. Papanicolaou smear screening remains the best available method of reducing the incidence of and mortality from invasive cervical cancer. Persons with stage IA1 disease have a high cure rate with either simple hysterectomy or, where fertility preservation is an issue, by cone biopsy with clear margins. For patients with other stage I or stage IIA disease, radical surgery or radiation treatment is equally effective. These patients should be carefully selected to receive one treatment or the other but not both, because their combined use substantially increases the cost of and morbidity from treatment. Women with more advanced, nonmetastatic disease should be treated with radiation. Recurrent cervical cancer confined to the pelvis should be treated with the modality not previously received. Radiation therapy is recommended to palliate symptoms in patients with metastatic disease.

Female↗