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PubMed1994

[Comparative studies on looking into lacertus fibrosis and aponeurosis of the bicipitis brachii muscle as well as assessment of the biceps brachii and bracialis muscles in sheep, goats and wild deer].

In 34 anatomical specimens of sheep, goat and fallow deer the development of the cranial brachial and antebrachial fascia as well as the occurrence of a lacertus fibrosus and of structures, that are homologous with the aponeurosis m. bicipitis brachii hominis, were studied. Additionally, the attachments of the m. biceps brachii and the m. brachialis were dissected. In sheep, goat and fallow deer the superficial layer of the fascia brachii et antebrachii is weakly developed. Its deeper stratum, originating in the tuberositas deltoidea as well as in the crista humeri, and on the forearm interspersing with the fascia of the m. extensor carpi radialis, is of a more robust composition. In goat and fallow deer a remarkable ligamentous bracing of this fascial layer stresses its cranial aspect. The lacertus fibrosus intermingles in all three species with the cranial fascia antebrachii respectively with the tendon of the m. extensor carpi radialis. While in sheep and goat its emergence from the m. biceps brachii is obviously bipartite, in fallow deer this part of the lacertus fibrosus is undivided. Moreover, in all three species a muscular and/or tendinous connection between the m. biceps brachii and the m. pronator teres exists, that is homologous with the aponeurosis m. bicipitis brachii hominis. In sheep, goat and fallow deer the m. biceps brachii attaches with each one tendon to the tuberositas radii and the processus coronoideus med. ulnae. Frequently in sheep, but rarely in goat the ulnar tendon extends its area of attachment to the radius.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Anthelmintic treatments against digestive-tract nematodes in grazing dairy goats with high or low levels of milk production.

The effect of a regular anthelmintic treatment during the grazing period on milk production and milk composition was measured in a dairy goat farm. One month before turnout, 92 goats were given 10 mg.kg-1 febantel and then allocated to 2 equivalent groups according to their levels of milk production. The first group was given febantel monthly, the second group was kept as an untreated control. Parasitological, haematological and serological data were collected monthly from March to September. Milk production data were recorded from March to August, goats being dried up in September. Results of strongyle egg counts, serum inorganic phosphate concentrations and 4 necroscopic examinations indicated a low level of nematode infection composed almost exclusively with Trichostrongylus colubriformis in untreated goats. No significant changes in milk yield, fat and protein content were detected between treated and untreated groups. Moreover, the impact of monthly anthelmintic treatment on milk production was different depending on the initial level of milk yield. Anthelmintic treatment induced a 4-8% increase in milk production for goats with the highest milk yield at the start of the experiment, whereas no beneficial effects were recorded for goats with the lowest milk yield.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1997

[Incidence, diagnosis, therapy and subsequent fertility in goats with hydrometra].

The hydrometra is a comparatively common disease in dairy goats. The etiology and pathophysiology of this pathological uterine condition has not been completely clarified yet. In the present study 143 cases of hydrometra were found in 2434 goats which had been subjected to pregnancy diagnosis with transrectal ultrasonography for three years. The mean incidence was 5.78%. The uterus of the goats was filled with a clear or slightly turbid fluid which contained small blobs to a certain extent. The amount of the aseptic fluid in the uterus varied from 0.25 to 8.3 l. Hydrometra occurred in goats which had been mated as well as in those which had not been mated. Hydrometra may also be accompanied by embryonic/fetal mortality. The incidence of hydrometra was significantly increased in older does and in does which had been mated after estrus synchronisation with gestagens and PMSG. Out of the breeding season the incidence was higher than during the breeding season. The breed of the does and the milk yield did not influence the incidence of hydrometra. The application of prostaglandin analoques performed a luteolysis and the cloudburst in the goats with high efficiency. After therapy the performance in breeding was significantly decreased. The performances improved when does were mated in a longer distance to the disease. The goats showed a high risk of developing hydrometra again.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Protozoan infections (Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp.) in sheep and goats: recent advances.

The protozoan parasite Toxoplasma gondii is a serious cause of fetal mortality in sheep and goats. Oocysts, the parasite stage responsible for initiating infection, are produced following a primary infection in cats. A primary infection in pregnant sheep and goats can establish a placental and fetal infection which may result in fetal death and resorption, abortion or stillbirth. Diagnosis is aided by the clinical picture, the presence of characteristic small white necrotic foci in placental cotyledons, the possible presence of a mummified fetus and on fetal serology and histopathology. Development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) specific for T. gondii may also provide a valuable diagnostic tool. Measures to control abortion include improved management of farm cats, fodder and water. Vaccination of sheep with the live vaccine is an effective preventive measure and the use of decoquinate in feed may be useful in some situations. Neospora caninum is related to T. gondii and while its asexual life cycle is similar to that of the latter it is currently not known whether it has a similar sexual life cycle in a definitive host. Neospora is an important cause of fetal loss in cattle and parallels that of T. gondii infection in sheep and goats. While it does not appear to cause frequent losses in these latter animals, experimental infection is readily induced in them and if initiated during pregnancy provides a very good model of the bovine infection. Furthermore clinical signs and pathological lesions in sheep and goats are similar to those induced in them by T. gondii, although there are subtle histopathological differences. These changes will aid possible diagnosis as will specific serological tests such as the indirect immunofluorescent antibody test and the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and the PCR. Sarcocystis, which exists as numerous species, undergoes a coccidian-like life cycle with each having a distinctive definitive (usually carnivore) host which excretes sporocysts into the environment. Clinical sarcocystiosis is much less commonly diagnosed than toxoplasmosis and neither is it normally associated with fetal infection or abortion in either sheep or goats. However, infection is extremely common throughout the world and follows ingestion of food or water contaminated with sporocysts. Clinical signs, when seen, include fever, anaemia, inappetance and weight loss or reduced weight gain. Central nervous signs (hind limb weakness, ataxia, paresis), acute myopathy and death may occur. Diagnosis is difficult as infection is so common and clinical signs absent, mild or non-specific. Serology may be useful in some situations and histopathology/immunohistochemistry is valuable for confirming the cause of death. Control relies on preventing contamination of pasture and water with faeces of dogs, foxes and cats or by controlling access of young susceptible stock to contaminated land. Relatively little is known of the immunity induced by infection with Sarcocystis spp. but research indicates that protective immunity does develop and that cell-mediated mechanisms are probably important. It is likely that sarcocystiosis is underdiagnosed as a problem and that better diagnostic methods are needed to show the true extent of the losses caused. Neosporosis on the other hand would appear not to be so common in sheep and goats. The value of experimental infections in these animals may be to provide a comparative model of the infection in cattle in the same way that our understanding of toxoplasmosis in sheep provides a superior model of human toxoplasmosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Cyclin B1 expression in meiotically competent and incompetent goat oocytes.

To start determining the nature of meiotic incompetence in goat oocytes, we have examined the expression of one of the potential pre-MPF subunits: the cyclin B1. We have been isolating a small DNA probe encoding the goat cyclin B1 box to analyze the expression of the cyclin B1 gene in competent and incompetent goat oocytes. This probe was easily obtained by polymerase-chain-reaction (PCR) on reverse-transcribed mRNA from granulosa cells, using cyclin B specific primers derived from a bovine cDNA. The transcript corresponding to cyclin B1 in goat granulosa cells is 1.8 kb. In situ hybridization analysis indicated that competent and incompetent oocytes contained cyclin B1 mRNA, but also that active cyclin B1 mRNA synthesis occurred at the end of the growth phase, e.g., when oocytes progressed in the acquisition of meoitic competence. Western blot analysis, performed with a monoclonal anticyclin B1 antibody, revealed in competent and incompetent oocytes a polypeptide of 65 kDa corresponding to the goat cyclin B1 protein. This pattern of cyclin B1 expression further suggested that meiotic incompetence in goat oocytes could not be primarily correlated with a lack of cyclin B1 protein as potential pre-MPF subunit, but to a limiting amount of this protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2002

Generation of cloned goats (Capra hircus) from transfected foetal fibroblast cells, the effect of donor cell cycle.

The neomycin-resistant gene (neo(r)) is probably the most commonly used selectable marker gene in gene targeting and gene transfection research. In this study, the neo(r) gene construct was introduced into in vitro cultured goat foetal fibroblast cells (IV-5), and the cells were selected with 900 microg/ml G418. The G418-resistant colonies were analysed by neo-specific PCR, karyotyping and anti-intermediate filament proteins antibody (anti-vimentin) staining. Cell cycle analysis of the neo(r) positive foetal fibroblast cell colony (IV-5.1) cultured in a variety of cell cycle-arresting medium indicated that 74.2% of cells cultured in serum-deprived medium for 3 days and 71.7% of cells grown to confluence were at G0/G1 stage of cell cycle, respectively, in comparison to 61.6% of cells in normal culture (cycling) medium. Nocodazole treatment for 17 hr in vitro culture could increase the number of cells at G2/M stage of cell cycle from 20.3% (in cycling medium) to 39.7%. In total, one early pregnancy was observed by B ultra-sound scanning in a surrogate transferred with cloned embryos from IV-5.1 cells at M stage (cells were cultured in nocodazole medium). Seven cloned goats, including two that miscarried at a late stage, were derived from the IV-5.1 cell clone cultured in starved medium (G0). Indeed, one surrogate receiving three blastocysts reconstituted from the starved donor cells, gave birth to three live cloned goats, all of which are healthy and doing well. PCR, Southern blot and G418 resistance in vitro of fibroblast cells from cloned goats confirmed that all cloned goats are positive for neo(r) transgene. This study demonstrates that a foreign gene, such as the neo-resistant gene, can be introduced into goat foetal fibroblast cells, and that the resulting transgenic cells are capable of being cloned to produce 100% transgenic animals.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Distribution of prepubertal and adult goat oocyte cortical granules during meiotic maturation and fertilisation: ultrastructural and cytochemical study.

The aim of this study was evaluate cortical granule (CG) distribution during in vitro maturation (IVM) and fertilisation of prepubertal goat oocytes compared to CG distribution of ovulated and in vitro fertilised oocytes from adult goats. Oocytes from prepubertal goats were recovered from a slaughterhouse and were matured in M199 with hormones and serum for 27 hr. Ovulated oocytes were collected from gonadotrophin treated Murciana goats. Frozen-thawed spermatozoa were selected by centrifugation in percoll gradient and were capacitated in DMH with 20% steer serum for 1 hr. Ovulated and IVM-oocytes were inseminated in DMH medium with steer serum and calcium lactate for 20 hr. Oocytes and presumptive zygotes were stained with FITC-LCA (Lens culinaris agglutinin labelled with fluorescein isothiocyanate) and observed under a confocal laser scanning microscope. Ultrastructure morphology of oocytes and presumptive zygotes were analysed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Prepubertal goat oocytes at germinal vesicle stage show a homogeneous CG distribution in the cytoplasm. IVM-oocytes at Metaphase II (MII) and ovulated oocytes presented CGs located in the cortex with the formation of a monolayer beneath to the plasma membrane. At 20 hr postinsemination (hpi), zygotes from IVM-oocytes showed a complete CG exocytosis whereas zygotes from ovulated oocytes presented aggregates of CGs located at the cortical region. Images by TEM detected that CGs were more electrodense and compacts in oocytes from prepubertal than from adult goats.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Modulation of plasma arginine vasopressin during rehydration in the Bedouin goat.

When severely dehydrated Bedouin goats were allowed to drink to satiation their plasma arginine vasopressin concentration immediately dropped from a value of 19.9 +/- 9.4 pmol.l-1 to 9.4 +/- 3.9 pmol.l-1 (P < 0.05). It continued to drop further until a concentration of 1.8 +/- 2.9 pmol.l-1 was recorded, similar to that reported for goats allowed to drink freely. When the goats were shown the water but drinking was denied, plasma arginine vasopressin immediately dropped to 11.7 +/- 4.0 pmol.l-1 (P < 0.05) and further decreased to 10.0 +/- 4.8 pmol.l-1 5 min following their sighting the water. This level, however, was not sustained and 2 h after the initial drop the high pre-trial concentration of plasma arginine vasopressin was regained. Presumably, sighting of water by dehydrated goats induces an abrupt drop in their plasma arginine vasopressin level even before drinking commences. When rehydrated, by introducing water directly to the rumen, circumventing both the sensing of the water and the drinking proper, no immediate drop in the plasma arginine vasopressin concentration of the newly rehydrated goats was observed. A delayed drop in the plasma arginine vasopressin levels took place slowly, concurrently with the drop in osmolality and concentration of Na+ in the plasma. It is suggested that sighting of water by dehydrated goats is involved in the modulation of plasma arginine vasopressin.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Chloride channel regulation in the skeletal muscle of normal and myotonic goats.

External intercostal muscle biopsies from normal and congenitally myotonic goats were studied in vitro at 30 degrees C using a two-microelectrode square-pulse cable analysis assisted by computer. The resting chloride conductance (Gcl) was estimated from the difference between the mean membrane conductance in chloride-containing and chloride-free bathing media. The protein kinase C (PKC) activator, 4-beta-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate. (0.1-2.0 microM) blocks a maximum of 76% of Gcl in normal goat fibers and induces myotonic hyperexcitability similar to that of congenitally myotonic goat fibers. The Gcl block was partially antagonized by pretreatment with the PKC inhibitor, staurosporine (10 microM). The "inactive" 4-alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate had no effect at 50 microM, whereas the "active" 4-beta isomer blocked 41% Gcl at 1 microM. The nearly absent Gcl of congenitally myotonic goat fibers was not restored by treatment with high concentrations of the PKC inhibitors staurosporine, 1-(5-isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-methylpiperazine (H7), or tetrahydropapaveralone (THP). Also, forskolin and cholera toxin, which may increase cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels, or the R(+) clofibric acid enantiomers and taurine, which increase Gcl in normal fibers, were also unable to restore Gcl in myotonic goat fibers. The data suggest that PKC may be a chloride channel regulator in normal goat skeletal muscle fibers, however the molecular defect of congenitally myotonic fiber does not appear to be due to excessive activity of PKC.

1-(5-Isoquinolinesulfonyl)-2-Methylpiperazine↗

PubMed1988

Ear mites from domestic goats in Florida.

Ear canals of 284 domestic goats from Florida were examined via swabbing for the presence of ear mites; 57% were infested with Psoroptes cuniculi. Raillietia caprae was recovered from 2 goats in one herd. Breeds examined were Nubian, Alpine, Saanen, Toggenburg, La Mancha, Spanish/Woods and Pygmy. Goats with dependent ear types were infested more commonly than those with erect ears; no goats with vestigial ears were found to harbor mites. Goats less than 1 year old had a significantly higher mite prevalence than did goats over 1 year of age. Gross lesions were noted in the ear canals of only three individuals.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1985

Outbreaks of peste des petits ruminants in village goat flocks in Nigeria.

Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a major disease constraint of goat production in Nigeria. Investigation of three outbreaks in village goat populations in south-west Nigeria showed overall attack rates of 42.4%, 13.7% and 37.1% and case fatality rates of 86.9%, 41% and 63.9% respectively. Statistically significant differences were observed between attack rates in different age groups in each of the outbreaks. Based on the mortalities suffered the estimated average loss per goat in each of the three outbreaks was N9.15, N1.36 and N5.84 respectively. On the assumption that a goat population is subjected to an outbreak of the disease every five years these estimates would indicate that an annual sum ranging from N1.83 per goat at the highest level of loss and N0.27 per goat at the lowest level of loss could be profitably spent in the successful prevention of the disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Lipids and lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue of castrated male goats.

Male goats ("Criolla Argentina" breed), castrated at 45 days of age, showed altered lipid metabolism 180 days after castration as compared to control goats. Subcutaneous, perirenal and omental adipose tissues of castrated goats showed increases in fatty acid synthetase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase activities. Castration increased the amount of total lipids and triglycerides, but did not modify the amount of cholesterol, phospholipid and protein in the three types of adipose tissue. The incorporation of [1-14C]acetate into fatty acids of subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissue was increased in castrated goats in relation to noncastrated goats. Our results suggest that removal of gonadal steroids increases significantly the rate of lipogenesis in adipose tissue of male goats.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1997

Performance of West African Dwarf goats fed dehydrated poultry manure as a dry season supplement.

The performance of West African Dwarf goats fed dehydrated poultry manure when grazing maturing pastures was studied during 2 dry season months on the Accra Plains of Ghana. Twenty-eight goats (4 bucks and 24 does) were randomly selected and divided into 4 groups of one buck and 6 does each. Animals had access to pasture and, in addition, each group was randomly assigned to one of 4 supplementary dietary treatments: (1) 100% straw; (2) 60% straw + 40% molasses; (3) 50% straw + 40% molasses + 10% dehydrated poultry manure; (4) 40% straw + 40% molasses + 20% dehydrated poultry manure. Weight gains and efficiency of feed utilisation were significantly affected by diet type (P < 0.01). The goats fed Diets 3 and 4 gained more (P < 0.01) and utilised their diets more efficiently (P < 0.01) than goats fed Diets 1 and 2. Goats fed Diet 2 performed better than those fed Diet 1 in both traits. Dehydrated poultry manure (incorporated with molasses) supplementation improved the overall performance of goats grazing low quality natural pastures.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Influence of goat and cow milk on the digestive and metabolic utilization of calcium and iron.

The effects of goat and cow milk on the digestive and metabolic utilization of calcium and iron were studied in rats using a standard (non-milk) control diet. The digestive utilization of calcium is greater when the animals consume the goat-milk-based diet rather than that based on cow milk or the standard diet. The digestive utilization of iron, however, is similar for the goat-milk diet and the standard diet, and in both cases superior to that based on cow milk. The calcium content in the femur, sternum and Longissimus dorsi muscle (L.D. muscle) provides an indication of what happens during the utilization of the mineral; more is deposited when the rats consume a milk-based diet, particularly one based on goat milk. The iron content in the reserve organs, namely the liver and the spleen, is greater with the standard diet and the goat milk diet than with that containing cow milk. There is an obviously beneficial effect of goat milk on the metabolism of calcium and iron, which minimizes any interaction between the two minerals.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Toxicokinetics of cyanide in rats, pigs and goats after oral dosing with potassium cyanide.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of the species on the toxicokinetics of cyanide and its main metabolite, thiocyanate. Forty-two rats, six pigs and six goats were dosed orally with 3.0 mg KCN/kg body weight, and cyanide and thiocyanate concentrations in blood were measured within 24 h. After the single oral dose, KCN was rapidly absorbed by rats and goats, with a time of peak concentration ( T(max)) of 15 min. The maximum plasma concentration ( C(max)) of cyanide was observed in goats (93.5 micro mol/l), whereas the C(max) of thiocyanate was higher in rats (58.1 micro mol/l). The elimination half-life ( t(1/2)) and volume of distribution ( Vd(area)) of both cyanide and thiocyanate were higher in goats (1.28 and 13.9 h, and 0.41 and 1.76 l/kg, respectively). Whereas the area under the curve (AUC) of cyanide was significantly higher in goats (234.6 micro mol.l/h), the AUC of thiocyanate was higher in rats (846.5 micro mol.l/h). In conclusion, the results of the present study support the hypothesis that the metabolism of cyanide and its main metabolite, thiocyanate, is species-linked, with the goat being more sensitive to the toxic effects of cyanide/thiocyanate.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1998

Pasteurella haemolytica ultraviolet-irradiated vaccine by parenteral and aerosol routes compared in the goat model.

Positive control 1 (PC1) (n = 9) goats were injected transthoracically into the left lung with live Pasteurella haemolytica biovar A, serovar 1 (PhA1) in polyacrylate (PA) beads on days 0 and 21. Positive control 2 (PC2) (n = 6) goats were nebulized with live PhA1 and PA beads on days 0 and 21. Negative control (NC) goats (n = 6) were each injected transthoracically into the left lung with PA beads alone on days 0 and 21. Four groups (n = 6) were administered PA beads mixed with ultraviolet (UV) killed PhA1 on days 0 and 21. The treatment doses of bacteria for these groups were principal group 1 (PR1) injected into the left lung (7.7 x 10(10) cfu); PR2, 7.7 x 10(10) UV-killed PhA1 injected subcutaneously (SC); PR3, 7.7 x 10(10) UV-killed PhA1 injected SC only on day 21; PR4, nebulized with PA beads mixed with 5.6 x 10(10) cfu of UV-killed PhA1; and PR5, nebulized with PA beads mixed with 5 x 10(8) cfu of UV-killed PhA1. All goats were challenged transthoracically in the right lung with 1 x 10(8) cfu of live PhA1 on day 42 and necropsied on day 46. The sizes of consolidated lung lesions at the challenge site were used as a measure of immunity. The data show that the introduction of live PhA1 into the lungs of goats, either by injection or aerosolization, offers excellent protection against a subsequent homologous challenge. The data also demonstrate that two transthoracic injections (21 days apart) of UV-killed PhA1 (PR1), and subcutaneous injection of UV-killed PhA1(PR2) also offer excellent protection against a subsequent homologous live PhA1 challenge. One SC injection of UV-killed PhA1 (PR3) appears to offer only partial protection against a subsequent homologous live PhA1 challenge. Inhalation of UV-killed PhA1 mixed with PA beads (PR4 and PR5) induced no protection in goats against a subsequent live PhA1 transthoracic challenge.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1998

Repeated infections with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis in dairy goats: comparison of resistant and susceptible animals.

A total of 70 strongyle-free French Alpine dairy goats were exposed to a combination of sequential and challenge infections with Haemonchus contortus and Trichostrongylus colubriformis third-stage larvae. The sequential infection consisted of three inoculations at 50-day intervals, each infection being abbreviated by anthelmintic treatment at 40 days postinoculation. The challenge infection, composed of the same nematode strains, was undertaken 2 months later, when goats were at their 1st month of lactation. Fecal egg counts (FECs), packed cell volumes (PCVs), pepsinogen concentrations, inorganic phosphate concentrations, and peripheral eosinophil numbers were measured at 30-40 days after each inoculation. Goats were defined as being resistant or susceptible according to their level of nematode egg output following the first inoculation. Significant differences in FECs were recorded between the two groups throughout the further inoculations and the challenge infection. The reliability of FECs was supported by the high repeatability values found within and between infections. With regard to blood constituents, only PCVs related to H. contortus infection showed values that differed significantly between the two groups, resistant goats having higher PCVs after the first and the third inoculations than did susceptible animals. However, this difference was not detectable after the challenge infection. The milk production yield for the current lactation was significantly lower in the resistant goats. Moreover, resistant animals exhibited constantly greater body condition scores as compared with susceptible animals. These results indicate that the individual responsiveness of dairy goats to experimental nematode infection can be estimated on the basis of FECs and PCVs (for H. contortus) and is negatively related to the level of milk production of the animals.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1986

Pneumonia in goats following administration of live and heat-killed Pasteurella haemolytica.

Six of 7 and 3 of 4 goats inoculated with live and heat-killed P. haemolytica (biotype-T), respectively, had pneumonia at necropsy. Clinically, the pneumonia was only detected in 8 of 9 goats with diseased lungs. One goat died of a fibrinous pneumonia which was associated with a profuse growth of both P. haemolytica (biotype-T) and P. multocida and a limited growth of Escherichia coli from the lungs. In the remaining 8 goats with lung lesions, the pneumonia was of the proliferative type, with only some showing the exudative feature. Five of these goats (including 3 controls) had bacteriologically sterile lung lesions, while the other 3 yielded P. haemolytica (biotype-T) and in one of them, chlamydia were also isolated. P. haemolytica (biotype-T) and P. multocida were isolated from 1 of 2 goats with normal lungs.

Animal Diseases↗