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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Capsaicin effects on brain-derived neurotrophic factor in rat dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord.

The effects of capsaicin systemically administered in adult rats, with the major focus on the expression of brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) and its mRNA in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord, has been investigated by means of immunohistochemistry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions. The percentage of BDNF-immunoreactive neurons in the L5 DRG was found to increase significantly 1 day after capsaicin injection. Subsequently, it decreased slowly returning to near normal levels 1 week later. Four weeks post-injection, a significant reduction to below normal levels was observed. The temporal pattern of BDNF mRNA expression in the DRG was similar to BDNF-immunoreactivity. In the spinal cord, 1 and 3 days post-injection, no changes in the expression of the BDNF-immunoreactive axonal fibers was noted. However, the expression had decreased significantly after 1 and 4 weeks. The mechanism by which capsaicin induces changes in expression of BDNF in DRG neurons and the functional significance of the rapid increase in BDNF levels in the DRG is discussed briefly.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Localization of opiate and histamine H1-receptors in the primate sensory ganglia and spinal cord.

The autoradiographic localizations of opiate and histamine H1-receptors were studied quantitatively and compared following dorsal root section in the primate spinal cord. High densities of opiate and H1-receptors were found in the superficial layers of the dorsal horn. Dorsal root section produced a 40-50% loss of both receptors types throughout layers I and II with no loss in deeper layers of the dorsal horn. "Bursts' of opiate and H1-receptor labelling was observed over a population of small diameter cells (35-45 micron or micrometer) in the primate dorsal root ganglion. These cells represented approximately 8% of the total cells present. Serial consecutive sections demonstrated a population of cells bearing both opiate and histamine H1-receptors.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

The effects of pregnancy and estrogen on the expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in the uterine cervix, dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord.

Before parturition the uterine cervix undergoes a ripening process ("softens" and dilates) to allow passage of the fetus at term. The exact mechanism(s) responsible for cervical ripening are unknown, though a role for peptidergic sensory neurons is emerging. Previous work demonstrated that administration of substance P (SP) to ovariectomized rats caused events associated with cervical ripening, that production of SP in cervix-related dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is estrogen responsive, and that release of SP from neurons terminating in the cervix and spinal cord peaks prior to parturition. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a neuropeptide co-stored with SP in many sensory neurons, undergoes changes with pregnancy and hormonal environment. Immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) were used to investigate CGRP in L6-S1 DRG, spinal cord and cervix during pregnancy and the role of estrogen in CGRP synthesis. CGRP-immunoreactive primary sensory neurons expressed estrogen receptors (ER-alpha and ER-beta). In the cervix, CGRP concentrations decreased, but in the L6-S1 DRG and the spinal cord segments, CGRP levels increased, with peak effects observed at day 20 of gestation. CGRP mRNA synthesis increased in DRG over pregnancy. Sensory neurons of ovariectomized rats treated with estrogen showed increased CGRP mRNA synthesis in a dose-related manner, an effect blocked by the ER antagonist ICI 182 780. From these results, we postulate that synthesis of CGRP in L6-S1 DRG and utilization in the cervix increase over pregnancy and this synthesis is the under influence of the estrogen-ER system. Collectively, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that CGRP plays a role in cervical ripening and, consequently in the birth process.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Regulation of expression of galanin and galanin receptors in dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord after axotomy and inflammation.

Galanin can normally be detected only in a few dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, but it is dramatically upregulated after peripheral nerve injury in both rat and monkey. Galanin is stored in large dense core vesicles, which after axotomy are often found close to the membrane of afferent nerve endings in the dorsal horn. In the monkey there is an increase in galanin in many nerve terminals in the superficial dorsal horn after axotomy, but such an increase is more difficult to detect in the rat. Galanin is also present in local dorsal horn neurons, where it is upregulated by peripheral inflammation. Both galanin-R1 and galanin-R2 receptor mRNAs are expressed in rat DRGs, mainly in, respectively, large and small DRG neurons. Galanin-R1 receptor mRNA is downregulated in DRG neurons after axotomy, and a small decrease in galanin-R2 receptor mRNA levels can also be seen. After peripheral tissue inflammation galanin-R1 receptor mRNA levels decrease and galanin-R2 receptor mRNA levels increase. The present results show that galanin and galanin receptors are present in sensory and local dorsal horn neurons and are regulated by nerve injury and inflammation. Galanin may therefore be involved in processing of pain information, primarily exerting analgesic effects. Whereas local dorsal horn neurons represent a defense system against inflammatory pain, we have proposed that a second defense system, against neuropathic pain, is intrinsic to DRG neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Histological study of the progression of herpes simplex virus in mice.

The progress of an experimental infection with Herpesvirus hominis type 1 was studied in newborn mice inoculated into the foot pad of the hind leg. To trace the viral antigen, the unlabeled antibody enzyme PAP (peroxidase/antiperoxidase) method was employed. The virus antigen appeared first in the epidermal and connective tissue cells of the inoculation site, and then progressed along the sciatic nerve. This nerve was studied by electron microscopy and showed active multiplication within the Schwann cells, with the production of virions, some of which were found in the intercellular spaces. No intra-axonal particles were observed. The infection then spread to the spinal ganglia and to the spinal cord. In this progression, the pia mater appeared to play an important role. From the spinal cord, the infection spread to the encephalon. The present study supports a mixed route for the neural transport of herpes simplex virus: a) by cell-to-cell transmission (Schwann and connective tissue cells in the sciatic nerve; meningeal cells, neurons and glial cells in the CNS); b) by a passive motion of the virions along the intercellular spaces. The inoculated virus also gave rise to viremia with viral multiplication in several viscera.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Development and optimization of herpes simplex virus vectors for multiple long-term gene delivery to the peripheral nervous system.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) has often been suggested as a suitable vector for gene delivery to the peripheral nervous system as it naturally infects sensory nerve terminals before retrograde transport to the cell body in the spinal ganglia where latency is established. HSV vectors might therefore be particularly appropriate for the study and treatment of chronic pain following vector administration by relatively noninvasive peripheral routes. However parameters allowing safe and efficient gene delivery to spinal ganglia following peripheral vector inoculation, or the long-term expression of delivered genes, have not been comprehensively studied. We have identified combinations of deletions from the HSV genome which allow highly efficient gene delivery to spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) following either footpad or sciatic nerve injection. These vectors have ICP34.5 deleted and have inactivating mutations in vmw65. We also report that peripheral replication is probably necessary for the efficient establishment of latency in vivo, as fully replication-incompetent HSV vectors allow efficient gene expression in DRGs only after peripheral inoculation at a high virus dose. Very low transduction efficiencies are otherwise achieved. In parallel, promoters have been developed that allow the long-term expression of individual or pairs of genes in DRGs by using elements from the latently active region of the virus to confer a long-term activity onto a number of promoters which otherwise function only in the short term. This work further defines elements and mechanisms within the latently active region that are necessary for long-term gene expression and for the first time allows multiple inserted genes to be expressed from HSV vectors during latency.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The neuronal endomembrane system. III. The origins of the axoplasmic reticulum and discrete axonal cisternae at the axon hillock.

The axoplasmic reticulum (AR) and the discrete element (e.g., vesicles, vesiculotubular bodies, multivesicular bodies, etc.) constitute the endomembrane system of the axon. It is reported here that the AR of bullfrog sciatic nerve readily fills with osmium deposits during osmium impregnation. In contrast, the discrete elements and mitochondria are highly resistant to impregnation. Hence this preparation is well suited to address the nature of possible interactions between AR and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) in the axon hillock. It is also ideal to study the origin of the axonal discrete elements within the cell body as well as their interaction with other somal endomembrane system components. Tissues used in the present study were spinal ganglia, sciatic nerve, and spinal roots from Rana catesbeiana. Thick sections (1 to 2 microm) of this material were studied by high voltage electron microscopy. In some cases, osmium impregnation was followed by en bloc staining with lead aspartate. This made visible membranous structures that had not filled with osmium deposits during impregnation. Serial 170-nm-thick sections of this latter material were prepared and serial stereo pair electron micrographs of axon hillocks were collected. These were used to reconstruct three-dimensionally the AR and to study its relationship with RER and with discrete elements. The impregnated AR within the axon hillock was found to terminate as many proximally pointing finger-like projections. A large portion of these projections were found to form connections with RER. Some, however, terminated as true blind endings. Single unimpregnated discrete cisternae were found throughout the cytoplasm of the cell body, axon hillock, and axon. Large clusters of unimpregnated vesicles were usually found in close association with the trans face of the Golgi apparatus. These results indirectly support the hypothesis that vectors of fast axonal transport, namely the discrete elements, form directly at the trans face of the Golgi apparatus. From here they move toward and subsequently down the axon without any membrane fission-fusion events with either RER or AR. AR, although it forms continuities with RER, retains a distinctly different chemical composition from RER as evidenced by its much higher affinity for osmium. Thus, it should be considered as an endomembrane component separate from, although intimately related to the RER.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[Ultrastructure of various ganglia of autonomic nervous system of the human embryo at the beginning of the mediator stage of ontogeny].

Neural ganglia of the heart and stomach, paravertebral and spinal ganglia have been studied electron microscopically in 8-10-week-old human embryos. Amateur neurons in the ganglia are at various stages of differentiation and sometimes they are not divided with glia. In the cardiac ganglia the most mature neural elements are defined, comparing to other ganglia studied. It is demonstrated both in the developmental degree of cellular organelles, including those of the granular endoplasmic reticulum, and in manifestation of the glial tunic. Synaptic contacts at the stage of their formation are revealed in the intracardiac and sympathetic (paraventral) neural ganglia.

Ganglia, Autonomic↗
PubMed1978

Latent herpes simplex virus in ganglia of mice after primary infection and reinoculation at a distant site.

Herpes simplex virus (HSV)-infected hairless mice with evidence of latent infection in spinal ganglia did not develop latent HSV infections in trigeminal ganglia upon reinfection in the oro-facial area. HSV-infected and PAA-treated mice without evidence of latent HSV infection in spinal ganglia were resistant to reinfection in the lumbar region, but not to that performed in the oro-facial area.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Morphological basis of Adie's syndrome.

A female patient with Adie's syndrome died from unrelated disease at the age of 62. Both ciliary ganglia were seen to be severely depleted of nerve cells and still ongoing degeneration was seen in lumbar spinal ganglia, as well as in the posterior funiculi. This confirms earlier reports that primary pathological changes in Adie's syndrome are localized in the ciliary and spinal ganglia. Furthermore, it indicates that the underlying disease is still progressive after years.

Adie Syndrome↗
PubMed1980

Peripheral neuropathy in mouse hereditary diabetes mellitus. I. Comparison of neurologic, histologic, and morphometric parameters with dystonic mice.

C57BL/KsJ db/db inbred mice have an hereditary autosomal recessive disease resembling in some respects maturity onset human diabetes mellitus. At 8--11 months of age, they displayed intermittent symptoms suggestive of a mild sensory neuropathy. These symptoms consisted of adduction of their hind limbs and flexing hind paws when raised by the tail, and inability to maintain their position on the roto wheel. Peripheral nerves and sensory ganglia of the diabetic mice were compared with those of the unafflicted littermates and studied with respect to Schwann cell counts and myelinated nerve fiber diameter measurements. In addition, teased fibers of peripheral nerves were compared for obvious changes in internodal distance and demyelination. Chromatolytic neurons were moe abundant in lumbosacral spinal ganglia of diabetic mice than in corresponding ganglia of controls or in more anterior spinal ganglia and trigeminal ganglia of diabetics. Histologic studies showed an increase in Schwann cell counts in longitudinal sections of peripheral nerves. A similar but larger increase was observed in peripheral nerves of mice affected with an hereditary sensory neuropathy, dystonia musculorum. A small but general decrease in myelinated fiber diameter was observed in sensory and motor nerves.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Dissemination of herpes simplex virus in ganglia after footpad inoculation in neurectomized and non-neurectomized mice.

After unilateral footpad inoculation with herpes simplex virus (HSV) the infection spreads initially to the ipsilateral and afterwards to the contralateral spinal ganglia. In about 25 percent of the mice the virus also reaches the trigeminal ganglia. Furthermore, we have shown that only a complete severance of the nervous connections can prevent the colonization of ganglia with HSV after footpad inoculation. Results of previous experiments in which only the sectioning of the sciatic nerve was able to prevent the invasion of ganglia, are difficult to explain. It appears also that HSV travels in the nerve toward the ganglia in a non-infectious form, and that the infectious virus detectable in nerves originates not from the peripheral inoculation site, but from the infectious virus pool which accumulates in spinal ganglia. A limited role of the circulatory system in the colonization of sensory ganglia by HSV cannot be excluded, since in a few cases virus was detected in ganglia after sectioning of both the sciatic and the femoral nerve.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Localization of kappa-opioid receptor mRNA in neuronal subpopulations of rat sensory ganglia and spinal cord.

A partial cDNA encoding a kappa-opioid receptor was isolated and used to generate specific 35S-labeled probes to investigate the gene expression of the kappa-opioid receptor in sensory, sympathetic and spinal neurons of the rat by in situ hybridization. A subpopulation of mainly small and medium-sized neurons within dorsal root and trigeminal ganglia expressed kappa-receptor mRNA, but no signal was detectable in the superior cervical ganglion. kappa-Receptor mRNA was distributed over neurons throughout the dorsal horn and in laminae VII/VIII. Highest concentrations of positive neurons were seen in laminae I/II, dorsal lamina X and in the lateral spinal nucleus. alpha-Motoneurons and glial cells were not labeled. This distribution of kappa-receptor mRNA indicates preferential functions of kappa-receptors in sensory signalling with particular importance to nociception.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Retrograde and transganglionic degeneration of sensory neurons after a peripheral nerve lesion at birth.

The sciatic nerve of newborn rats (less than or equal to 16 h old) was crushed with a watchmaker forceps. During the first 4 weeks after the injury, examination of ipsilateral L4 through L6 dorsal root ganglia, their dorsal nerve roots, and the dorsal funiculus revealed the presence of degenerating myelin and axons. Chromatolysis was not observed. In the spinal cord, the degenerating argyrophilia was restricted to the medial part of the dorsal funiculus (fasciculus gracilis). This is interpreted as transganglionic degeneration of the central processes of the pseudounipolar cells. Twelve weeks after nerve crush, there was a noticeable reduction in the size of the leg, foot, and muscles innervated by the sciatic nerve as well as a substantial loss (P less than 0.001) of neurons and myelinated axons in ipsilateral spinal ganglia and their dorsal nerve roots. The reduction was most prominent among the larger sensory neurons (greater than 40 microns) and the larger myelinated axons. A total loss of about 60% of sensory neurons was found in the L4 through L6 spinal ganglia. About 58 and 64% of the myelinated axons were lost in L4 and L5 dorsal roots, respectively. The remaining perikarya and dorsal root axons were hypoplastic.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Substance P-containing primary sensory neurons projecting to the inferior mesenteric ganglion: evidence from combined retrograde tracing and immunohistochemistry.

The origin of substance P-containing fibres in the inferior mesenteric ganglion of the guinea-pig was studied by combining retrograde tracing and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. 'True Blue' or propidium iodide was injected into the inferior mesenteric ganglion. Four days later the animals were perfused with formalin and the dorsal root ganglia L2 and L3 were dissected out. Sections of the spinal ganglia were cut on a cryostat and analysed in a fluorescence microscope with appropriate filter combinations and subsequently processed for indirect immunofluorescence using antiserum to substance P. Several ganglion cells containing both dye (True Blue or propidium iodide) and substance P-like immunoreactivity were observed, strongly supporting the view that at least some of the substance P fibres in the inferior mesenteric ganglion are of sensory nature. Taken together with physiological results from other workers, the present findings suggest that substance P can be released from peripheral, sensory nerve endings, inducing changes in the membrane potential of sympathetic neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Nerve supply to the posterior longitudinal ligament and the intervertebral disc of the rat vertebral column as studied by acetylcholinesterase histochemistry. II. Regional differences in the distribution of the nerve fibres and their origins.

Regional differences of the distribution and the origin of the nerve fibres of the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) and the intervertebral disc (IVD) were investigated by acetylcholinesterase (AchE) enzyme histochemistry in the rat. The deeper nerve network was well-developed at the lower thoracic and the upper lumbar vertebral levels, but it was hardly seen at the mid-thoracic level. This difference can be correlated with the extensibility of the PLL. The experimental study revealed that the AchE-positive nerve fibres in the PLL and the IVD were mostly derived from the spinal ganglia, that the superficial nerve network was supplied by the spinal ganglia bilaterally and polysegmentally, and that the deeper nerve network was supplied bilaterally but unisegmentally.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1985

Ciliary ganglia and spinal cord explants release an ascorbate-like compound which stimulates proline hydroxylation and collagen formation in muscle cultures.

A low-molecular-weight factor from embryonic rat brain stimulates collagen production in rat muscle cultures. This effect is associated with increased hydroxylation of proline residues in collagenous proteins produced by the cells. Here, we show that increased hydroxylation (22-and 7.5-fold) was also observed with extracts of rat embryonic spinal cord and extracts of the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. A 5-25-fold stimulation in proline hydroxylation was obtained when muscle cells were cocultured with chick ciliary ganglia or with embryonic rat spinal cord explants. Medium conditioned by rat spinal cord explants also increased prolyl hydroxylation. Incubation of the muscle-nerve cocultures with ascorbate oxidase markedly reduced the observed increase in proline hydroxylation. These results show that the cultured explants release a factor which promotes proline hydroxylation and collagen production by muscle. This factor seems to be ascorbic acid or an ascorbate-like compound.

Animals↗