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PubMed1986

Potent action of leumorphin on consummatory behaviors in rats: comparison with other opioid peptides.

Leumorphin is a 29-amino-acid peptide derived from preproenkephalin B. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of leumorphin through an implanted cannula into the lateral ventricle of rats dose-dependently inhibited water intake induced by water deprivation, angiotensin II (AII) and carbachol. This effect was partially reversed by intraperitoneal injection of naloxone, an opiate antagonist. Naloxone alone rather attenuated water intake. The antidipsogenic effect of leumorphin was very potent: 0.6 pmol of the peptide significantly inhibited AII-induced drinking. Dynorphin 1-17 was almost as potent as leumorphin in inhibiting drinking, whereas alpha-neo-endorphin and leucine-enkephalin (Leu-enkephalin) were far less effective. Leumorphin given i.c.v. dose-dependently enhanced eating and this effect was abolished by naloxone. Dynorphin was as potent as leumorphin in inducing feeding, whereas alpha-neo-endorphin and Leu-enkephalin had no significant activity when 6 nmol was used. General activity measured by an Automex was enhanced by i.c.v. injection of leumorphin but required larger amounts of the peptide than did drinking behavior. The very potent and specific effects of leumorphin and dynorphin on drinking behavior suggest that the antidipsogenic activity of these peptides is of physiological significance like their effect on feeding.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1994

The effects of parental influences and respondents' norms and attitudes on black and white adult drinking patterns.

A model predicting drinking patterns among adult respondents from parental influences and respondents' norms and attitudes was tested with data from a nationwide survey of 1,947 black and 1,777 white Americans. The results showed that relationships between parental drinking background, respondents' norms and attitudes, and respondents' drinking behavior are identical for blacks and whites. Among both groups, parental influences are indirect and have a moderate influence on the respondents' norms and attitudes, which in turn are the most powerful predictors of drinking behavior. However, racial differences did emerge in the model, and they illustrate that race moderates relationships between social characteristics and norms, parental demographics and parent drinking attitudes and behavior, and respondents' social characteristics and drinking patterns. These differences were traced to religion, social status, and cultural variation between the two groups.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Water metabolism in the eel acclimated to sea water: from mouth to intestine.

Eels seem to be a suitable model system for analysing regulatory mechanisms of drinking behavior in vertebrates, since most dipsogens and antidipsogens in mammals influence the drinking rate in the seawater eels similarly. The drinking behavior in fishes consists of swallowing alone, since they live in water and water is constantly held in the mouth for respiration. Therefore, contraction of the upper esophageal sphincter (UES) muscle limits the drinking rate in fishes. The UES of the eel was innervated by the glossopharyngeal-vagal motor complex (GVC) in the medulla oblongata (MO). The GVC neurons were immunoreactive to an antibody raised against choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), an acetylcholine (ACh) synthesizing enzyme, indicating that the eel UES muscle is controlled cholinergically by the GVC. The neuronal activity of the GVC was inhibited by adrenaline or dopamine, suggesting catecholaminergic innervation to the GVC. The AP and the commissural nucleus of Cajal (NCC) in the MO projected to the GVC and were immunoreactive to an antibody raised against tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), rate limiting enzyme to produce catecholamines from tyrosine. Therefore, it is likely that activation in the AP or the NCC may inhibit the GVC and thus relaxes the UES muscle, which allows for water to enter into the esophagus. During passing through the esophagus, the imbibed sea water (SW) was desalted to approximately 1/2 SW, which was further diluted in the stomach and arrived at the intestine as approximately 1/3 SW, almost isotonic to the plasma. Finally, from the diluted SW, the eel intestine absorbed water following the Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransport (NKCC2) system. The NaCl and water absorption across the intestine was regulated by various factors, especially by peptides such as atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and somatostatin (SS-25 II). During desalination in the esophagus, however, excess salt enters into the blood circulation, which is liable to raise the plasma osmolarity. However, the eel heart was constricted powerfully by the hyperosmolarity, suggesting that the hyperosmolarity enhances the stroke volume to the gill, where excess salt was extruded powerfully via Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) cotransport (NKCC1) system.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1993

Detection of a CA repeat polymorphism in the rat class I alcohol dehydrogenase gene.

Differences in the amount of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) expressed in liver could play a role in altering ethanol metabolic rates and thus influence alcohol consumption. There is an alternating purine-pyrimidine repeat length polymorphism in the first intron of mouse Adh-1. Mouse strains that lack 101 basepairs of this 288 basepairs alternating sequence express only half as much ADH mRNA and have lower ADH-A2 activity, suggesting that this alternating sequence might modify transcription of the gene. The rat class I ADH gene also has a CA repeat in the first intron. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was used to amplify the CA repeat region in different rat lines to determine whether this CA repeat is polymorphic in the rat and if so, if different length repeats correlate with the drinking behavior of rats selectively bred for high [preferring (P); high alcohol drinking (HAD); Alko, Alcohol (AA) lines] and low [non-preferring (NP); low alcohol drinking (LAD); Alko, Non-Alcohol (ANA) rat lines] alcohol drinking. A CA repeat polymorphism was detected in rat class I ADH of these different rat lines, but there was no difference in the length of the repeat between the high and low drinking rats in each line. Liver ADH activity was also not significantly different between two rat lines that have different CA repeat lengths. Thus, there is CA repeat length polymorphism in the first intron of rat class I ADH, which may be useful in genomic mapping, but it is not associated with differences in ADH activity or drinking behavior in these rat lines.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed2002

Arterial baroreceptors mediate the inhibitory effect of acute increases in arterial blood pressure on thirst.

The present study sought to determine whether arterial baroreceptor afferents mediate the inhibitory effect of an acute increase in arterial blood pressure (AP) on thirst stimulated by systemically administered ANG II or by hyperosmolality. Approximately 2 wk after sinoaortic denervation, one of four doses of ANG II (10, 40, 100, or 250 ng. kg(-1) x min(-1)) was infused intravenously in control and complete sinoaortic-denervated (SAD) rats. Complete SAD rats ingested more water than control rats when infused with 40, 100, or 250 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1) ANG II. Furthermore, complete SAD rats displayed significantly shorter latencies to drink compared with control rats. In a separate group of rats, drinking behavior was stimulated by increases in plasma osmolality, and mean AP was raised by an infusion of phenylephrine (PE). The infusion of PE significantly reduced water intake and lengthened the latencies to drink in control rats but not in complete SAD rats. In all experiments, drinking behavior of rats that were subjected to sinoaortic denervation surgery but had residual baroreceptor reflex function (partial SAD rats) was similar to that of control rats. Thus it appears that arterial baroreceptor afferents mediate the inhibitory effect of an acute increase in AP on thirst stimulated by ANG II or hyperosmolality.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1995

Renal nerve transection inhibits drinking elicited by eating and by intragastric osmotic loads in rats.

Adult Sprague-Dawley male rats surgically equipped with a chronic gastric catheter were tested for drinking after 2 ml intragastric infusions of 290, 600, 900, 1200, or 1800 mOsm/kg Nacl. Rats with bilateral transection of renal nerves (RD) drank less than neurologically intact rats (S) after 600 and 900 mOsm/kg NaCl infusions. The RD rats were capable of a rapid and robust drinking response to relatively mild experimental challenges, because they drank appropriately in response to s.c. angiotensin II and to dose of histamine that is a threshold dose for increasing water intake. The RD rats ate less than S rats, but RD rats drank appropriate amounts of water when eating and drinking after 24-h food deprivation. When nondeprived and ingesting one, two, or four small (0.57 g) salted crackers, the RD rats drank significantly less water than S rats. At the time drinking was initiated after ingestion of one salted cracker, plasma osmolality, sodium, protein, and packed cell volume were not changed from baseline conditions (i.e., no eating) in neurologically intact rats; plasma renin activity was significantly elevated at the time drinking was initiated following the ingestion of one or two small crackers. These findings (a) demonstrate a role for renal nerves in drinking behavior in rats, and (b) suggest the working hypothesis that the ingestion of a small meal, and the subsequent delivery of a relatively small osmotic load to the gastrointestinal tract and/or hepatic-portal vein, activates mechanisms for drinking that include a change in activity of renal nerves to increase plasma renin activity without cellular dehydration or hypovolemia. Such mechanisms may be activated to mobilize drinking behavior in advance of postprandial fluid deficit.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1983

Factors affecting outcome of depressive symptoms in alcoholics.

Eighty-eight patients consecutively admitted to an alcohol treatment program were studied to determine the amount of depressive symptoms on entry to the program and after 4 weeks of treatment. The degree of symptoms was in turn related to various aspects of their drinking behavior. Twenty-two of the patients were classified as having moderate to marked depressive symptoms, 40 had mild symptoms, and 26 had no significant symptoms at the time of entry into the program. Factors in drinking behavior that best characterized those with moderate to marked symptoms were addiction, sleep disturbance, hangover incapacitation, loss of control, neurological signs, and organicity/toxicity. At the end of treatment, only four patients could actually be diagnosed as depressed, while 12 had mild residual symptoms and 72 no longer had significant symptoms. The one factor that clearly distinguished those patients with residual depressive symptoms was the use of drinking for social facilitation. For such individuals, bars and drinking were the focus of social life. The favorable course of depressive symptoms in alcoholics soon after they stop drinking suggests that they are more likely the consequence of drinking than the cause of it. The fact that patients who drink primarily to facilitate social aspects of their lives were the most likely to have residual symptoms suggests that treatment of such individuals should involve development of alternative mechanisms of social interaction.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2004

Effect of drinker type and sound stimuli on early-weaned pig performance and behavior.

Early-weaned pigs appear to be highly motivated to engage in motor patterns associated with nursing, which is thought to lead to the development of abnormal ingestive behaviors. If performance of these behaviors is related to sucking motivation, then the normal stimuli associated with nursing should stimulate pigs to perform these abnormal behaviors, specifically belly nosing. The goal of this study was to determine whether belly nosing could be affected by sow nursing vocalizations and whether the style of the drinker device influenced early-weaned pig behavior. Over six trials, 352 Yorkshire pigs were weaned at 15 d and assigned to pens (n = 44) of eight pigs based on litter, weight, and sex. Four pens in each of two rooms were outfitted with either a water nipple drinker or a drinker bowl. Rooms either had recorded sow vocalizations broadcast at hourly intervals or no sound (control). Pig behaviors were videotaped in a sample of pens (n = 32) on d 0, 1, 2, 5, 9, 11, 13, 16, and 18 after weaning. On d 0 to 2, pigs were observed continuously for feeding and drinking behaviors. On d 5 to 18, pigs were observed by scan sampling every 5 min for time budgets. Pigs with drinker bowls had higher apparent feed intakes during the first 2 d after weaning (P = 0.024), whereas they spent less time engaged in drinking behavior (P = 0.001). This coincided with an overall lower water use (P = 0.001) than that of pigs with nipple drinkers. Pigs with bowl drinkers also spent less time belly nosing than those with access to a nipple drinker (P = 0.012). Pigs in the sow vocalization treatment tended to have a higher ADG (P = 0.075), whereas they spent less time performing feeding behavior (P = 0.064). However, there was no effect of sow nursing grunts on belly nosing. These results suggest that there is a complex relationship between feeding, drinking and sucking, and belly nosing is not controlled by the same external stimuli as sucking. Because drinker type and the motor patterns that it accommodates affect belly nosing, it may be that the internal stimuli associated with nursing, such as the actual act of sucking, play a large role in the development of abnormal oral-nasal behaviors.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1976

Drinking outcome of specific alcoholic subgroups.

Alcoholic's scores on the Eysenck Personality Inventory, the Drinking Behavior Inventory, the MacAndre Alcoholism Scale and Rohan's classification system for alcoholics were not related to drinking behavior during or after a treatment program that permitted drinking.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The parabrachio-subfornical organ projection in the rat.

Previous physiological studies have shown that both the parabrachial nucleus and the subfornical organ are involved in drinking behavior and cardiovascular controls. The purpose of the present work was to study the direct connections between these two structures by using anterograde and retrograde transport methods. A mixture of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase and free horseradish peroxidase or Fluorogold was injected into either the parabrachial nucleius (PBN) or the subfornical organ (SFO). The results indicated that the parabrachial nucleus sends a substantial projection to the entirety of the subfornical organ, and this input appears to be distributed to both the central and peripheral regions of this structure. Neurons that give origin to this projection are mainly located in the outer layer of the lateral division of the parabrachial nucleus, including the superior, internal, dorsal, and external lateral subnuclei. These findings suggest that, besides the already known connections, there is an additional parabrachio-subfornical pathway that may be involved in the central integration of cardiovascular function and drinking behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

How Americans say they drink: preliminary data from two recent national surveys.

Data from two recent National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) surveys which included alcohol consumption questions are described. These surveys are the Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HANES I), providing alcohol consumption, dietary recall, health and demographic data for over 20,000 respondents; and the Health Habits Section of the 1977 Health Interview Survey (HIS) which provides responses of 23,000 people on drinking behavior and health factors such as smoking, physical disabilities, and dietary habits. Drinking data from these surveys are limited but of sufficient accuracy to be useful for cross-classification of drinking with health, socio-economic and demographic variables. Drinking patterns correlate reasonably well with those reported in other national surveys. Selected findings show that patterns of drinking and dietary intake are similar at national and regional levels, with the South remaining the region lowest in alcohol consumption levels. Surveys consistently under-report alcohol quantities expected from sales in all regions; potential reasons for this are discussed. Highest consumption is reported by males (3 to 4 times that of females), those with European national origins, those who are working or in school (college) rather than those who are retired or keeping house, and those between 25 and 64 years old. Beer remains the beverage of choice, particularly among those who are the heaviest drinkers. The potential for future analyses of drinking behavior and its health implications is explored, and areas for further investigation are suggested. Data preparations have been completed so that information on alcohol consumption can be more readily related to medical history, medical examination, laboratory findings, disability, and health care data in these surveys.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Drinking to cope and alcohol use and abuse in unipolar depression: a 10-year model.

This study examined drinking to cope with distress and drinking behavior in a baseline sample of 412 unipolar depressed patients assessed 4 times over a 10-year period. Baseline drinking to cope operated prospectively as a risk factor for more alcohol consumption at 1-, 4-, and 10-year follow-ups and for more drinking problems at 1- and 4-year follow-ups. Findings elucidate a key mechanism in this process by showing that drinking to cope strengthened the link between depressive symptoms and drinking behavior. Individuals who had a stronger propensity to drink to cope at baseline showed a stronger connection between depressive symptoms and both alcohol consumption and drinking problems.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2002

Utilization of BRCA1/2 genetic testing in the clinical setting: report from a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Clinical testing for BRCA1/2 has been available since 1996. Interest in testing in the research and hypothetical situations has been consistently high, but there have been limited reports on its clinical utilization. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of BRCA1/2 test utilization by high-risk patients who were seen at the Johns Hopkins Breast and Ovarian Surveillance Service. RESULTS: Between February 1996 and December 1999, 258 families who had at least a 10% chance of carrying a BRCA1/2 mutation were offered genetic testing. Of these, 26 families seen between February 1996 and October 1996 had access to free testing. Overall, 68 of 258 (26%) underwent genetic testing. Educational level, number of children or daughters, breast carcinoma screening behavior, smoking and drinking behavior, perceived risk of breast carcinoma, and family history was not associated with test utilization. Eligibility for free testing, prior history of breast or ovarian carcinoma, Ashkenazi Jewish versus non-Ashkenazi Jewish heritage, genetic risk category, and age category were associated with test utilization, and in multivariate analysis, the first three remained statistically significant factors associated with genetic testing. Only 26% of the 50 patients who did not have access to free testing sought insurance reimbursement, of which greater than 50% (7 of 13) had a prior diagnosis of breast or ovarian carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The actual utilization of BRCA1/2 genetic testing in a clinical setting is lower than in the research and hypothetical settings. Potential obstacles include cost, fear of insurance discrimination, and need to involve an affected family member in the testing process.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Alcohol expectancies, alcohol consumption, and problem drinking: the moderating role of family history.

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the moderating role of family history (FH) of alcohol use disorders on the association between positive alcohol expectancies and drinking behavior (quantity/frequency of drinking and alcohol-related problems). Lifetime DSM-III-R diagnoses of alcohol abuse/dependence in probands from the Yale Family Study were used to classify FH status of adult relatives, yielding 149 relatives of probands with alcohol abuse/dependence and 110 relatives of controls. Significant main effects were found for FH of alcoholism on problem drinking symptoms and for alcohol expectancies concerning both problem drinking symptoms and quantity/frequency of alcohol use. Regarding moderating effects, there was a significant interaction between alcohol expectancies and FH only for problem drinking symptoms. When familial density of alcoholism was examined as a moderator, significant effects were found for all drinking variables, thus demonstrating that the degree to which alcohol expectancies was associated with the drinking outcomes varied by the extent to which alcohol use disorders clustered in families. The findings are discussed in terms of the interaction of alcohol-related risk factors and the importance of using multiple indicators of familial vulnerability.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Routine activities and alcohol use: constraints on outlet utilization.

Studies of consumers' use of alcohol beverage outlets have provided a basis for understanding drinking behaviors in different drinking environments. These studies have shown that drinking environments are related to both demographic and drinking pattern measures. Absent from these studies has been a theoretical basis on which to make predictions regarding drinking patterns and choices of drinking environments under the various social, economic, and environmental constraints typically confronting alcohol consumers. This study presents one such theoretical approach. The approach assumes that, in the context of individual preferences for alcohol, drinking choices are constrained by consumers' economic and time-energy budgets for consumption. All other things being equal, it is suggested that greater budgets for consumption will be related to greater alcohol use, quality of beverages purchased, amenity values of purchase locations, or all three. Because on-premise drinking entails greater economic costs, greater drinking levels will be related to lower utilization of on-premise establishments. The predictions of this approach were tested using data obtained from telephone surveys of consumers conducted in 1990 and 1991. The results showed that controlling for income, variables related to greater time-energy budgets for consumption (i.e., marital status and household composition) were related to greater consumption levels and greater utilization of on-premise establishments. Controlling for demographic measures, greater income was related to greater utilization of restaurants and increased beverage quality. Controlling for all other measures, frequencies of consumption were inversely related to consumption at on-premise establishments, reflecting the expected moderation in costs for heavier consumers on a limited alcohol budget.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed1990

Angiotensin II mediates drinking elicited by eating in the rat.

Captopril (CA) was used to block synthesis of endogenous angiotensin II (ANG II) in periphery and/or brain of adult male Sprague-Dawley rats in tests for drinking elicited by eating pelleted chow. Blockade of ANG II-converting enzyme (ACE) in periphery alone (using 0.5 mg/kg CA) increased drinking elicited by eating, whereas simultaneous blockade of ACE in periphery and brain (using subcutaneous 100 mg/kg CA or subcutaneous 0.5 mg/kg plus third ventricular 25 micrograms CA) decreased such drinking. The inhibitory effect of 100 mg/kg CA on water-to-food ratio was prevented by a dipsogenically subthreshold subcutaneous dose (5 micrograms/kg) of ANG II. Blockade of ACE in brain alone (third ventricular 25 micrograms CA) had no effect on food-related drinking. Pharmacological antagonism of ANG II (100 mg/kg CA) together with antagonism of histamine H1 and H2 receptors (using intraperitoneal dexbrompheniramine and cimetidine) were not additive in their inhibitory effects on drinking elicited by eating. Blockade of ACE (100 mg/kg CA) inhibited drinking elicited by subcutaneous histamine, but blockade of histamine receptors failed to inhibit drinking elicited by subcutaneous ANG II. These results support a role for endogenous ANG II under what appear to be physiological conditions for drinking behavior, i.e., when drinking is elicited by eating, and they suggest the working hypothesis of ANG II mediation of a histaminergic mechanism for food-related drinking in the rat.

Angiotensin II↗
PubMed1995

Behavior of sheep drinking ethanol solution.

Sheep that were habituated to drinking 10% (vol/vol) ethanol solution instead of water were subjected to proven thirst stimuli to study the effect of chronic ethanol intake on brain mechanisms subserving thirst. Sheep that had not previously drunk 10% ethanol were also tested. All sheep were trained to press a pedal that delivered 50 ml/press of fluid (either 10% ethanol or water) into a drinking cup. In some experiments, fluids were presented in bins. All animals had access to only one fluid at a time. Five ethanol-drinking sheep appeared healthy and maintained body weight over 18 mo. They always preferred water to 10% ethanol. The intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of angiotensin II (ANG II) at 3.8 micrograms/h for 2 h increased ethanol intake from 15 +/- 10 to 200 +/- 55 ml in the 1st h, but 2,850 +/- 320 ml of water was drunk in the 2nd h. The icv infusion of 500 mM NaCl had a similar effect. After fluid deprivation for 22 or 46 h, ethanol intake in 1 h of access was only 280 +/- 40 and 400 +/- 90 ml, respectively, and 24-h intake was not increased. Water-drinking sheep drank 1,300 +/- 195 ml of water in 1 h after 22-h water deprivation, and 24-h intake was 1.5 times normal. The icv infusion of ANG II in these sheep increased water intake in 1 h from 10 +/- 10 to 1,630 +/- 250 ml and intake of 10% ethanol to only 310 +/- 60 ml. In conclusion, sheep accept 10% ethanol as a substitute for water for daily drinking.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alcohol Drinking↗