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PubMed1977

A numerical taxonomic survey of Listeria and related bacteria.

A numerical taxonomic study was performed on named strains of Listeria, Erysipelothrix, Microbacterium thermosphactum, Lactobacillus, Streptococus, Propionibacterium, Kurthia and some possibly related bacteria using I43 unit characters covering a wide range of properties. The strains fell into six main clusters: (A) Listeria; (B) Microbacterium thermosphactum, Lactobacillus, Streptococcus; (C) Gemella, Erysipelothrix; (D) Kurthia and mainly aerobic corynebacteria; (E) Propionibacterium, Staphylococcus; (F) mainly Cellulomonas. The genus Listeria contained three subgroups corresponding to (I) Listeria monocytogenes, (2) Listeria grayi and (3) non-haemolytic listeria strains. Listeria murrayi did not appear to be sufficiently distinct from Listeria grayi to warrant separate species status. The genus Erysipelothrix was quite separate from the genus Listeria. Microbacterium thermosphactum was related to both the genera Listeria and Lactobacillus but formed a separate phenon that could appropriately be given generic rank. There were four distinct subgroups amongst the streptococci examined. Gemella strains appeared as a distinct phenon related to Erysipelothrix and the streptococci. The lactobacilli grouped into four phena largely corresponding to the subgenera Betabacterium, Streptobacterium and Thermobacterium and to the species Lactobacillus mali. Custers A, B, and C displayed a relatively close association to each other and it is recommended that all be included in the family Lactobacillaceae.

Culture Media↗
PubMed1998

Use of an enrichment broth cultivation-PCR combination assay for rapid diagnosis of swine erysipelas.

We have previously described the creation by Tn916 mutagenesis of avirulent transposition mutants from a highly virulent strain of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, the causative agent of swine erysipelas. In this study, we cloned a 2.2-kb DNA fragment which flanked the Tn916 insertion in an avirulent mutant (strain 33H6) and evaluated the possibility that this region could be used for the specific detection of E. rhusiopathiae. According to the sequences of this region, oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a 937-bp fragment of the E. rhusiopathiae chromosome by PCR. The specificity of the PCR was investigated by analyzing 64 strains of Erysipelothrix species and 27 strains of other genera different from Erysipelothrix. A 937-bp DNA fragment could be amplified from all E. rhusiopathiae strains tested, and no amplification was observed by using DNAs from the other species tested. To make a rapid and definite diagnosis of swine erysipelas in slaughterhouses, we developed an enrichment broth cultivation-PCR combination assay, which used a commercially available DNA extraction kit, to identify E. rhusiopathiae in the specimens from swine with arthritis. After samples were enriched in selective broth culture, detection of E. rhusiopathiae was tested by either conventional methods or the PCR. Of 102 samples tested, 15 samples were positive by conventional methods and 12 of the 15 samples were positive by the PCR. The detection limit of the PCR was 10(3) CFU per reaction mixture for the PCR-positive samples. These results indicate that this PCR technique could be used as a first-line screening technique for the specific detection of E. rhusiopathiae in specimens.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Introduction and reisolation of selected gram-positive bacteria from fermented edible wastes.

A fermentation process using Lactobacillus acidophilus added to edible food wastes was evaluated for its bactericidal action on selected gram-positive organisms. The Lactobacillus fermentation converts food wastes into an animal feed ingredient. In this study, 5 gram-positive bacteria of zoonotic importance were individually tested. These organisms were: Group E Streptococcus, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Clostridium perfringens, Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, and Listeria monocytogenes. For each experiment, Lactobacillus was first mixed into ground waste; one of the test organisms was then inoculated and mixed. This mixture was divided among eight 5.5-L containers and incubated (duplicates) at 5 C, 10 C, 20 C, and 30 C for 96 hours. Internal waste temperature, reduction-oxidation, and pH were monitored. Waste samples were taken initially and at subsequent 24-hour periods. Qualitative and quantitative recoveries of the test bacteria were attempted for each sample. Group E Streptococcus was reisolated in increasing numbers at all temperatures throughout the fermentation period. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was recovered throughout the 96-hour period at 5 C; at 10 C it was recovered at 24 hours but not at 48 hours. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was killed by 24 hours at 20 C and 30 C fermentation temperatures. Clostridium perfringens survived the entire test period at 5 C, 10 C, and 20 C; it was killed by 72 hours at 30 C. Neither Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis nor Listeria monocytogenes was reisolated at any temperature at any time.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1983

Erysipeloid.

Erysipelothrix infections have been a well-known clinical entity for over a century. Only a few cases have been studied histologically, and the agent has rarely been cultured from infected patients. We present here a case of erysipeloid of Rosenbach, in which histologic study and electron microscopy document the presence of microorganisms. We also present a complete review of the clinical and pathologic features of Erysipelothrix infections and their treatment. Our observations suggest that Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is capable of producing L forms that may revert to a bacterial form and produce sepsis at a later time.

Erysipeloid↗
PubMed1975

A numerical taxonomic study of coryneform and related bacteria.

Two hundred and thirty-three strains of coryneform bacteria, including representatives of the genera Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Cellulomonas, Corynebacterium, Erysipelothrix, Jensenia, Kurthia, Listeria, Microbacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia and Propionibacterium and other related bacteria, were studied using 173 morphological, physiological and biochemical tests. The bacteria were grown on a soil extract medium which allowed growth of all the strains, and all were incubated at 30 degrees C. The results were subjected to computer analysis. The majority of the strains grouped into eight main clusters representing: (A) Lactobacillus, Listeria, Microbacterium thermosphactum and Streptococcus faecalis; (B) Erysipelothrix and Streptococcus pyogenes; (C) animal corynebacteria and Microbacterium flavum; (D) Cellulomonas and related bacteria; (E) Propionibacterium; (F) Arthrobacter, Brevibacterium, Kurthia and Mycobacterium rhodochrous; (G) plant pathogenic corynebacteria; (H) Nocardia. Based on these clusters, several recommendations are made regarding the classification of the coryneform area. (i) The members of clusters A and B at present placed in the Corynebacteriaceae would seem better moved to the Lactobacillaceae. (ii) The genus Corynebacterium would best be retained for the types species C. diphtheriae, closely related animal corynebacteria and Micro. flavum. (iii) Cellulomonas and Propionibacterium are distinct taxa more closely related to Corynebacterium than to either Arthrobacter or Lactobacillus. (iv) Clusters F and G are evidently heterogeneous. In particular the positions of Kurthia and the plant pathogenic corynebacteria are unclear. Arthrobacter is a large loose taxon and it is premature to decide on its taxonomic rank. The genus Brevibacterium should be retained for B. linens and closely related strains. (v) The cellulolytic forms of Nocardia should be removed from the genus; they are however quite distinct from Cellulomonas.

Actinomycetales↗
PubMed1998

Measurement of antibacterial activities of T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, ochratoxin A, aflatoxin B1 and fumonisin B1 using microtitration tray-based turbidimetric techniques.

Various mycotoxins were tested for their antibacterial activity by evaluating growth delays using a fully automated microturbidmetric method. Ten different strains of the genera Escherichia, Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Yersinia, Salmonella, Erysipelothrix and Lactobacillus were used as test micro-organisms. T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), ochratoxin A (OTA), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and fumonisin B1 (FB1) were used as representative mycotoxins. The inhibitory effect in vitro was defined as the difference between the growth rate without mycotoxins and the growth rate in the presence of a mycotoxin. Among the tested strains, Streptococcus agalactiae was found to be sensitive to all the toxins, with the exception of OTA. T-2 toxin and FB1 were the most effective in slowing down the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. AFB1 affected the growth of Yersinia enterocolitica. The growth rate of Escherichia coli and Salmonella infantis was decreased by FB1. Among the bacterial strains used in this study, only the growth of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was inhibited by OTA. Thus, using appropriate tester strains it should be possible to set up a broad-range microtubidimetry assay for individual mycotoxin screening in vitro. We concluded that the microtitration technique provides a rapid, convenient and high-throughput capacity system to analyse bacteria-mycotoxin interactions.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMed1982

[Alteration of cartilage by microbial agents and granulocytes].

Severe polyarthritis was induced in 42 SPF piglets by subcutaneous and intraarticular infection in one joint of the bacterium Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (Serotype B, strain T 28), which in its chronic stage morphologically resembles human c.P. The light and electron microscopic examination of the articular cartilage and synovial membrane reveals a parallel evolution of hyaline cartilage degeneration, and activation and proliferation of synovial lining cells. The initial cartilage alteration with demasking of collagen fibrils and focal degeneration of chondrocytes in the erysipelas model is caused by direct action of the microbial agent, fibrin and few granulocytes Erysipelothrix bacteria and neutrophilic granulocytes are able to invade the superficial and intermediate cartilage layers. This model is not considered a suppurative infectious arthritis. In chronic villous erysipelas polyarthritis, which develops without the presence of neutrophils in the cartilage, the invasively growing synovial pannus dominates, which deeply destroys the pre-damaged cartilage, resulting in macroscopic focal or wide-spread cartilage erosion. We consider the poorly vascularized cartilage and the particular fibrosis suitable sites for the extremely long (up to three years) persistence of this microbial agent. The persistence of the agent is considered necessary for the persisting immunological reactions and the perpetuation of erysipelas polyarthritis. With longer duration (1-3 years) of experimental erysipelas polyarthritis the number of bacteriologically positive arthritic joint decreases. Microscopically, the causative bacteria may only sporadically identified.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Bacterial identity and characteristics in healthy and unhealthy respiratory tracts of sheep and calves.

The aim of this study was to compare different bacteriological aspects of the respiratory systems of healthy (H) versus unhealthy (UH) animals with respiratory signs. The prevalence of different bacterial species was determined in the upper and lower respiratory tract of H and UH Najdi sheep, Somali sheep and Holstein calves. The characteristics of Pasteurella spp. isolates, and the biotype of Pasteurella haemolytica were identified in H and UH animals, Eighteen out of 28 (64.3%) of the identified bacterial species in the upper respiratory tract were more prevalent in the nasal cavities of UH Najdi and Somali sheep and Holstein calves with respiratory signs than in apparently healthy animals; four of the most prevalent bacteria in the upper respiratory system of UH sheep were Moraxella spp., Pseudomonas pseudomallei, Erysipelothrix spp., Pasteurella multocida, while three of the most prevalent bacteria in UH calves were Pasteurella haemolytica, Actinomyces spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The prevalence of six different bacterial species was greater in the lungs of UH animals, namely Actinomyces pyogenes, Erysipelothrix spp., P. haemolytica, Pasteurella ureae, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which could be risk factors in the complexity of the prevalent respiratory diseases of the animals surveyed. Of the biochemical, cytological and colonial characteristics studied in the identified P. haemolytica and P. multocida, two characters were significantly different (p < 0.05) in organisms isolated from UH as compared to those from H animals. These were the higher loss of haemolytic power by the strains of P. haemolytica and the decreased fermentation of trehalose by all the strains of P. multocida recovered from healthy animals. The only biotype of P. haemolytica isolated from H animals was biotype A, while both biotypes A (88.0% of the isolates) and T (12.0% of the isolates) were recovered from UH animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Phenotypic and phylogenetic characterization of some Eubacterium-like isolates containing a novel type B wall murein from human feces: description of Holdemania filiformis gen. nov., sp. nov.

A group of Eubacterium-like strains (designated group S14), isolated from the feces of healthy people, was characterized by biochemical tests, fatty acid analysis, cell wall murein analysis, and 16S rDNA analysis. Our results indicate that group S14 is phylogenetically a member of the Clostridium subphylum of the gram-positive bacteria. Despite a phenotypic resemblance to the genus Eubacterium, group S14 was shown to be phylogenetically distantly related to the type species of the genus, Eubacterium limosum. Group S14 showed a specific phylogenetic association with Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Group S14 resembled Erysipelothrix in possessing the uncommon type B cell wall murein. Structural analyses, however, revealed the presence of a previously unknown B1 delta (L-Ala)-D-Glu-Gly-L-Lys murein type. Based on a 16S rRNA sequence divergence of greater than 10% with E. rhusiopathiae and the presence of a unique murein type, a new genus, Holdemania, is proposed for group S14, with one species, Holdemania filiformis. Type strain of H. filiformis is ATCC 51649.

Cell Wall↗
PubMed1997

In vitro antibacterial activity of LY333328, a new semisynthetic glycopeptide.

LY333328 is a semisynthetic N-alkyl derivative of LY264826, a naturally occurring structural analog of vancomycin. LY333328 was evaluated for its in vitro inhibitory and bactericidal activities in comparison with those of the two currently available glycopeptides (vancomycin and teicoplanin). Glycopeptide-susceptible test strains included a total of 311 isolates (most of clinical origin) from the genera Staphylococcus, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Aerococcus, Gemella, Lactococcus, Listeria, Corynebacterium, and Clostridium. Test strains resistant or intermediate to vancomycin and/or teicoplanin included 56 clinical isolates of Enterococcus (of the VanA, VanB, and VanC phenotypes) and 32 clinical isolates of Staphylococcus (S. haemolyticus, S. epidermidis, and S. aureus), 31 strains of gram-positive genera outside the spectrum of activity of vancomycin (Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, Lactobacillus, and Erysipelothrix), and laboratory-derived organisms obtained after exposure of susceptible Staphylococcus isolates to teicoplanin (6 strains) or laboratory-derived organisms with resistance determinants received from VanA enterococci (2 Enterococcus and 25 Listeria transconjugants). LY333328 was highly active against staphylococci, enterococci, and listeriae (whether they were clinical or laboratory-derived strains) resistant to the currently available glycopeptides. In particular, the MICs of LY333328 did not vary substantially between teicoplanin-susceptible and teicoplanin-resistant staphylococci and between vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant enterococci. LY333328 demonstrated fairly good inhibitory activity even against most strains of Leuconostoc, Pediococcus, and Erysipelothrix (MIC range, 1 to 8 microg/ml), whereas it proved less active (although much more active than vancomycin or teicoplanin) against Lactobacillus strains. In minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) and time-kill studies, LY333328 demonstrated excellent bactericidal activity; enterococci, in particular, which were largely tolerant of vancomycin and teicoplanin, were uniformly killed by LY333328, with MBC-to-MIC ratios of 4 to 8 for most vancomycin-susceptible and vancomycin-resistant strains. In attempts to select for resistant clones, no survivors stably growing in the presence of 10 microg of LY333328 per ml were obtained from the Staphylococcus and Enterococcus test strains exposed to the drug.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1976

Erysipelas arthritis in swine: concentrations of complement and third component of complement in synovia.

Concentrations of hemolytic complement and of 3rd component of complement were determined in serums and in synovia of normal and arthritic joints in swine affected with arthritis experimentally produced by the inoculation of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Mean concentrations of complement in arthritic joints were increased from 24.7 to 37.5 50% hemolytic units of complement per milliliter. Third component of complement, expressed as a percentage of the serum concentration, was increased from a mean of 16.9 (normal joint synovia) to a mean of 27.1 (arthritic joint synovia). Also, fast-migrating conversion products of 3rd component of complement were not detected in synovia from arthritic joints. These results are interpreted as indicating a relatively less important role for immune complexes in the pathogenesis of erysipelothrix arthritis than is described for rheumatoid arthritis in persons.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Infective endocarditis in renal transplant recipients.

Because of the increasing number of renal transplantations performed and the rarity of reported cases of infective endocarditis in these patients, we studied the clinical characteristics of this infection in this population. We report on two cases from our experience and review reported cases of infective endocarditis in renal transplant recipients retrieved from the MEDLINE system. In addition, we reviewed a large series of infective endocarditis looking for patients with renal transplants. In addition to our 2 cases, 12 previously reported cases were found. The mean time from transplantation to diagnosis of infective endocarditis was 3.5 years (range 2 months to 15 years). Causative organisms included fungi, Staphylococcus aureus (3 cases each), Corynebacterium sp. (2 cases), Streptococcus viridans, VRE, Brucella sp., Clostridium sp., Nocardia sp. and Erysipelothrix sp. (one case each). Skin manifestations of endocarditis and/or splenomegaly were not reported in these patients. Septic emboli and mycotic aneurysms were relatively common. The overall mortality rate was 50% (7 of 14 patients died). Infective endocarditis seems to be rare in renal transplant recipients. The few reported cases are characterized by unusual causative micro-organisms and atypical clinical presentation. Further studies are needed to delineate the magnitude and scope of this association.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

A serological survey on erysipelas in chickens by growth agglutination test.

From March to April 1992, 200 culled chickens sent to an abattoir in Tokyo, Japan were examined for the presence of growth agglutinating antibody in the serum. In the serological survey, 11 (5.5%) of 200 chicken sera had high growth agglutination titres against Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, ranging from 1:16 to 1:128. These findings indicate a high rate of erysipelas infection among chickens in the field.

Agglutination Tests↗
PubMed1989

Comparison of inoculation regimes for the experimental production of swine erysipelas arthritis. II. Serological findings in a gel diffusion precipitin test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.

The serological response of pigs to Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae inoculation was monitored by a gel diffusion precipitin test (GDPT) using a crude, serotype-specific, autoclaved antigen and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a heat-extracted, alcohol precipitated and molecular seived antigen previously shown to react with serum from pigs infected with serotypes 1 or 2. All pigs receiving 3 or 5 weekly intravenous inoculations of either a highly virulent (VRS 229) or a lowly virulent isolate (VRS 252) produced GDPT-reactive antibody within 3 weeks, but only 44% were still reactive at 8 to 9.5 weeks. The ELISA response was significantly higher in pigs inoculated with the highly virulent strain, and was similar in pigs receiving 3 or 5 doses of either strain. In a dose-response trial, after 3 doses of VRS 229, GDPT reactivity occurred earlier and was stronger in pigs given higher doses of E. rhusiopathiae, but the response peaked 3 to 5 weeks after the start of challenge and was short lived. GDPT reactivity correlated with dose, but not with the severity of arthritis. The ELISA demonstrated specific IgG antibody was present by 2 weeks, and persisted to at least 11 weeks. The ELISA reactivity was significantly higher in pigs with arthritis than in pigs that received low doses and were not arthritic. Within groups of pigs with arthritis a significant, dose dependent, linear ELISA response developed but did not correlate with the presence or degree of arthritis at slaughter. Non-arthritic pigs had similar low ELISA responses to uninoculated controls.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Nonspecific toxicites in the mouse assay test for botulinum toxin.

In inoculated pack experiments on Clostridium botulinum type E, unirradiated and 0.1-Mrad irradiated haddock fillets often gave nonspecific toxicities by the mouse assay test for botulinum toxin. Samples given 0.2-Mrad radiation failed to produce nonspecific reactions. Nonspecific deaths sometimes occurred within 24 hr after injection, although deaths between 24 and 48 hr were more common. The symptoms and the pattern of these deaths suggested a septicemia. Heart-blood cultured from mice showing nonspecific symptoms indicated an infectious process. Among 23 isolates from the blood, eight were identified as Proteus vulgaris, two P. morganii, one P. rettgeri, one Providence subgroup B, two Aerobacter aerogenes, one Actinobacillus, three enterococci, one Alcaligenes marshalli, and four Erysipelothrix insidiosa. The E. insidiosa, Aerobacter, Providence group, and most of the Proteus isolates were infectious for mice when injected by the intraperitoneal route. But the enterococci, Alcaligenes, and Actinobacillus isolates were not infectious and probably represent secondary invaders. The cultural characteristics of the E. insidiosa isolates conform to those described in the literature, with the exception that the four strains grew in the temperature range 50 F (10 C) to 40 F (4.4 C). Nonspecific toxicities were avoided in assays for botulinum toxin by the protection of mice with chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline.

Actinobacillosis↗
PubMed1992

An investigation of bacterial causes of arthritis in slaughter hogs.

Joints from 153 arthritic and 80 normal slaughter hogs were examined by culture for presence of bacteria. Although none of the normal joints yielded bacteria, 37% of the disease joints were positive for bacterial growth. Of 67 bacterial isolates obtained, 45% were Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae. Occurrence of other bacteria in order of their frequency was Streptococcus suis (16%), Actinomyces pyogenes (10%), Mycoplasma spp. including 3 M. hyorhinis isolates (7%), staphylococci (7%), Streptococcus spp. (6%), and organisms of uncertain significance (7%).

Actinomyces↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction of Erysipelas septicemia in a flock of ring-necked pheasants.

A flock of 810 pheasants experienced 6.2% mortality over 6 days. Affected birds were weak and lethargic for up to 24 hr before death. Examined birds were thin, and gross lesions consisted of thick opaque crops and cecal cores. Histologically, there was capillariasis of the crop and multifocal ulcerative typhlitis with Heterakis spp. infection, and numerous systemic intravascular monocytes were filled with clusters of blue rod-shaped organisms. The organisms were gram-positive bacilli by Brown and Brenn staining and ultrastructural analysis. Liver bacterial cultures were negative for pathogenic bacteria. Erysipelas septicemia was diagnosed by an Erysipelothrix species-specific polymerase chain reaction method with the substrate DNA isolated from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded liver.

Animals↗