[Delayed developmental complications after radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma of 201 cases in childhood and adolescence (author's transl)].
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Developmental delay”
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Developmental delay, growth deficiency, congenital heart defect, and multiple craniofacial anomalies.
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Abnormalities, Multiple↗
Developmental delay, cupid's bow of the upper lip, short great toes, and skull abnormalities.
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Child, Preschool↗
The application of otoacoustic emissions in the assessment of developmentally delayed patients.
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Acoustic Stimulation↗
Developmental delay of astrocytes in hippocampus of rhesus monkeys reflects the effect of pre- and postnatal chronic low level lead exposure.
Rhesus monkeys were pre- and postnatally exposed to lead-acetate at 0, 350, or 600 ppm in diet for nine years, followed by a period of lead-free diet for 32 months. During this time blood lead levels declined to normal, but still showed dose-related differences. In behavioral and neurophysiological studies the rhesus monkeys exhibited dose-related cognitive and functional deficits. After sacrifice hippocampal sections were processed for immunohistological staining. GFAP, introduced as a marker of neurotoxicity and Vimentin, which is expressed by immature or reactive astrocytes were investigated. A dose-dependent increase of GFAP due to prenatal and chronic low level lead exposure was not observed. We found a dose-related increase of GFAP-positive radial glia and star-shaped Vimentin-positive astrocytes in the high lead group. We consider these findings as indication of immature astrocytes, which are not able to react with gliosis in respond to pre- and postnatal low level lead exposure. The lack of pronounced glial response due to low level lead exposure may result in a delay of astrocytic differentiation, shown by persistence of radial glia.
Animals↗
A syndrome manifested by brittle hair with morphologic and biochemical abnormalities, developmental delay and normal stature.
We have presented 2 affected sibs-a male and female-with unaffected parents and sib from a small remote northern Mexican village. The syndrome includes mental deficit, brittle hair with decreased cuticular layer and an apparently collapsed cortex. The patients' hair contains decreased sulfur content and increased concentrations of trace elements as determined by x-ray fluorescent spectroscopy. Studies are underway to evaluate other apparently similarly affected children from the village where our family originated.
Body Height↗
Clinical aspects of mental retardation. The chief complaint.
The charts of 101 mentally retarded children were studied to determine how their retardation first came to the attention of their pediatrician. It was found that Speech Delay, Developmental Delay, and School Failure were the three most common parental concerns. Speech Delay accounted for over 50 percent of all referrals of children age 2 to 6 years. A first step to improve accurate evaluation and treatment of mental retardation is to recognize how children ultimately diagnosed as retarded are initially brought to the attention of the pediatrician.
Child, Preschool↗
Loss of the ecdysteroid-inducible E75A orphan nuclear receptor uncouples molting from metamorphosis in Drosophila.
Isoform-specific null mutations were used to define the functions of three orphan members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, E75A, E75B, and E75C, encoded by the E75 early ecdysteroid-inducible gene. E75B mutants are viable and fertile, while E75C mutants die as adults. In contrast, E75A mutants have a reduced ecdysteroid titer during larval development, resulting in developmental delays, developmental arrests, and molting defects. Remarkably, some E75A mutant second instar larvae display a heterochronic phenotype in which they induce genes specific to the third instar and pupariate without undergoing a molt. We propose that ecdysteroid-induced E75A expression defines a feed-forward pathway that amplifies or maintains the ecdysteroid titer during larval development, ensuring proper temporal progression through the life cycle.
Animals↗
Autistic features in young children with significant cognitive impairment: autism or mental retardation?
This review addresses the issues and challenges related to the differential diagnosis of autism in preschool children with significant cognitive impairment. Issues affecting differential diagnosis include the use of traditional diagnostic guidelines for preschoolers with developmental delays, developmental changes in behavioral characteristics, the involvement of cognitive factors in symptom expression, and the overlap between autism and mental retardation in individuals with significant cognitive impairment. The usefulness of autistic features for differential diagnosis is explored in terms of the core deficits of autism.
Age Factors↗
Intrapartum fetal hypoxia: a study of long-term morbidity.
Reported is the second phase of a prospective follow-up study of 37 children who had episodes of intrapartum fetal hypoxia at delivery identified by an acid-base assessment and of a control group of 59 children who had no evidence of intrapartum fetal hypoxia. The newborn infants were normally grown and mature at delivery. Follow-up assessments of motor, cognitive, and language development were made between 1 and 6 years of age. There was no significant difference in the pattern of physical growth and the incidences of motor and cognitive handicap or developmental delay, language developmental delay, and tests of vision and hearing in the children of the hypoxia group and the children of the control group. These findings suggest that acid-base measures of metabolic acidosis can be used as a method of assessment of the mature normally grown fetus during labor without compromising the long-term outcome of the child.
Acid-Base Imbalance↗
Intrauterine growth retardation: a study of long-term morbidity.
Reported is the second phase of a prospective follow-up study of 76 growth-retarded children who were mature at birth and a control group of 88 children who had weights appropriate for gestational age at birth. Follow-up assessments of motor, cognitive, and language development were made between 1 and 6 years of age. The children of the intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) group continued to be smaller than the children of the control group between 12 and 60 months of age. There was no significant difference in the incidences of motor and cognitive handicap or developmental delay, language developmental delay, and tests of vision and hearing between the children of the IUGR group and the children of the control group. There was no significant differences in performance in senior kindergarten between the children of the IUGR group and those of the control group. There was a significant relationship between the socioeconomic status, as measured by the Blishen score at birth, and the subsequent occurrence of motor and cognitive deficits.
Body Height↗
Vasoactive intestinal peptide in the brain of a mouse model for Down syndrome.
The most common genetic cause of mental retardation is Down syndrome, trisomy of chromosome 21, which is accompanied by small stature, developmental delays, and mental retardation. In the Ts65Dn segmental trisomy mouse model of Down syndrome, the section of mouse chromosome 16 most homologous to human chromosome 21 is trisomic. This model exhibits aspects of Down syndrome including growth restriction, delay in achieving developmental milestones, and cognitive dysfunction. Recent data link vasoactive intestinal peptide malfunction with developmental delays and cognitive deficits. Blockage of vasoactive intestinal peptide during rodent development results in growth and developmental delays, neuronal dystrophy, and, in adults, cognitive dysfunction. Also, vasoactive intestinal peptide is elevated in the blood of newborn children with autism and Down syndrome. In the current experiments, vasoactive intestinal peptide binding sites were significantly increased in several brain areas of the segmental trisomy mouse, including the olfactory bulb, hippocampus, cortex, caudate/putamen, and cerebellum, compared with wild-type littermates. In situ hybridization for VIP mRNA revealed significantly more dense vasoactive intestinal peptide mRNA in the hippocampus, cortex, raphe nuclei, and vestibular nuclei in the segmental trisomy mouse compared with wild-type littermates. In the segmental trisomy mouse cortex and hippocampus, over three times as many vasoactive intestinal peptide-immunopositive cells were visible than in wild-type mouse cortex. These abnormalities in vasoactive intestinal peptide parameters in the segmental trisomy model of Down syndrome suggest that vasoactive intestinal peptide may have a role in the neuropathology of Down-like cognitive dysfunction.
Animals↗
Disappointing follow-up findings for indigent high-risk newborns.
Indigent populations have received little attention in neonatal follow-up studies. We conducted "blinded" evaluations one year past term for 204 indigent high-risk infants who were ventilator treated or had a very low birth weight (VLBW) (less than or equal to 1500 g) and 85 healthy term controls from families similar to those of the high-risk infants. Marked developmental delay (Bayley Mental Developmental Index, less than 70) or gross motor abnormality occurred in 2% of controls, 27% of VLBW infants, 33% of ventilator-treated infants, and 39% of ventilator-treated VLBW infants. Despite considerable effort to prevent attrition, 43% of high-risk survivors were unavailable for follow-up at the one-year visit. Even if all of these infants were assumed to be normal, the incidence of developmental delay exceeded that in 11 of 12 recent studies. Indigent high-risk infants deserve considerable follow-up attention because of their high rate of attrition and developmental delay.
Anthropometry↗
Effects of sex and label on performance ratings, children's test scores, and examiners' verbal behavior.
The effects of sex and label on performance ratings, test scores, and verbal behavior were examined. Forty preschool children were randomly assigned by sex to one of four expectancy conditions: normal male, normal female, developmentally delayed male, and developmentally delayed female. All children were, in fact, nonhandicapped and had no diagnosis or record of learning problems. Ten examiners were randomly assigned one child from each of the four expectancy conditions. After hearing a description (labeled or nonlabeled) of the child's developmental status, each examiner administered the Animal House and Block Design subtests of the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence to their respective child. Directions for administering the subtests were modified by encouraging the examiner to prompt the child verbally when necessary. The examiner rated the child's overall performance and scored the two subtests. Each testing session was video taped so that verbal prompts could be counted. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance indicated that the child's sex and the interaction between sex and label did not influence performance ratings, test scores, or the examiners' verbal behavior. The label "developmentally delayed," however, had a negative impact on children's test scores and performance ratings. The number of verbal prompts was not differentially affected by the child's developmental status.
Child↗
When the diagnosis of deafness is wrong.
OBJECTIVE: To describe three children in whom there had been major errors in the diagnosis of hearing loss. CLINICAL FEATURES: In three children (two developmentally delayed, one not developmentally delayed) hearing thresholds obtained by behavioural testing were later proven wrong. This resulted in significant family distress and inappropriate educational approaches. INTERVENTION AND OUTCOME: Electrocochleography and brainstem audiometry were performed, demonstrating normal cochlear function. Simultaneous microinspection of the ears gave information about current or old middle ear disease and the likelihood of past conductive hearing loss. In each case hearing aids could be discarded, enabling parents and teachers to concentrate on one rather than multiple problems. CONCLUSION: Electrocochleography and brainstem audiometry should be used more frequently to check the diagnosis of hearing loss in children who are developmentally delayed, hyperactive or autistic and who do not give consistent responses to behavioural testing. It should also be considered if parents are firmly convinced that the diagnosis of deafness is wrong.
Adolescent↗
Developmental status and service use among children in the child welfare system: a national survey.
OBJECTIVES: To estimate the prevalence of developmental delay and service use among children in the child welfare system and to identify factors that influence these outcomes. DESIGN: A descriptive study using wave 1 of the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING: Children aged 0 to 10 years (n = 4324) and their caregivers were interviewed within 60 days of a report being made to the child welfare system. Children's development was measured directly using standardized assessment tools. Three questions from the caregiver interviews estimated receipt of developmental services. MAIN EXPOSURES: Subjects were characterized as having developmental delay if any developmental measure fell more than 2 SDs below the mean. Prevalence of developmental delay and service use by age group, type of maltreatment, type of placement, race, sex, and income were reported. Odds that children aged 0 to 2, 3 to 5, and 6 to 10 years with developmental delay would receive developmental services were calculated using weighted logistic regression. main outcome measure: Receipt of developmental services by children with developmental delay. RESULTS: Younger children aged 0 to 2 and 3 to 5 years had higher rates, 33% and 36%, respectively, of developmental delay than school-aged children (13%) (P<.01). Despite their high prevalence of developmental delay, children aged 0 to 2 years were less likely to receive developmental services than preschool-aged children (odds ratio, 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 1.6-3.7) or school-aged children (odds ratio, 4.2; 95% confidence interval, 2.9-6.0). CONCLUSIONS: Rates of developmental delay are high and developmental services are underused, particularly by young children in the child welfare system. Strategies for overcoming barriers to using early intervention services should be implemented.
Child↗
Popliteal angle in infants with west syndrome.
The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between neurologic findings and outcome of patients with West syndrome, focusing on the popliteal angle. The complete neurologic examination, including an assessment of the popliteal angle and muscle tone, was performed on 45 patients with West syndrome. A tight popliteal angle was determined when it was 120 degrees or less. In all 45 patients, abnormal muscle tone was not correlated with any variables. A tight popliteal angle was correlated with seizure persistence, cerebral palsy, and abnormality on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as severe developmental delay. When limited to the patients with developmental delay, a tight popliteal angle was correlated with severe developmental delay, cerebral palsy, and MRI abnormality, although abnormal muscle tone was not correlated with any items. In the delay group, eight patients had a tight popliteal angle with normal muscle tone. Among them, severe developmental delay was seen in seven (88%), seizure persistence in five (63%), and MRI abnormality in five (63%). These results suggest that a tight popliteal angle might be an indicator of poor neurologic outcome in patients with West syndrome.
Female↗
Urinary organic acid screening in children with developmental language delay.
The prevalence of 3-methylglutaconic aciduria was evaluated among children with developmental language disorders. A urine specimen was obtained from 40 children referred for developmental language delay to the Tel-Aviv Child Development Center during 12/96-6/97 and from 50 age-matched controls. Urine organic acids were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Urinary 3-methylglutaconic acid was quantified. A mildly increased excretion of 3-methylglutaconic acid was found in 8 children with developmental language delay. The combined excretion of 3-methylglutaconic and 3-methylglutaric acid was increased in 9 patients. There were no differences in the excretion of other organic acids. The patients with elevated 3-methylglutaconic acid did not differ from the other patients with developmental language disorders in any of the parameters evaluated. Mildly elevated urinary levels of 3-methylglutaconic acid may be a marker of a still undefined metabolic disorder presenting with developmental language delay. A further study in large groups of children with different developmental disorders is mandatory.
Child↗