"Disclosure of retail prices for prescription drugs". Response of the American Pharmaceutical Association to the June 14, 1974, inquiry of the Federal Trade Commission.
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Results for “Federated analysis”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
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International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry and International Federation of Clinical Chemistry.
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Chemistry, Clinical↗
Academic institutions get most federal medical research money.
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Costs and Cost Analysis↗
[Education in the federal republic].
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Costs and Cost Analysis↗
[A comparative study of the macro- and trace element composition of the head hair in the inhabitants of Latin America and the population of the Russian Federation from the forensic medical aspect].
The purpose of this study was analysis of forensic medical aspects of macro- and trace element composition of hairs of the head in the residents of Mexico, Ecuador, Bolivia, Brazil, Columbia and changes in this characteristic during adaptation to conditions of Central Russia. One of our tasks was to define expert criteria for differentiation between the hairs belonging to residents of these countries and Russia. A total of 136 hairs were examined by spectral approximated quantitative analysis using DFS-13 spectrographer. The detected regularity consisted in the following: adaptation of residents of Latin America to conditions of Central Russia was associated with disappearance of some elements and appearance of other ones characteristic of residents of Central Russia (Byelorussians, Russians, Ukrainians).
Adaptation, Physiological↗
On the efficiency of public, welfare and private hospitals in Germany over time: a sectoral data envelopment analysis study.
This paper examines the efficiency of the German hospital sector over time and the relative efficiency of public, welfare (both nonprofit) and private (for-profit) hospital sectors using data from the Federal Statistics Office of German hospitals. Efficiency scores were computed using data envelopment analysis. The absolute efficiency of the hospital sector as a whole was found to have improved between 1991 and 1996. In this comparison, the empirical results showed that the hospitals in the public and welfare sector are relatively more efficient than private hospitals. Our results suggest that public, welfare and private hospital sectors have different best-practice frontiers; and that public and welfare hospital sectors appear to use relatively fewer resources than private hospitals. These results suggest differences in quality of care arising from ownership.
Efficiency, Organizational↗
Biopipe: a flexible framework for protocol-based bioinformatics analysis.
We identify several challenges facing bioinformatics analysis today. Firstly, to fulfill the promise of comparative studies, bioinformatics analysis will need to accommodate different sources of data residing in a federation of databases that, in turn, come in different formats and modes of accessibility. Secondly, the tsunami of data to be handled will require robust systems that enable bioinformatics analysis to be carried out in a parallel fashion. Thirdly, the ever-evolving state of bioinformatics presents new algorithms and paradigms in conducting analysis. This means that any bioinformatics framework must be flexible and generic enough to accommodate such changes. In addition, we identify the need for introducing an explicit protocol-based approach to bioinformatics analysis that will lend rigorousness to the analysis. This makes it easier for experimentation and replication of results by external parties. Biopipe is designed in an effort to meet these goals. It aims to allow researchers to focus on protocol design. At the same time, it is designed to work over a compute farm and thus provides high-throughput performance. A common exchange format that encapsulates the entire protocol in terms of the analysis modules, parameters, and data versions has been developed to provide a powerful way in which to distribute and reproduce results. This will enable researchers to discuss and interpret the data better as the once implicit assumptions are now explicitly defined within the Biopipe framework.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Cancer mortality, recent trends and perspectives.
Considering that a register for cancer was established in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina only recently, basic reliable source for the analysis of cancer mortality trends are the data on death cases caused by such diseases. Lack of census as well as standardized mortality rate data makes the study even more difficult to make. The aim of the study is the analysis of the malign diseases trend in the post-war period according to the available data. The study is the descriptive work on the analysis of the system using linear regression methods for expected trend for the total population and age group from 0 to 64 years. Registered rate of cancer mortality in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2004 was 142 per 100000 inhabitants, and indicates input stream in the analyzed period. Total increase in mortality of males and females is 2.5% per year. It is expected that in 2020 around 5000 inhabitants of Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina will die of some malign disease. Trend of mortality of malign diseases in males is higher than in females and more probable in older population. There is a tendency of mortality decrease in the group of 0-64 years of age. Mortality list of the most frequent locations of cancer has undergone changes. Liver cancer, colon cancer, sigma and rectum cancer as well as lung and breast cancer lead the list. Objective ageing of the population, technological drawbacks, insufficient primary and secondary prevention worsened by socio-economic life conditions will affect the increase in number of people with malign diseases in Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Adolescent↗
Race/ethnicity and OMB Directive 15: implications for state public health practice.
OBJECTIVES: This study assessed the impact of the Office of Management and Budget's (OMB's) 1997 revised standards for the collection of race and ethnicity data on state health departments, using the Massachusetts Department of Public Health (MDPH) as the primary example, and we make recommendations for states' implementation of these standards. METHODS: After analyzing the revised OMB standards, existing MDPH data sets were assessed for the impact of the revised standards on data collection, tabulation, analysis, and reporting for state health departments. RESULTS: The revised OMB standards will have an impact on the MDPH and other state health departments. Similarities and differences exist between federal and state health agencies regarding the purpose of data collection, tabulation, analysis, and reporting. These similarities and differences will affect state implementation of the revised OMB standards. CONCLUSIONS: States need to plan for the implementation of the revised OMB standards and to understand the impact of this revision on the collecting and reporting of public health data. The revised OMB standards will introduce added complexities to the collection and analysis of race and ethnicity data, but they will also produce a more nuanced understanding of the relationship of race and ethnicity to the health of the American people.
Data Collection↗
Targeted ORF8-N Sanger Sequencing as a SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance Contingency During Supply Shortages.
BACKGROUND: Global shortages of next-generation sequencing (NGS) reagents threatened SARS-CoV-2 genomic surveillance in low- and middle-income countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: During the 2021 NGS reagent shortages, we implemented targeted ORF8-N Sanger sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 variant surveillance in Brazilian public health laboratories. RESULTS: In silico analysis of whole-genome sequencing (WGS)-derived SARS-CoV-2 genomes from the Federal District, Brazil, showed that the ORF8-N target discriminated the major 2021 lineages (Gamma and Delta) and enabled analysis of ˃300 samples despite constrained NGS access. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted ORF8-N Sanger sequencing was a useful temporary contingency during NGS reagent shortages but offered lower phylogenetic resolution than WGS.
SARS-CoV-2↗
Predictors of cerebral infarction in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.
BACKGROUND: Clinical and radiologic predictors of cerebral infarction occurrence and location after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage have been seldom studied. METHODS: We evaluated all patients admitted to our hospital with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage between 1998 and 2000. Cerebral infarction was defined as a new hypodensity located in a vascular distribution on computed tomography (CT) scan. RESULTS: Fifty-seven of 143 patients (40%) developed a cerebral infarction. On univariate analysis, occurrence of cerebral infarction was associated with a worse World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade (P=0.01), use of ventriculostomy catheter (P=0.01), preoperative vasospasm (P=0.03), surgical clipping (P=0.02), symptomatic vasospasm (P<0.01), and vasospasm on transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) or repeat angiogram (P<0.01). On multivariable analysis, only presence of symptoms ascribed to vasospasm (P<0.01) and evidence of vasospasm on TCD or angiogram predicted cerebral infarction (P<0.01). TCD and angiogram agreed on the diagnosis of vasospasm in 73% of cases (95% CI, 63% to 81%), but the diagnostic accuracy of this combination of tests was suboptimal for the prediction of cerebral infarction occurrence (sensitivity, 0.72; specificity, 0.68; positive predictive value, 0.67; negative predictive value, 0.72). Location of the cerebral infarction on delayed CT was predicted by neurological symptoms in 74%, by aneurysm location in 77%, and by angiographic vasospasm in 67%. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence of vasospasm on TCD and angiogram is predictive of cerebral infarction on CT scan but sensitivity and specificity are suboptimal. Cerebral infarction location cannot be predicted in one quarter to one third of patients by any of the studied clinical or radiological variables.
Adult↗
The economic burden of schizophrenia in Canada in 2004.
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the financial burden of schizophrenia in Canada in 2004. METHODS: A prevalence-based cost-of-illness (COI) approach was used. The primary sources of information for the study included a review of the published literature, a review of published reports and documents, secondary analysis of administrative datasets, and information collected directly from various federal and provincial government programs and services. The literature review included publications up to April 2005 reported in MedLine, EMBASE and PsychINFO. Where specific information from a province was not available, the method of mean substitution from other provinces was used. Costs incurred by various levels/departments of government were separated into healthcare and non-healthcare costs. Also included in the analysis was the value of lost productivity for premature mortality and morbidity associated with schizophrenia. Sensitivity analysis was used to test major cost assumptions used in the analysis. Where possible, all resource utilization estimates for the financial burden of schizophrenia were obtained for 2004 and are expressed in 2004 Canadian dollars (CAN dollars). RESULTS: The estimated number of persons with schizophrenia in Canada in 2004 was 234 305 (95% CI, 136 201-333 402). The direct healthcare and non-healthcare costs were estimated to be 2.02 billion CAN dollars in 2004. There were 374 deaths attributed to schizophrenia. This combined with the high unemployment rate due to schizophrenia resulted in an additional productivity morbidity and mortality loss estimate of 4.83 billion CAN dollars, for a total cost estimate in 2004 of 6.85 billion CAN dollars. By far the largest component of the total cost estimate was for productivity losses associated with morbidity in schizophrenia (70% of total costs) and the results showed that total cost estimates were most sensitive to alternative assumptions regarding the additional unemployment due to schizophrenia in Canada. CONCLUSIONS: Despite significant improvements in the past decade in pharmacotherapy, programs and services available for patients with schizophrenia, the economic burden of schizophrenia in Canada remains high. The most significant factor affecting the cost of schizophrenia in Canada is lost productivity due to morbidity. Programs targeted at improving patient symptoms and functioning to increase workforce participation has the potential to make a significant contribution in reducing the cost of this severe mental illness in Canada.
Adolescent↗
Economic impact analysis for certificate of need applications.
State certificate of need laws to assess the appropriateness of capital expenditures by health care providers are now mandatory for states which desire federal funds. The cost-effectiveness of proposed projects must be identified. The economic impact analysis outlined here provides for review of the capital and operating costs of and the resource demands made by a proposal. The approach presented provides for a sequential series of increasingly sophisticated analyses required as projects become more complex and use more highly technical resources.
Capital Expenditures↗
Molecular epidemiology of adenovirus type 21 in the Netherlands and the Federal Republic of Germany from 1960 to 1985.
After a period of high prevalence in the early 1960s, adenovirus serotype 21 (Ad21) was identified in The Netherlands only very sporadically for more than 20 years. From December 1984 to July 1985, Ad21 was isolated relatively often from hospitalized children living in different parts of The Netherlands. The patients in question suffered from respiratory, gastrointestinal, meningeal, or ocular disorders. An increase in the incidence of Ad21 infections was also observed in the Federal Republic of Germany during this period. The DNAs of 93 isolates of Ad21 were subjected to restriction enzyme analysis with eight endonucleases. All 50 strains isolated in The Netherlands between 1960 and 1963 proved to be DNA variant Ad21/D2/20655/Netherlands/60. This variant has already been described (T. Adrian, R. Wigand, and J. C. Hierholzer, Arch. Virol. 84:79-89, 1985) as typical for the Ad21 strains circulating since 1960. Analysis of the DNAs of the 28 Ad21 strains isolated in The Netherlands or in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1984 and 1985 showed them to belong to two new, closely related DNA variants designated Ad21/D7/1857/Netherlands/84 and Ad21/D8/5398/Netherlands/85. The BglI and KpnI restriction profiles were characteristic for these recent DNA variants.
Adenoviridae Infections↗
Traditional versus hazard analysis and critical control point-based inspection: results from a poultry slaughter project.
Federal meat and poultry inspection has changed little since the Federal Meat Inspection Act was passed in 1906, followed by the Poultry Products Inspection Act of 1957 and related amendments. These acts mandate sensory or organoleptic (sight, smell, and touch) inspection of all carcasses. For several decades, the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) has been urged by various organizations to move to a scientific, risk-based inspection system. In partial response to these calls, the FSIS has developed new slaughter inspection models that are currently being tested with volunteer plants in the hazard analysis and critical control point (HACCP)-based inspection models project. To evaluate whether plants operating under the new inspection models perform at least as well as they did under the current or traditional system, microbial and organoleptic data are being collected before and after the implementation of the new inspection models. In this article, we describe the baseline and models data collection procedures and present the results of the baseline and models data collection for eight plants that slaughter young chickens. The results from the first eight volunteer plants suggest that inspection under the new models is equivalent and in some ways superior to that of traditional inspection. This pilot project suggests that new slaughter inspection systems, which rely on HACCP principles with FSIS oversight and verification services, can maintain or even improve food safety and other consumer protection conditions relative to traditional hands-on inspection methods.
Animals↗
The beneficial impact of automation on a MR and admission department.
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Admitting Department, Hospital↗
Multivariate analysis of oral hygiene data from a representative sample.
BACKGROUND: This analysis was based on an oral health survey with dental examination and interview by questionnaire. METHOD: The data set comprised a representative random sample of the over 14-year-old residents of the German Federal State of Saxony (n=714), in which a multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted. The dependent variable was the debris index (DI) score of the oral hygiene index scoring system. The subjects were split into 2 groups by dividing DI scores into tertiles: those with acceptable oral hygiene (1st tertile, DI 0.00< or =1.20) and unacceptable oral hygiene (2nd and 3rd tertile, DI>1.20). The most important explanatory variable was the community periodontal index of treatment need (CPITN). RESULTS: The higher the CPITN score, the lower the probability of acceptable oral hygiene. In relation to the reference category score 0, higher CPITN scores were associated with acceptable oral hygiene, with an odds ratio 0.05 (95% confidence interval (CI)=0.01-0.23) for CPITN score 1, and an odds ratio 0.02 (95% CI: 0.01-0.08) for score 4. Further significant variables were: self-evaluation of tooth condition, gender, and the number of missing teeth.
Adolescent↗
The role of adjuvant radiation and multiple resection within the surgical management of brain metastases.
Cerebral metastases occur in 25% to 35% of all cancer patients. The advances in systemic and topical treatment as well as the rising incidence of lung cancer and melanomas are associated with an increasing incidence of cerebral metastases. More than 20,000 patients die every year in the Federal Republic of Germany of this disease. This retrospective analysis covers 145 patients who underwent surgery. Survival analysis of different subgroups was performed. The patients were grouped according to their clinical status and the different therapeutical procedures which were performed. Group A, consisting of all those patients where a gross total resection could be performed and where no systemic disease was apparent at the time of craniotomy showed the best results, having the highest portion of long term survivors. Group B, consisting of those patients who underwent a subtotal resection and who had no systemic disease at the time of craniotomy, had a worse outcome. Group C patients (gross total resection and systemic disease) as well as Group D (subtotal resection and systemic disease) presented the poorest results with respect to survival. A benefit was mediated by adjuvant radiation as well as multiple resections. Surgery is the method of choice for the treatment of a single metastasis. Advances in microsurgery nowadays sometimes justify even the removal of multiple metastases, depending on their location, on the general condition of the patient and on prognosis.
Adult↗