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PubMed2006

Appetite regulatory hormone responses to various dietary proteins differ by body mass index status despite similar reductions in ad libitum energy intake.

CONTEXT: Although dietary protein produces higher acute satiety relative to carbohydrate, the influence of protein source and body mass index (BMI) has not been clearly described. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to assess postprandial responses to different protein sources, compared with glucose, in males with normal and high BMI. DESIGN: This was a randomized, crossover study of four preloads followed by blood sampling (+15, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180 min) and buffet meal. SETTING: The study was conducted at an outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS: The study population included 72 men, with a BMI range 20.6-39.9 kg/m(2). INTERVENTIONS: Interventions consisted of liquid preloads (1.1 MJ, 450 ml) containing 50 g whey, soy, gluten, or glucose. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, insulin, ghrelin, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and cholecystokinin (n = 38), ad libitum energy intake, and appetite ratings were measured. RESULTS: Energy intake was 10% lower after all protein preloads, compared with the glucose treatment (P < 0.05), independent of BMI status and protein type. All protein loads prolonged the postprandial suppression of ghrelin (P < 0.01) and elevation of GLP-1 (P < 0.01) and cholecystokinin (P < 0.05). Fasting GLP-1 concentrations [overweight, 17.5 +/- 1.3; lean, 14.7 +/- 0.1 pg/ml (5.2 +/- 0.4 and 4.4 +/- 0.1 pmol/liter, respectively); P < 0.001] and postprandial responses (P = 0.038) were higher in overweight subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Whey, soy, and gluten similarly tend to reduce ad libitum food intake 3 h later in lean and overweight males relative to glucose. Postprandial ghrelin, GLP-1, insulin, and cholecystokinin may contribute to this higher satiety after protein consumption. GLP-1 concentrations are increased in overweight subjects, which may affect satiety responses in this group.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Overfeeding fat as monoglyceride or triglyceride: effect on appetite, nutrient balance and the subsequent day's energy intake.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of overfeeding isoenergetic diets enriched in 1-monoglyceride or triglyceride on nutrient oxidation and appetite throughout the day that it was given and the subsequent day's food and energy intake. DESIGN: Six men [mean (s.d.) weight; 76.89 (7.00) kg, height; 1.77 (0.05) m, age; 26.4 (6.0) y], were each studied twice in a 3 d protocol. On day 1 (maintenance day) they were fed a medium fat (MF) maintenance diet (MF: 40% fat, 47% carbohydrate and 13% protein by energy) calculated at 1.6 x resting metabolic rate (RMR). Subjects entered the calorimeter at 06.30 on day 2 for 49.5 h. On day 2 (manipulation day) subjects consumed a MF diet at 1.6 x RMR with an additional 0.45 x RMR as either 1-monoglyceride or triglyceride. On day 3 (outcome day), subjects had ad libitum access to isoenergetic, isoenergetically dense MF (40 :47: 13, 550 kJ/ 100 g) foods. Subjective hunger and satiety were tracked hourly, during waking hours throughout days 1-3. RESULTS: There was no significant effect of diet on nutrient oxidation or balance either during day 2 (manipulation day) or day 3 (outcome day), fat oxidation was similar on both diets. Subjective hunger was not affected by diet on either day with mean values of 34.3 and 35.0 mm (SED 5.2) on manipulation day (day 2) and outcome day (day 3), 35.3 and 40.8 mm (SED 5.2) on the 1 -monoglyceride or triglyceride diets respectively. Day 3 food and energy intake were unaffected by the previous day's dietary treatment, with mean intakes of 15.9 and 15.6 MJ (SED 1.07) on the 1-monoglyceride or triglyceride treatments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that when 1-monoglyceride is covertly incorporated into a diet at unusually high levels, it behaves in a manner that is very similar to triglyceride, in its effects on appetite, feeding behaviour and net nutrient balance.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Relation of height, body mass, energy intake, and physical activity to risk of renal cell carcinoma: results from the Netherlands Cohort Study.

Data from the Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer were used to investigate the association between anthropometry, energy intake, and physical activity and risk of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). The Netherlands Cohort Study on Diet and Cancer consists of 120,852 men and women aged 55-69 years who completed a self-administered questionnaire at baseline (1986). A case-cohort approach was used. After 9.3 years of follow-up, 275 microscopically confirmed incident cases were available for analysis. Incidence rate ratios for RCC were estimated using Cox proportional hazards models. Height was associated with RCC risk only in women (per 5-cm increment, rate ratio (RR) = 1.23, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.46). Body mass index (weight (kg)/height (m)(2)) was associated with increased risk of RCC (per 1-kg/m(2 )increment, RR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.12) for men and women, as was gain in body mass index from age 20 years to baseline (per 1-kg/m(2 )increment, RR = 1.06, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.10). Energy intake was not related to RCC risk, while a possible protective effect was observed for physical activity in men. These results suggest that body mass index and gain in body mass index since age 20 are associated with increased risk of RCC.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Influence of energy intake on growth and utilisation of dietary protein and energy in germ-free and conventional chicks.

The effect of metabolisable energy (ME) intake on the growth and utilisation of dietary protein and energy in germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) chicks was investigated in two experiments. In experiment 1 a high energy diet (HED, 14.8 kJ ME/g) and a marginally-adequate energy diet (AED, 11.7 kJ ME/g) were fed to the GF and CV chicks at 240 g/2 birds/10 d. In experiment 2 a diet with 13.7 kJ ME/g was fed at 118 g (low level, LL) or 128 g (high level, HL)/bird/10 d. Body weight gain, protein retention and protein retention rate were similar in GF and CV chicks on both AED and HED in the first experiment, but in the second were higher in GF than in CV chicks. The increased ME intake of the CV chicks in experiment 2 may be too small to compensate for the increased requirement. ME intake was significantly higher in the CV chicks than in the GF chicks, whereas energy retention was similar in both groups.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1998

Energy intake and expenditure: validation of a diet history by heart rate monitoring, activity diary and doubly labeled water.

OBJECTIVE: To validate a diet history (DH). DESIGN: Energy intake (EI) estimated by a diet history (DH) was validated against total energy expenditure (TEE) measured by doubly labeled water (DLW) (n = 12) used as reference, by heart rate monitoring (HR) and by an activity diary (AD). SETTING: Department of Geriatric Medicine, Göteborg University, Vasa Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. SUBJECTS: 20 healthy free-living elderly subjects (73 years) from the gerontological and geriatric population studies, Gothenburg, Sweden (H70). RESULTS: Mean value for EI was 9.02 (s.d. 2.30), for TEE by HR was 9.66 (s.d. 2.25) MJ/d, and for TEE by AD was 9.40 (s.d. 2.08) MJ/d. In the 12 individuals measured with DLW, EI was 8.62 (s.d. 2.06), TEE by DLW was 9.90 (s.d. 1.43) MJ/d, TEE by HR was 8.94 (s.d. 1.96) MJ/d, and TEE by AD was 9.24 (s.d. 2.15)MJ/d. Mean difference between DH and DLW was 1.28 (s.d. 2.17) MJ (NS) and the DH/DLW ratio was 0.88. Four subjects were identified as under-reporters and one as an over-reporter. CONCLUSION: The DH slightly underestimated EI compared to the HR, but was in concordance with the AD. Compared to DLW, DH underestimated EI by 12%. On group level, the DH method gave comparable values to HR and AD. The DH was not valid for ranking of individuals. Compared to DLW, the HR method seemed to perform somewhat better than the AD for detection of under- and over-reporters.

Aged↗
PubMed1989

Effects of recombinant DNA-derived somatotropin and dietary energy intake on development of beef heifers: II. Concentrations of hormones and metabolites in blood sera.

The effects of somatotropin (STH) and energy intake on serum concentrations of glucose (GLU), insulin (INS), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), urea nitrogen (UN) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were determined in 40 Angus heifers. At 7 mo (208 +/- 8 d) of age heifers were assigned to four treatment groups: 1) vehicle (V) + high energy (HE; 2.68 Mcal ME/kg DM), 2) recombinant DNA-derived STH (20.6 mg/d; s.c.) + HE, 3) V + low energy (LE; 2.22 Mcal ME/kg DM) or 4) STH + LE. Animals remained on treatments until an average of 15.5 mo of age. Blood samples were taken every 30 min for 4 h at 9, 11, 13 and 15 mo of age to determine circulating concentrations of metabolites and hormones. Serum IGF-I was increased (P less than .01) by STH injections, but this effect appeared to diminish with age (STH x age; P less than .01). Energy intake did not influence IGF-I levels. Somatotropin increased (P less than .01) serum GLU in heifers fed the HE diet but only tended (P = .08) to increase GLU in those fed the LE diet (STH x energy; P = .05). Although STH increased (P less than .01) serum INS in both energy groups, the response in heifers fed the HE diet was greater (P less than .02) than that in heifers fed the LE diet (STH x energy; P less than .05). Heifers fed LE had higher (P less than .01) concentrations of NEFA than heifers fed HE.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1989

Effect of altering nutrient density (concentrate to roughage ratio) and restricting energy intake on rate, efficiency and composition of growing lambs.

Two hundred ninety-eight Rambouillet ewe and wether lambs approximately 9 mo old from Texas were allotted to pens (29 to 30 lambs/pen). Two replicate pens were fed each of five diets. Two methods of restricting energy intake were evaluated: altering nutrient density (55% vs 72.5% vs 90% concentrate levels) and restricting intake of the 90% concentrate pelleted diet (92.5% or 85% ad libitum intake). Daily gains were highest with the 72.5% concentrate level and feed efficiency was poorest with the 55% concentrate diet fed ad libitum. Altering nutrient density did not reduce energy intake because lambs compensated by increasing feed intake at the lower nutrient densities. Actual feed intake was 89.5% of ad libitum for the 92.5% of ad libitum intake level and 84% of ad libitum at the 85% of ad libitum intake level due to refusal to consume some fines from the 90% concentrate diet. Feed refusal was greatest for lambs with ad libitum access to feed. Average daily gain was depressed by 8% at the 85% intake level. However, feed efficiency was improved (P less than .01) by 20% when intake was restricted to 92.5% of the ad libitum intake level. Differences in carcass traits were small, but consistent; carcass fat content was reduced slightly by restricting feed intake at constant slaughter weight.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed2003

Effect of moderate intensity exercise on acute energy intake in normal and overweight females.

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of moderate intensity exercise on acute post-exercise energy intake (EI) in normal and overweight females. Twelve normal weight (BMI<25), and 12 over weight (BMI>25) inactive women (mean age 35+/-8) participated in a 2-day experimental study. On the exercise day, participants were asked to walk on a treadmill at 60% maximum heart rate for 1h. After the exercise, participants selected and ate food at a university cafeteria. Post-exercise EI was compared to a non-exercise day. A single mixed model repeated 2 x 2 ANOVA was used to determine the impact of exercise on post-exercise EI. The overweight women consumed significantly more (p<0.02) than the normal weight women on both experimental days and there was a significant (p<0.03) difference in fat intake. The higher post -exercise EI of the overweight group may have been due to the energy needs associated with a higher BMI but it is also possible that cognitive factors, food availability and environment may influence post-exercise EI.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

The effect of graded levels of exercise on energy intake and balance in free-living women.

AIM: We assessed the effect of graded increases in exercised-induced energy expenditure (EE) on appetite, daily energy intake (EI), total daily EE and body weight in six lean women using a within-subject, repeated measures design. METHOD: Subjects were each studied three times during 7 day treatments, corresponding to no-exercise (control; Nex; 0 MJ/day), medium exercise level (Mex; approximately 1.9 MJ/day) and high exercise level (Hex; approximately 3.4 MJ/day), with 2 day maintenance beforehand. Subjects self-weighed ad libitum food intake. EE was assessed by continual heart rate monitoring. During waking hours subjects recorded hourly sensations of hunger and appetite. RESULTS: EE amounted to 9.2, 11.0 and 12.1 MJ/day (F (2, 10)=5.67; P=0.023 (s.e.d.=0.87)) on the Nex, Mex and Hex treatments, respectively. The corresponding values for EI were 8.9, 9.2 and 10.0 MJ/day (F (2, 10)=4.80; P=0.035 (s.e.d.=0.36)). There were very weak treatment effects on hunger. Weight loss was significantly different from zero on the Mex and Hex treatments. CONCLUSION: Markedly increasing EE through exercise produced significant but partial compensations in EI ( approximately 33% of EE due to exercise). Accurate adjustments of El to acute increases in EE are likely to take weeks rather than days.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Effects of dietary energy density and feeding frequency on total daily energy intakes of recovering malnourished children.

To develop recommendations for the design of special foods for young children, we measured total daily energy consumption from semisolid food mixtures with energy densities of 1.67, 2.93, 4.18, or 6.28 kJ/g (0.4, 0.7, 1.0, or 1.5 kcal/g) and that were fed ad libitum three, four, or five times per day to 18 fully weaned children from 6 to 18 mo of age who were recovering in the hospital from malnutrition. The diets were generally indistinguishable by sensory qualities, and were fed in a randomized sequence. The mean amounts consumed (g.kg body wt-1.d-1) were significantly less with successively greater energy density of the diet (P < 0.001). The total daily consumption was approximately 16% more when the number of meals was increased from three to four per day, with energy density controlled for (P < 0.001), and 7% more when the feeding frequency rose from four to five meals per day (P = 0.005). The total daily energy intakes (kJ.kg body wt-1.d-1) increased significantly with the more concentrated diets (P < 0.001) and varied positively in relation to feeding frequency (P < 0.001). Approximately 15-20 min were required per meal for the children to reach satiety. The total amount of time required to feed the children each day was related to the number of meals served (P < 0.001) and not to energy density. Implications for child feeding are discussed.

Defecation↗
PubMed2004

The use of test day information to predict energy intake of dairy cows in early lactation.

This study aimed to validate a previously developed model for the estimation of energy balance in high producing dairy cows from test day information during the first 12 wk of lactation. Monensin (an ionophor) increases the energy status of dairy cows. Gold standard for the validation was a higher energy status, indicated by lower blood ketone body concentrations, lower percent milk fat, and higher milk-yield of monensin-supplemented than control cows in 8 randomized block design feeding trials. Estimated energy intake (eE(intake)) was calculated as estimated energy balance (eEB) plus energy in actual milk produced (in units of MJ(nel)) plus a constant or variable amount of energy required for maintenance. The variable amount was based on BW, while the constant was the average BW in each parity group (1, 2, 3, 4+). Both eEB and eE(intake) were compared between groups of cows with and without monensin supplementation (n = 600 lactations). The trials started with a presupplement period during lactation wk 2 to 5 followed by a supplementation period during lactation wk 6 to 12. During the presupplement period, both eEB and eE(intake) were similar for all cows. At 2, 3, and 8 wk after starting the monensin supplementation, the eEB of the supplemented cows was significantly higher, while eE(intake) was significantly higher throughout the supplementation period. The results were similar for the 2 methods of calculating energy for maintenance, variable or constant. The feed conversion efficiency, calculated as kg of fat-protein corrected milk per MJ(nel) of eE(intake), was highest in first calving cows compared with cows having more lactations, and correlated with standard milk production at trial group level. It was concluded that eE(intake) was a valid measure of net energy absorption.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of energy intake and body mass index in the incidence of cancer of the breast. Case-control study in a sample from 3 Spanish hospital populations].

A case-control study has been designed to analyze the possible role of the energy intake and obesity, judged by the body mass index, on the incidence of breast cancer in a group of 275 women (139 cases and 136 controls), coming from three hospital populations (Madrid, Mérida, and Santiago de Compostela). There are no significant differences in the of cases and controls, which, additionally, does not seem to be significantly related to the risk of breast cancer. On the other hand, the weight and the body mass index of women with breast cancer is significantly higher than that of the controls. The oods ratio, as a measure of the relative risk for breast cancer, shows that a high body mass index behaves as a risk factor (OR = 2.49; 95% IC, = 1.33-4.67, Chi2 = 8.30), a trend which remains after adjusting for energy. When considering the pre or post menopausal status, it is observed that a body mass index higher than 29, adjusted for energy intake, behaves as a risk factor only in the post-menopausal women (OR = 2.28; 95% IC = 0.95-5.46 Chi2 = 3.41).

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Influence of environmental temperature and energy intake on porcine skeletal muscle mitochondria.

The influence of acclimation to a cold (10 degrees C) or warm (35 degrees C) environment on the functional characteristics of skeletal muscle mitochondria has been investigated in young pigs on a high (H) or low (L) energy intake. Living at 10 degrees C increased the amount of mitochondrial protein and the concentration of cytochrome. Ca2+-stimulated succinate oxidation by mitochondria from the 35H group was tightly coupled and similar to that in pigs living under normal husbandry conditions. Mitochondria from the three other groups were readily uncoupled and thus resembled those from pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia. Arrhenius plots of State 3 Ca2+-stimulated succinate oxidation showed that energy intake altered the transition temperature suggesting possible differences in the structure of the mitochondrial membrane.

Adenosine Diphosphate↗
PubMed2003

Hunger, thirst, and energy intakes following consumption of caloric beverages.

Whereas soft drinks are described as primarily thirst-quenching liquids, juices and milk are said to be liquid foods, with a greater satiating power. This study was conducted to compare the effects of orange juice, low-fat milk (1%), regular cola, and sparkling water on hunger, thirst, satiety, and energy intakes at the next meal. Thirty-two volunteers (14 men and 18 women), ages 18-35 years, consumed a breakfast preload composed of 590 ml (20 oz) of an energy-containing beverage (1036 kJ) or water (0 kJ) and a slice of toast (418 kJ) on four different occasions. Participants rated hunger, thirst, fullness, and desire to eat at baseline and at 20-min intervals for 2 h following preload ingestion. A tray lunch was presented at 2 h, 15 min and food consumption was measured. Compared to sparkling water, the three energy-containing beverages were associated with higher fullness and reduced hunger rating and desire to eat. However, energy intakes at lunch (4511+/-151 kJ for men and 3183+/-203 kJ for women) were the same across all four beverage conditions and no compensation for breakfast energy was observed. The three beverages of equal energy value were significantly different from sparkling water, but not from each other, in their effects on hunger and satiety ratings. All four beverages satisfied thirst equally well. Whether energy-containing cola, juice, and low-fat milk facilitate a positive energy balance remains a topic for further study.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Recommendations for protein and energy intakes by patients with phenylketonuria.

Recent reports describe poor growth in treated children with phenylketonuria (PKU). That poor growth is not a concomitant of the disorder and need not result from therapy is demonstrated by data from the U.S.A. PKU Collaborative Study and from recent data from the U.S.A. In these studies, sufficient protein equivalent was supplied by medical food containing either a low phenylalanine (Phe) casein hydrolysate or Phe-free L-amino acids. Protein and energy intakes of infants and children with PKU who grew well are compared to intakes of normal North American children. Factors that influence nitrogen (N) requirements include: state of health, energy intake, the form in which N is administered and the size of the dose. Failure to prevent poor growth in childhood may lead to a stunted adult [13] who is at risk for obesity. The use of actual body weight as a basis for calculating protein and energy requirements is appropriate only when the child is growing normally. Based on experience with PKU in the U.S.A., the following are recommended: (1) a protocol that prescribes a range for Phe, protein, and energy for infants and children should be developed; (2) adequate protein equivalent to cover N losses due to poor utilization of amino acids and protein hydrolysates should be prescribed; (3) medical food should be administered in several doses throughout the day; (4) a source of Phe should be fed with the medical food; (5) adequate energy should be prescribed to prevent excess use of amino acid for energy purposes; (6) nutrition support during illness should be appropriate to help prevent muscle protein catabolism with attendant elevated plasma Phe.

Body Height↗
PubMed2003

Rice-based diets in rural Bangladesh: how do different age and sex groups adapt to seasonal changes in energy intake?

BACKGROUND: Seasonality has been recognized as a key determinant of human energy balance, especially in low-income countries. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to test the hypothesis that, in rural Bangladesh, different age and sex groups adapt similarly to seasonal changes in energy intake (EI). DESIGN: A prospective study was carried out in 2 rural Bangladeshi villages in the lean and peak seasons. Data on anthropometric measures (weight, height, and midupper arm circumference) and dietary food intake (collected with the use of a 24-h food weighing method) were obtained from all subjects from 304 households. RESULTS: The average EI increased from a least-squares mean (+/- SE) of 7.87 +/- 0.10 MJ x person(-1) x d(-1) in the lean season to 9.47 +/- 0.13 MJ x person(-1) x d(-1) in the peak season. In children and adolescents aged < 18 y of age, the prevalence of underweight (weight-for-age) was not significantly different (56%) in the 2 seasons. Among adults, a significantly higher prevalence of chronic energy deficiency [body mass index (in kg/m(2)) < 18.5] was observed in the peak season (67%) than in the lean season (61%), despite a higher EI in the peak season. Other determinants of seasonal nutritional status are presented. CONCLUSIONS: Seasonal fluctuations in EI were substantial in all age and sex groups. Children and adolescents showed no significant seasonal changes in the prevalence of underweight, which indicated that they adapted to changes in EI. In adults, the season in which EI was high coincided with average weight loss, which indicated that adults did not adapt fully to seasonal fluctuations in EI and that seasonal energy expenditure is probably a major determinant of nutritional status.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2000

Effects of diet forage:concentrate ratio and metabolizable energy intake on isolated rumen epithelial cell metabolism in vitro.

Crossbred wether lambs were used to assess the effect of altered forage:concentrate ratio and metabolizable energy intake on metabolism of substrates by ruminal epithelium using an isolated cell system. Lambs (n = 28; 20.1 +/- 3 kg BW) were assigned randomly to a factorial arrangement of dietary treatments consisting of either 75% forage or 75% concentrate fed once daily at either .099 or .181 Mcal ME x(kg BW(.75))(-1) x d(-1) for 52 d. After a 52-d feeding period, isolated rumen epithelial cells (IREC) were incubated in the presence of an oxidizable substrate with a single 14C label (acetate, propionate, butyrate, glucose, glutamate, and glutamine) at concentrations ranging from .1 to 50 mM, and substrate oxidation to 14CO2 or metabolism to beta-hydroxybutyrate (beta-HBA), acetoacetate, pyruvate, and lactate was determined. For all substrates, oxidation to CO2 was concentration-dependent and saturable within the physiological range. Differences in substrate oxidation to CO2 by IREC at specific substrate concentrations did not affect Vmax (maximal rate of substrate oxidation, nmol oxidized to CO2 x 1 x 10(6) cells(-1) x 90 min(-1)) and K(ox) (concentration of substrate at which half Vmax oxidation rate is achieved, mmoles/L) estimates for the dietary treatments. Production of beta-HBA from butyrate by IREC from the lambs fed 75% forage was not affected by ME intake; however, production was elevated by high ME intake of the 75% concentrate diet (diet x intake interaction; P < .02). Acetoacetate production from butyrate by IREC from lambs fed at high ME intake was greater (P = .001) than from those fed at low ME intake. Lactate and pyruvate production from glucose, glutamate, and propionate were generally unaffected by dietary treatment; however, rate of glutamine metabolism to lactate and pyruvate by IREC was increased with increased ME intake. The observed changes in metabolite production rates across groups did not affect the predicted Vmax and K(ox) parameter estimates. The estimated K(ox) values corroborate that VFA are the primary oxidizable fuels used by ruminal epithelial cells while illustrating that other substrates such as glucose, glutamate, and glutamine would not be expected to be oxidized extensively in vivo due to the high K(ox) relative to substrate concentrations in vivo. In conclusion, the capacity of isolated ruminal epithelial cells to oxidize substrates was largely unaffected by ME intake or dietary forage:concentrate ratio of the diet.

Animal Feed↗