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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

The 1992 foot-and-mouth disease epizootic in the Kruger National Park.

The monitoring of a foot-and-mouth disease epizootic amongst impala (Aepyceros melampus) in the Kruger National Park is described. Infection rates of different sex and age classes of impala within the outbreak focus were determined. Seroprevalence rates in other clovenhoofed species were also determined. RNA sequencing of a portion of the 1D gene of viruses isolated from SAT-2 viruses obtained from diseased impala showed that they were unrelated to previous SAT-2 isolates made from animals in the Kruger National Park.

Age Distribution↗
PubMed2002

Regional status and approaches to control and eradication of foot and mouth disease in the Middle East and North Africa.

The Middle East is regarded as the region of the world most heavily affected by foot and mouth disease (FMD). The situation in the Middle East and North Africa constitutes a threat to other regions of the world, especially Europe. Risk management differs between North Africa and the Middle East due to different epidemiological situations. In the Middle East, the national cattle population is the principal target of preventive vaccination. Vaccination is used as a tool for preventing economic losses due to the disease, rather than as a means to prevent the spread of the infection. In North Africa, as FMD occurs almost cyclically, management is more focused on emergency preparedness and limitation of the spread of the disease upon diagnosis, as well as on effective control measures based on quarantine and mass vaccination. To reduce future outbreaks of FMD in the countries of the two regions, a common strategic programme should be adopted, based on effective regional co-operation at many levels. This should be complemented by efforts to restructure and consolidate the national Veterinary Services.

Africa, Northern↗
PubMed2005

A novel genetic lineage differentiating RT-PCR as a useful tool in molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease in India.

Comparison of nucleotide sequences at the VP1 coding region of foot-and-mouth disease serotype Asia1 viruses from India has revealed two genetic lineages with emergence of a genetically divergent group in recent years. In this study a simple, fast, relatively costeffective multi-primer RT-PCR assay to differentiate genetic lineages of type Asia1 viruses was developed. Efforts were made in the design of novel lineage-specific primers and in optimization of the multi-primer assay protocol in conjunction with the use of the serotype specific primer for confirmation of serotype Asia1 virus. This assay promises to be an effective tool in molecular epidemiological investigation of FMD in the country.

Capsid Proteins↗
PubMed1976

Cell-free translation of foot-and-mouth disease virus RNA into identifiable non-capsid and capsid proteins.

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (a member of the picornavirus group) RNA could be translated effectively in an S-30 extract from Ehrlich ascites tumour cells. This translation was inhibited by aurintricarboxylic acid, cycloheximide, puromycin and RNase. Cell-free products of translation were identified by disc gel electrophoresis and immunoprecipitation with specific antisera. Gel electrophoresis of the products without prior immunoprecipitation suggested the synthesis of some of the non-capsid proteins and capsid proteins VP1, VP2 and VP3 of the virus. Immunoprecipitations with antisera against whole virus and VP3 indicated the synthesis of VP3 and of at least two additional peptides of 100 000 and 56 000 daltons containing antigenic sites of VP3. Gel electrophoresis after immunoprecipitation with antiserum against virus infection-associated antigen indicated the synthesis of a different 56 000-dalton protein appearing to resemble non-capsid protein NCVP5. The amount of foot-and-mouth disease virus and VP3-specific peptides in the virus RNA-directed products were measured by immunoprecipitation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

[Use of anti-foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in oil adjuvant in young cattle].

A comparative study of the activity of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines, both aqueous- and oil-adjuvanted, was carried out on young bovines from vaccinated mothers. The immunity of these animals against foot-and-mouth disease was controlled after the first vaccination and booster by serology (neutralizing antibody count and immunology virulence testing). After having followed the kinetics of decrease in seroneutralizing antibodies of maternal origin the animals were vaccinated at the age of 11 weeks either with aqueous-adjuvanted or oil-adjuvanted vaccine. A booster dose was given two months later. Blood samples were taken at regular intervals and two virulence tests were made, one 21 days after the first vaccination and the other six months after the booster dose.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
PubMed2005

A survey to investigate movements off sheep and cattle farms in New Zealand, with reference to the potential transmission of foot-and-mouth disease.

AIM: To quantify the numbers and extent of movements off sheep and cattle farms in New Zealand, in order to construct more realistic simulation models to investigate how infectious diseases such as foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) might spread. METHODS: Farmers from 500 randomly selected farms, comprising 100 from each of the following sectors, viz beef, dairy, grazing/dairy heifer rearing, sheep, and mixed sheep and beef, were asked to fill in diaries in which they recorded the movements of all animals, products, people, vehicles and equipment coming on to or leaving their farms during two separate 3-week periods, representing relatively 'busy' and 'quiet' times of the year with respect to livestock movements. Where possible, the destination of each movement was identified and geo-coded, to allow the distance travelled to be calculated. Each movement was then classified according to the risk of transfer of FMD virus (FMDV), should the disease have been present on the study farm at the time of the movement. The data were then analysed to establish movement frequencies and distributions of distances travelled, by the different pastoral livestock sectors. RESULTS: Two hundred and seventeen farmers returned one or more diaries. One hundred and ninety-three farmers completed a Busy-period diary, recording a total of 12,052 movements off their farms, a crude average of 62.4 per 3-week period, or 2.97 per day. Of these, 4.0% involved the transport of livestock, equating to 0.12 livestock consignments per day. In contrast, 186 Quiet-period diaries were returned, recording a total of 10,885 movements off, representing a crude average of 58.5 during the 3-week period, or 2.78 per day. Of these, 2.1% involved livestock, equating to 0.06 livestock consignments per day. The mean and median distances travelled during the Busy periods were 30.9 km and 13.1 km, respectively (range 0-1,167 km). In comparison, the mean and median distances travelled during Quiet periods were 41.3 and 14 km, respectively (range 0.4-1,203 km). CONCLUSIONS: People, vehicles, livestock and other items can travel off pastoral livestock farms in New Zealand to other farms either directly or via saleyards over extensive distances. This has implications for the potential spread of infectious diseases such as FMD. Movement parameters intended for use in the InterSpread Plus inter-farm simulation model of FMD were established, which will facilitate the prediction of likely spread and efficacy of controls in the unlikely event of a real-life outbreak.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Development of synthetic peptide ELISA based on nonstructural protein 2C of foot and mouth disease virus.

It was reported that the sera of convalescent animals contain antibodies to foot and mouth disease (FMD) virus (FMDV) 2C, highly conserved nonstructural protein (NSP), whereas the sera of vaccinated animals do not. But ELISA methods using this protein were not reported and developed until recently. In this study, NSP 2C peptides were synthesized within the amino acid sequence of the conserved 2C nonstructural region of FMDV according to the sequences from Genbank database and used for identifying antigenic determinants. One of the synthesized thirteen peptides gave strong positive reactivity with most of the sera from 13 FMD infected farms, but not with sera from vaccinated and non-infected animals. Moreover, with the sera collected through serial bleedings from four cattle and five goats infected with FMDV O/SKR/2000 experimentally, positive results were obtained in two species after 10 days post infection (DPI). Therefore, we tried to develop and evaluate this ELISA based on 2C peptides. In comparison with the commercial NSP ELISA, the 2C peptide based ELISA method showed good specificity and sensitivity. These results demonstrate that the synthetic 2C peptide ELISA can be a complementary marker to differentiate FMDV-infected from vaccinated on a herd basis.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparable sensitivity and specificity in three commercially available ELISAs to differentiate between cattle infected with or vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Three commercially available ELISAs for the detection of antibodies to the non-structural proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) were evaluated, using sera from uninfected, vaccinated, infected, inoculated, first vaccinated and subsequently infected, and first vaccinated and subsequently inoculated cattle. We compared antibody kinetics to non-structural proteins, sensitivity, and specificity. One of the ELISAs had a higher sensitivity and much lower specificity than the other two, therefore we established standardised cutoff values for the compared assays using receiver operated characteristic (ROC) curves. Using the standardised cutoff values, all three ELISAs produced comparable results with respect to sensitivity and specificity. Antibody development to non-structural proteins after infection and after vaccination/infection was not significantly different. Development of antibodies, however, both neutralising and directed to non-structural proteins, was significantly delayed after intranasal inoculation as compared to intradermolingual infection. Based on results of sera obtained after vaccination and experimental infection all three assays can be used for testing sera collected between 4 weeks and 6 months after infection. More information is needed on the prevalence of positive reactors in a situation where emergency vaccination has been used and FMD transmission was still observed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Foot-and-mouth disease: host range and pathogenesis.

In this chapter the host range of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) under natural and experimental conditions is reviewed. The routes and sites of infection, incubation periods and clinical and pathological findings are described and highlighted in relation to progress in understanding the pathogenesis of FMD.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing: determination and statistical validation of a model using a serological approach.

European foot-and-mouth disease vaccine manufacturers are required to quantify the efficacy of their product in accordance with the European Pharmacopoeia (EP). The method used most often to establish the potency of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines requires viral challenge of vaccinated cattle. Alternative approaches, such as challenge-free serological assessments have many advantages over existing methods and could be used if robust statistical models could be developed that related antibody titres to protection from challenge. Logistic regression analysis of data from two independent research laboratories, representing six of the seven main serotypes of FMD, permitted the parameterisation of these models and indicated that a significant relationship existed between antibody titre and probability of protection. Furthermore, no significant differences were observed in the parameters of logistic models fitted to different strains within the serotypes A, O, and SAT-3, or when strains from serotypes A, O, and Asia-1, or SAT-1 and SAT-3, were combined. However, significant differences in the model parameters did exist between different laboratories. Using these models a bootstrap analysis suggested that for vaccines that induced consistently high titres, as few as six to eight individual animals could be used to establish with confidence the minimum protective doses that would protect 50% of vaccinated animals. We conclude that a serologically evaluated truncated test that eliminates the need to virus challenge cattle is a credible alternative for quantifying vaccine potency.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Predicting herd protection against foot-and-mouth disease by testing individual and bulk tank milk samples.

Four groups of cattle were tested for antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) virus type O(1) over three 70 day vaccination cycles using the liquid-phase-blocking-ELISA (LPBE). First lactation cows showed the lowest titres and group protection levels (GPLs) against FMD virus strains with 'r' values < or =0.5 while second lactation animals gave the highest results. When mean serum titres for each group and sampling date were plotted against GPL a strong correlation was found. Revaccination was indicated at a mean titre of approximately log10 2.88 (1:760; R=0.93; n=86) if the herd was threatened by field strains with an 'r' value of 0.25, or log10 2.62 (1:420; R=0.83; n=48) if this ratio was 0.5. Significant overall correlation (R=0.53; n=624) was obtained between serum titres and milk IgG(1) results derived from the modified specific isotype assay (SIA). Milk titres equivalent to 1:100, 1:200, 1:400 and 1:800 were 1:3.8, 1:6.3, 1:10.4 and 1:17.1, respectively, in first lactation cows. Bulk tank milk samples demonstrated a repeating pattern of results corresponding to the vaccination cycle with no titre lower than log10 1.05 (1:11). Colostrum from first lactation animals showed mean SIA results of log10 4.06 (1:11,480) and early milk titres only levelled off approximately 11 days post partum (dpp).

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Secretory antibody responses in cattle infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus.

Antibody responses in serum, saliva, nasal secretions, or esophageal-pharyngeal fluid of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected steers were examined by single radial immunodiffusion and mouse-neutralization tests. In steers infected with type O foot-and-mouth disease virus, high serum antibody titers were detected within 10 days after infection. Antibody was first detected in saliva at 30 days and gradually increased to a plateau at about 90 days. Small amounts of antibody continued to be secreted in saliva and in nasal secretions for at least 6 months. Antibody was not detected in esophageal-pharyngeal fluid. The major antibody activity in secretions was due to secretory immunoglobulin A as revealed by radioimmunoelectrophoresis.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Foot and mouth disease and livestock husbandry practices in the Adamawa Province of Cameroon.

Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious viral disease of even-toed ungulates and is endemic in most of the tropics. A cross-sectional study using a stratified, two-stage random sample design was undertaken in the Adamawa Province of Cameroon. The objectives were to measure the reported herd-level prevalence of FMD and a range of husbandry practices important for its transmission. The owner-reported prevalence for the previous 12 months was 57.9% (50.4-65.4%), although there was a significant variation across the Province. During the previous dry season, 46.5% (38.6-54.4%) of herds had gone on transhumance. Herds had high numbers of contacts with other herds while on transhumance (98.6%), at pasture (95.8%) and at night (74.4%), with medians of 7-10, 4-6 and 1-3 daily contacts, respectively. The high level of endemic FMD and potential for disease spread presents a significant challenge for control and eradication. Locally sustainable methods need to be developed upon which larger regional control programmes could be built in the future.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1989

Fatal rhabdomyolysis and renal failure associated with hand, foot and mouth disease.

Fatal severe rhabdomyolysis and anuric renal failure developed in a young man who had contracted hand, foot and mouth disease during an epidemic of this disease. Viral studies implicated coxsackievirus A16 as the infecting agent. This appears to be the first reported case of rhabdomyolysis that was associated with hand, foot and mouth disease and infection with coxsackievirus A16.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Risks of spreading foot and mouth disease through milk and dairy products.

A review of epidemics of foot and mouth disease (FMD) has highlighted the important role which raw (untreated) milk can play in the spread of the disease in a country which is normally free of FMD and whose cattle are not routinely vaccinated. The greatest hazard is likely to be in the early stages of an outbreak, before disease control measures have been implemented. The spread of FMD through milk can be prevented by the effective application of control measures combined with 'codes of practice' for the treatment of potentially infected milk. The author considers the probable mechanisms of transmission of FMD by milk and dairy products. These mechanisms are based on the quantities of virus excreted in milk, the survival of the virus under various management and manufacturing conditions and the minimum doses required to initiate infection in susceptible animals by different routes. The key points for consideration when making a risk assessment of the importation of milk and dairy products are also discussed.

Animals↗