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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources

PubMed1995

Up-regulation of ferritin heavy chain mRNA expression in the rat skeletal muscle after denervation: detected by means of differential display.

The differential display method was applied to identify gene expression, which is especially up-regulated in denervated skeletal muscle. Total RNA from normal and denervated rat facial muscles (muscles zygomaticus, levator nasolabialis and caninus) was isolated, amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using certain primers and separated by electrophoresis on a polyacrylamide gel. PCR products, the amounts of which were significantly higher in the operated side than in the control side, were cut out from the gel and sequenced. One of the cDNA fragments obtained in the present study showed 100% identity in nucleotide sequence to the rat ferritin heavy chain (FHC) mRNA. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization histochemistry confirmed that FHC mRNA expression was up-regulated after denervation and was distributed throughout whole muscle cell bodies. The biological damage attributed to superoxide and hydrogen peroxide is dependent on the presence of intracellular free iron. Intracellularly, most of the iron that is not metabolized is sequestered in ferritin as a crystalline core of ferric irons (Fe3+). These findings suggest that alterations in the ferritin subunit composition after denervation play an important role in iron metabolism in skeletal muscle cells, resulting in restriction of the biological tissue damage caused by reactive oxygen species.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Characterisation of human soft palate muscles with respect to fibre types, myosins and capillary supply.

Four human soft palate muscles, and palatopharyngeus, the uvula, the levator and tensor veli palatini were examined using enzyme-histochemical, immunohistochemical and biochemical methods and compared with human limb and facial muscles. Our results showed that each palate muscle had a distinct morphological identity and that they generally shared more similarities with facial than limb muscles. The palatopharyngeus and uvula muscles contained 2 of the highest proportions of type II fibres ever reported for human muscles. In contrast, the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles contained predominantly type I fibres. A fetal myosin heavy chain isoform (MyHC), not usually found in normal adult limb muscles, was present in a small number of fibres in all palate muscles. The mean muscle fibre diameter was smaller than in limb muscles and the individual and intramuscular variability in diameter and shape was considerable. All palate muscles had a high capillary density and an unusually high mitochondrial enzyme activity in the type II fibres, in comparison with limb muscles. No ordinary muscle spindles were observed. The fibre type and MyHC composition indicate that the palatopharyngeus and uvula muscles are functionally involved in quick movements whereas the levator and tensor veli palatini muscles perform slower and more continuous contractions. The high aerobic capacity and the rich capillarisation suggest that the palate muscles are relatively fatigue resistant. Absence of ordinary muscle spindles indicates a special proprioceptive control system. The special morphology of the palate muscles may be partly related to the unique anatomy with only one skeletal insertion, a feature consistent with muscle work at low load and tension and which may influence the cytoarchitecture of these muscles. Other important factors determining the special morphological characteristics might be specific functional requirements, distinct embryological origin and phylogenetic factors.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

[Somatosensory trigeminal evoked potentials after gingival stimulation of the mental nerve. Normal values].

OBJECTIVE: Somatosensory evoked potentials were recorded following unilateral stimulation of the mental nerve in the gum of 100 healthy volunteers aged between 17 and 22 years. METHODS AND RESULTS: Responses were recorded until 100 ms with electrodes placed over the scalp (C5/C6) referenced to central frontal (Fz). In 10 subjects, simultaneous recordings were made in masticatory and facial muscles to detect possible muscle artefacts. Stimulation was effected using a specially-designed stimulator adaptable to each individual. Contralateral responses consisted of four very constant deflexions (N12, P19, N26 and P35) forming a W-shaped complex of mean duration 31.27 ms. Tables of normality were compiled for latencies and amplitudes with confidence intervals of 99.8% reliability. Constancy of deflexions, stability of response (by serial studies), and possible sexual differences were also studied. Muscle artefacts were ruled out, and the participation of the mental nerve in the genesis of the responses was confirmed. CONCLUSION: We consider the proposed method a reliable alternative to other procedures used to obtain TEPs.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

A model of facial biomechanics for speech production.

Modeling the peripheral speech motor system can advance the understanding of speech motor control and audiovisual speech perception. A 3-D physical model of the human face is presented. The model represents the soft tissue biomechanics with a multilayer deformable mesh. The mesh is controlled by a set of modeled facial muscles which uses a standard Hill-type representation of muscle dynamics. In a test of the model, recorded intramuscular electromyography (EMG) was used to activate the modeled muscles and the kinematics of the mesh was compared with 3-D kinematics recorded with OPTOTRAK. Overall, there was a good match between the recorded data and the model's movements. Animations of the model are provided as MPEG movies.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗

PubMed1995

Botulinum toxin-A for the treatment of hemifacial spasm.

Management of hemifacial spasm can actually be done medically, surgically and with Botulinum-A Toxin. The Botulinum-A Toxin treatment locally injected into the involved facial muscles offers a useful alternative to medical and surgical therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Botulinum-A Toxin for the treatment of hemifacial spasm in those subjects for whom the presently available medical therapy is inadequate. A total of 28 individuals were enrolled in the clinical study. Patients were evaluated using the Fahn's blepharospasm rating and disability scales. Efficacy was assessed by evaluating changes from the baseline in eyelid spasm intensity, brow spasm intensity, eyelid force and facial spasm intensity. All 28 subjects with hemifacial spasm showed clinical improvement in relation to this baseline, which was statistically significant. The mean decrease from baseline at their follow-up examination was statistically significant for all subjects and for all measurements: eyelid spasm changed from 2.3 to 0.3 (p = 0.0001); brow spasm from 1.9 to 0.1 (p = 0.0001); facial spasm from 2.3 to 0.1 (p = 0.0001) and eyelid force from 0.9 to -0.1 (p = 0.0020). We concluded that Botulinum-A Toxin provides a significant therapeutic benefit to patients with hemifacial spasm, without the risk of disabling side effects.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Two hundred and fifty patients with hemifacial spasm treated with botulinum toxin injection.

Two hundred and fifty patients with hemifacial spasm from the Movement Disorder Clinic, at Siriraj Hospital have been treated with botulinum toxin injection since January 1989 as a collaborating research project with Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute in San Francisco. Each patient received 30 units in four injection sites over the hyperkinetic facial muscles. There were 169 female and 81 male patients, the sex ratio of female to male was 2.1:1. The mean age of all patients was 50.2 +/- 12.6 years with the range of 22 to 78 years. The majority of patients had been suffering for 3-10 years. The results of botulinum toxin injection were classified as excellent in 81.2 per cent, moderate improvement 10.0 per cent, mild improvement 6.8 per cent and no improvement or worse in 2.0 per cent. There were complications of mild transient facial weakness in 44 patients (17.6%) mild ptosis in 7 patients (2.8%) and excessive lacrimation in 1 patient (0.4%). The effect of botulinum toxin treatment lasted for 3-6 months duration. Botulinum toxin injection is a simple and effective out-patient treatment for patients with hemifacial spasm with no systemic side effects and minor transient local complications.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

A desert octodontid rodent, Tympanoctomys barrerae, uses modified hairs for stripping epidermal tissue from leaves of halophytic plants.

Desert rodents that consume halophytic plants must have adaptations for coping with the high salt content of the leaves. A kidney capable of excreting very concentrated urine is one method. Another is removal of the hypersaline epidermis by means of chisel-like incisors prior to ingestion of the leaves. Tympanoctomys barrerae has evolved a unique refinement of the latter adaptation. It possesses two bundles of stiffened hairs on either side of the palate just caudal to the incisors. The bundles vibrate against the lower incisors, removing the epidermis from the leaves. The efficiency of the operation is significantly greater than with the use of incisors alone. Such a device has not been described in any other mammal. The facial muscles associated with the lips, the cheek vibrissae, and the oral cavity are described in T. barrerae and the nonhalophilic octodontid Octomys mimax. M. buccinatorius pars intermaxillaris is the only muscle in direct contact with the bristle bundles. Other anatomical features found in T. barrerae that may be associated with this feeding device are: 1) a much enlarged and mobile lower labial pad operated by Mm. buccinatorius pars orbicularis oris, pars longitudinalis profunda, and mandibularis cranialis profunda; 2) two oral glands not described in other rodents; and 3) a shortened tongue. Although, taken as a whole, this epidermal stripping device is unique to T. barrerae, most of its features have evolved by modification of structures present in the facial region of more generalized rodents.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed1985

Muscular and intraocular pressure responses among ocular-hypertensive subjects: is there a rationale for biofeedback?

Several animal and human investigations have indicated that intraocular pressure (IOP) levels may be associated with extreme drug-induced changes in the extraocular muscles. Further, recent data suggest that, among individuals with normal IOP level, moderate increases in facial muscle (EMG) activity around the eye while the eye is open are associated with increases in IOP. To investigate further the relationship between facial EMG activity and IOP levels and to examine a group of individuals with elevated IOP levels, subjects were recruited from outpatients at an optometry clinic. Three groups of subjects were selected: a group of ocular hypertensive subjects who showed elevated pressures at the optometry clinic and upon the day of testing, a group of labile ocular hypertensive subjects who evinced elevated pressures during their visit to the optometry clinic but lower pressures on the day of testing, and a group of normal IOP subjects who showed normal pressures both during their optometry clinic visit and on the day of testing. To investigate anxiety differences, subjects were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, but subsequent analysis revealed no group differences. To evaluate the role of stress upon muscle (EMG) functioning around the eye, subjects were subjected to imagery and standardized mental arithmetic stressors; analyses of these results also revealed no significant group differences. Finally, subjects were given EMG biofeedback for muscle activity around the eye while IOP was assessed during five alternating periods in which they made decreases and increases in EMG activity. Results revealed significant group, period, and group by period interaction effects. The pattern of results is interpreted as implicating EMG activity in IOP fluctuations; the implications of these data for potential biofeedback and stress management treatments are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Facial reflex myoclonus induced by language: a neuropsychological and neurophysiological study.

We studied a 53 year old right-handed patient who presented isolated myoclonus of right facial muscles induced exclusively by language. Twitching significantly hindered speaking and reading performance. MRI and CT-scan revealed no brain lesion. Conventional EEG showed a few spike-waves predominantly in the left hemisphere. Spike-waves increased during drowsiness. An EEG-EMG polygraphic study was performed during stimulation tests which included linguistic tasks and non-verbal/non-linguistic tests. Myoclonus was triggered by speaking and writing but not by non-linguistic tasks. The severity of myoclonus was dependent on the complexity of the language task. Back-averaging of right facial EMG bursts failed to show a reliable EEG-EMG correlation. However, the facial reflex myoclonus might have originated from the left rolandicopercular cortex, as it was triggered by complex language activities. Findings in this case are compared with those reported for other forms of reflex seizure and myoclonus.

Electroencephalography↗

PubMed2005

Recognising F-response interference as a source of increased jitter in stimulated single fibre EMG.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the source of an abnormal pattern of latency shifts leading to falsely high jitters in single fibre electromyography (SFEMG). METHODS: We observed a sudden shortening of the latency to an individual single fibre spike component followed by a gradual return to baseline values during stimulation single fibre electromyography (SFEMG) of the facial muscle. The pattern could be reproduced in healthy controls. RESULTS: The sudden decrease in latency proved to follow an additional discharge of the muscle fibre, not due to the external stimulus. This additional discharge was identified as an F-response. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism is thought to be a higher muscle fibre conduction velocity resulting from a temporary increase in stimulus frequency, in the form of an extra impulse along the muscle fibre represented by the F-response. SIGNIFICANCE: The typical abnormal pattern should be recognised because it can falsely increase the mean jitter. We advice to increase the time base to 50 ms if this pattern is observed and to exclude the affected potentials from jitter measurements.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1995

Sensory/motor therapy for the treatment of oral dyskinesia. A new approach to the treatment of oromyofunctional disorders with the use of tactile cuing handheld exercisers.

Persons with oral myofunctional disorders suffer from multiple risk factors for impairments. A craniofacial malformation may be responsible for both behavioral as well as structural modifications. This includes the effect of appearance on self concept and behavior (Case, 1988). Structural modifications as well as negative oral habits include: an open mouth resting posture; mouth breathing; low forward tongue carriage; forward articulatory tongue placement (linguadental/lingua alveolar); abnormal lip, tongue and facial muscle movements during swallowing; reduced upper lip length and mobility; overcontraction of the mentalis muscle; negative habits such as nailbiting, thumb or finger-sucking, lip biting, and lip licking (Hale and Kellum, 1988). Clinical observations also include hypotonicity of the posterior oral musculature during swallowing activity. The purpose of this article is to explore the etiology of oral myofunctional disorders and present a new approach to treatment using functional prosthetic therapy.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Treatment of hemifacial spasm with botulinum toxin.

The effectiveness of botulinum toxin injections in 11 patients with hemifacial spasm was investigated in a prospective placebo-controlled blinded study. The patients were treated with four sets of injections to various facial muscles, selected by clinical evaluation. Three injections were with graded doses of toxin and one was with placebo. The order of injections was random and unknown to the patients. Results were scored both subjectively by patient assessment of symptoms and objectively by blinded review of videotapes made one month after each injection. Subjective improvement occurred after 79% of injections with botulinum toxin, regardless of dose of toxin. Only 1 patient improved after placebo. Objective improvement was seen after 84% of injections with botulinum toxin. No patient showed objective improvement after placebo injection. The most frequent side effect was facial weakness, seen after 97% of injections of botulinum toxin. Facial bruising (20%), diplopia (13%), ptosis (7%), and various other mild side effects were seen less frequently. Botulinum toxin appears to be an effective and safe method of therapy for hemifacial spasm.

Botulinum Toxins↗

PubMed1977

The use of myoelectric feedback in teaching facial expression to the blind.

Five blind subjects were provided with an auditory "mirror" of their facial activity by transducing myoelectric signals from facial muscles into sound. Expressions of happiness, surprise, and anger were defined primarily by involvement of the zygomaticus, the frontalis, and the corrugator, respectively. These muscles were connected through separate voltage-controlled oscilllators to separate loudspeakers, such that each muscle activated a different speaker. Motion pictures taken before and after training were assembled in random order and were shown to preselected judges who attempted to identify the expressions. The judges were correct significantly more often on the posttraining expressions. Appropriateness and adequacy of expressions, as rated by the judges, also improved significantly as a result of training.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Death time estimation in case work. II. Integration of different methods.

The mean value of the time of death is not reliable because of the great variability of the time-dependent criteria of dead bodies. However, it is possible to narrow down a reliable time period for a stated death by means of the lower and upper limits of error of different criteria. The external data of lividity, rigor, mechanical and electrical excitability of facial muscles and the chemical excitability of the iris have all been gathered from literature, chronologically arranged and clearly presented. After rectal temperature measurement and a corresponding nomogram reading, it is simple to choose other suitable criteria and to integrate them with the aid of a chart thus producing a rational and practical procedure for use at a scene of crime.

Facial Muscles↗

PubMed2002

Emotional responsiveness after low- and moderate-intensity exercise and seated rest.

PURPOSE: Few experiments have been conducted regarding the effects of exercise on emotional responsiveness. The aim of this experiment was to determine whether anxiety-reducing conditions of low- and moderate-intensity cycling exercise lead to changes in emotional responsiveness to pictures designed to elicit pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant emotions. METHODS: 24 healthy college women completed counterbalanced conditions of 25 min of low- and moderate-intensity cycling exercise and seated rest. Indices of emotional responsiveness, including the acoustic startle eyeblink and corrugator supercilii responses, as well as baseline corrugator supercilii electromyographic (EMG) activity, were measured immediately before and 20 min after each condition while participants viewed pleasant, neutral, and unpleasant pictures from the International Affective Picture System. RESULTS: State anxiety was significantly reduced 20 min after each condition. Startle response magnitude was modulated by the affective content of the pictures and was reduced after each condition in response to each type of picture. Baseline corrugator EMG activity did not change after seated rest but decreased in an exercise intensity-dependent fashion after cycling. Corrugator EMG responses during the pictures were not different between conditions or from pre- to post-conditions. CONCLUSION: The findings suggest that cycling exercise results in decreased baseline activity of facial muscles involved in the expression of emotion but does not lead to changes in appetitive or defensive responses to emotional stimuli. Furthermore, anxiolytic conditions of low- and moderate-intensity cycling exercise and seated rest are related to decreased startle magnitude in healthy college women.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Smiling and facial exercise.

The exercise program presented uses exercises to quickly build up the patient's facial muscles and confidence. It is an active process, and the patient must be encouraged to do the exercise to get the full and satisfactory effect. The dental office staff should be encouraged to follow this program too. The results will be noticed, and they can support the patients in doing these exercises. Smiles do much to improve the environment we work and live in.

Exercise Therapy↗

PubMed1982

Essential tremor and buccolinguofacial dyskinesias.

Essential tremor (ET) has been described in association with major dyskinesias, such as dystonia musculorum deformans, torticollis, and dystonic writer's cramp. In a series of 104 patients affected by ET, the incidence of buccolinguofacial dyskinesias (BLFD) has been investigated, including a comparison with another dyskinesia involving the facial muscles--mimic muscle tremor. The association of ET and BLFD may be casual; however, on the other hand, it might suggest the existence of a subgroup of patients suffering from a non-specific sign of motor control impairment, such as ET, in which other non-specific disorders of voluntary movement, such as BLFD, can gradually develop, particularly late in life.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1976

Motor impairment following blockade of the infraorbital nerve: implications for the use of anesthetization techniques in speech research.

Infraorbital nerve blocks were performed bilaterally in three subjects as a partial test of the hypothesis that some portion of the motor innervation to the facial muscles is provided in the trigeminal nerve. To ascertain the influence of this anesthetic procedure, the magnitude and rate of upper lip displacement (for speech and nonspeech tasks), the magnitude and rate of upper lip depression force, and diadochokinetic rate were transduced and recorded, both pre- and postanesthesia. All measures, along with bilateral muscle action potentials from orbicularis oris superior obtained for all force and displacement tasks, were reduced in magnitude as a function of the anesthetic condition. These findings, along with results from previous speech anesthetic studies, were interpreted to suggest that anesthesia of the infraorbital nerve produces measurable, if not substantial motor weakness in the supraoral musculature. The implications for previous studies, where anesthesia techniques have been employed, are discussed.

Adult↗