First report in India of HIV transmission through artificial insemination.
A case of HIV-1 transmission through artificial inseminations from infertility clinics in Kolkata, is reported.
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Results of 527 controlled artificial inseminations in dogs.
During 1990 and 1991, 527 artificial insemination (AI) procedures were performed by 40 veterinarians, under the Swedish Kennel Club control scheme, and reported to the Kennel Club within 14 days. The most common reason for AI (37.2%) was import of fresh and frozen semen or quarantine, i.e. introduction of new genetic material. Fresh semen (468 AIs) was deposited into the cranial vagina, and frozen semen (59 AIs) was inseminated transcervically into the uterus. Pregnancy rates were 54.7% with fresh and 39.0% with frozen semen. When corrected for stage of oestrus at the time of AI and semen quality, the pregnancy rates were 62.3 and 51.1%, respectively. Bitches inseminated with frozen semen had a 29.7% lower pregnancy rate and 30.5% smaller litter size than bitches receiving fresh semen; these differences were statistically significant. Forty-four bitches (8.4%) were also mated. Their pregnancy rate was significantly higher (88.6%; 90.7% corrected) than that of bitches inseminated with fresh semen only. Pregnancy rate was significantly higher in bitches inseminated twice with fresh semen than in those inseminated once only. Litter size and gestation length increased with the number of AIs. Most bitches whelped 62 days after a single AI with fresh or frozen semen, but the gestation period varied between 55 and 69 days. There were significant differences in fertility between breeds. Pup deaths occurred in 33.8% of the litters and the pup death rate during the first 3 weeks of life was 11.6%. The number of pups resulting from AI amounted to 1.1% of the total number of pups registered with the Swedish Kennel Club.
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Artificial insemination using trypsin-treated sperm in the silkworm, Bombyx mori.
A new method was developed for artificial insemination of the silkworm. Virgin females artificially inseminated by this method oviposited fertilized eggs at a rate almost similar to that of females mated with males. Using inactive sperm collected from the seminal vesicles, we confirmed the previous finding by Omura, S., 1936a, Artificial insemination of Bombyx mori, Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University 38, 135-150, and Omura, S., 1938, Studies of the reproductive system of the male of Bombyx mori II, Post-testicular organs and post-testicular behaviour of the spermatozoa, Journal of Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University 40, 129-170, that the sperm of B. mori requires the secretion of the glandula prostatica for activation. Sperm also could be activated by trypsin. At an optimal concentration, 0.3 &mgr;g trypsin/ml in 50% semen solution, the fertilization rate as well as the number of eggs oviposited was almost equivalent to that obtained in normally mated moths. These results may contribute not only to basic studies on fertilization and reproduction in Lepidoptera but also to the development of long-term preservation of genetic resources by using cryopreserved sperm of B. mori and other Lepidoptera insects.
Journal Article↗
HIV serology in artificially inseminated lesbians.
The purpose of this investigation was to examine the risks of HIV transmission from artificial insemination in a sample of lesbians residing in California and inseminated between 1979 and 1987. This population was selected because lesbians are considered to be at low risk for HIV infection, and have traditionally used semen from men engaging in high-risk behaviors, namely, homosexual men. Each of the 98 participants had blood drawn for the HIV antibody test (ELISA) and completed a questionnaire inquiring about her sexual, health, and reproductive history, including detailed information about her inseminations (e.g., vaginal vs. uterine, fresh vs. frozen semen, sexual orientation, and antibody status of donor). One-half of the women had homosexual or bisexual donors, many of whom resided in the San Francisco Bay area; most of these inseminations were with fresh semen. The women reported a marked decline in the use of homosexual donors after 1982 and a corresponding increase in the use of donations from sperm banks and health practitioners. Based on the women's reports, as many as 11 women may have received semen from an infected donor. However, none of the 98 women tested seropositive. We attribute our negative findings to the change to low-risk donors in the years when HIV became more prevalent in the population, and to the potentially lower rates of infectivity with artificial insemination than with heterosexual intercourse. Nevertheless, we recommend that women continue to follow the CDC guidelines for screening donors prior to artificial insemination.
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
Artificial insemination using donor semen: a review of 171 cases.
This report represents a summary of our experience with 171 unselected cases of artificial insemination by donor (AID) over a 4-year period. It must be stressed that the study was retrospective and subject to many of the problems of analyzing such data. However, the information gained may aid the clinician in his approach to candidates for AID. The most critical points revealed by the survey are as follows: 1. Age, length of infertility, and proven fertility, within certain limitations, appear not to be of prime importance in determining the outcome of AID. 2. Of those patients conceiving, the majority will do so within three cycles of exposure, and 90% will have done so within six cycles of exposure. 3. An adequate trial of AID therapy should last at least 6 months. 4. Although the frequently reported conception rate of up to 70% may be expected in patients with correctable anovulation or with normal reproductive organs, a marked diminution in the success rate should be expected in candidates with disorders such as endometriosis, tubal disease, pelvic adhesions, and uterine abnormalities.
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Artificial insemination by donor (AID) and the use of surrogate mothers.
Today families are being created by such procedures as test tube fertilization, artificial insemination and surrogate parenting. In addition to traditional couples, moreover, single persons, gay couples and others are seeking to form family units. In the eagerness to produce an offspring there is often little thought given to the needs or the feelings of the child so produced. There is a need for sociomedical data as well as a more open approach in these situations.
Adoption↗
Artificial insemination with fresh donor semen using the cervical cap technique: a review of 278 cases.
Two hundred twenty-six patients received artificial insemination with fresh donor semen (AID) using the cervical cap technique; 52 patients underwent the procedure for 2 conceptions. Using life-table analysis to adjust for uneven patient follow-up, the cumulative pregnancy rate was 62.5% after 6 months of AID, and 82.4% after 10 months. Moreover, using a mathematical model of cumulative pregnancy following AID, the estimated cure rate was not significantly different from 100%, and the estimated monthly probability of pregnancy among those cured was 15.5%. Age was found to be inversely related to pregnancy success, while parity had no effect. For those who continued to undergo AID beyond 6 months, the monthly probability of pregnancy did not decline. Patients can be advised that their chance of conception with AID should approach that of normal fertile couples.
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Results of artificial insemination of horses in Poland in the post-war period.
Artificial insemination (A.I.) of mares in Poland has not yet been widely applied. Initial attempts were made by research groups between 1945 and 1955 but A.I. of mares was only introduced into the normal practice of A.I. Centres during 1964-67. Intensive research into methods for preserving stallion semen in liquid nitrogen has been undertaken since 1968. Of the total of 3734 mares artificially inseminated in Poland since 1945, 350 were inseminated with frozen semen. The slow progress of A.I. in horses is imputed to the small numbers of people involved in the work, to the conservation of the authorities responsible for breeding, to the wrong choice of stallions for A.I. Centres and, most importantly, to the lack of a simple and reliable method of preservation of stallion semen.
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Effects of oestrus synchronisation and fixed-time artificial insemination on the reproductive performance of dairy heifers.
AIM: To compare the reproductive performance of heifers after oestrus synchronisation and fixed-time artificial insemination with non-synchronised heifers bred by herd sires. METHODS: Heifers from 10 spring-calving herds were randomly divided into two groups by herd, breed and age. Heifers in one group (the synchronised group, n = 478) were synchronised with a combination of progesterone, oestradiol benzoate and PGF2alpha, and inseminated 50-54 hours after progesterone treatment. Returns to first service were resynchronised with progesterone treatment 16-21 days after the fixed-time artificial insemination. Heifers in the other group (the control group, n = 470) did not receive any treatment and were bred by herd sires. RESULTS: The conception rate of synchronised heifers to the fixed-time artificial insemination was 51.2% and to the artificial insemination after resynchronisation 40.4%. The pregnancy rate at the end of the breeding season was lower (p<0.001) for the synchronised (92.9%) than for the control (97.2%) group. The interval from start of breeding to calving was earlier for synchronised (295.9 +/- 22.5 days, mean +/- s.d.) than for control (298.5 +/- 17.3 days) heifers. CONCLUSION: Results from this study indicate that the oestrus synchronisation programme used in the present study can reduce reproductive performance by increasing the empty rate compared with natural mating.
Journal Article↗
[Use of ultrasonic folliculometry and LH determination in artificial insemination with donor semen].
The results of ultrasonic determinations of follicular growth and determinations of serum LH-levels were analysed in 34 patients who were artificially inseminated using cryopreserved donor semen (AID). 22 of them became pregnant. The ultrasonic findings had contributed to perform AID optimally, where as the determinations of LH did not surely indicate ovulation in each case. Frequency of inseminations per cycle was reduced by means of ultrasonic observations of follicle. The chance of success of artificial insemination using cryopreserved spermatozoa was decreased by delay of maturity of follicle. A peak of LH-concentration in serum was not detectable in 27 per cent of patients by one estimation daily.
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Failure to detect bovine immunodeficiency virus contamination of stud bull spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes in samples supplied by artificial insemination centers.
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether bovine immunodeficiency virus (BIV) infection could be detected in spermatozoa, blood leukocytes, or semen leukocytes from stud bulls in artificial insemination centers. ANIMALS: 30 bulls at 3 artificial insemination centers. PROCEDURE: Polymerase chain reaction testing that used 3 sets of primer pairs targeting pol and env regions of the BIV proviral genome was performed on DNA extracted from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, and blood leukocytes from each bull. Southern blot analysis was performed to increase sensitivity of detection. Western blot analysis of plasma samples was used to detect antibodies against BIV. RESULTS: BIV provirus was not detected in DNA samples obtained from semen leukocytes, spermatozoa, or blood leukocytes, and antibodies against BIV were not detected. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Contrary to our report of high point prevalence of BIV contamination of semen from a single artificial insemination center, bulls of the study reported here did not appear to be infected. Maximum risk of BIV infection in similar bulls was estimated at 10% with a confidence level of 95%.
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Artificial insemination with donor cryopreserved semen: importance of the volume of semen and influence of ovulatory dysfunctions.
The study deals with a program for artificial insemination by means of cryopreserved donor sperm, conducted at AIED (Italian Association for Demographic Education) in Rome from 1983 to 1986. Two groups of women, both having an average age of 30, and with an equal proportion of women with factors of reduced fertility, were inseminated with a different volume of cryopreserved sperm: a) 100 women were inseminated with an average number of 6.3 straws per cycle (total number of cycles 297) and 55 pregnancies were obtained (pregnancy rate = 0.185 per cycle); b) 100 women were inseminated with a lower average number of straws; 4.1 per cycle (total number of cycles 297); in this group 23 pregnancies were obtained (pregnancy rate = 0.077 per cycle). The quality of the semen, the methods for pinpointing ovulation and for depositing seminal liquid in the female genital tract were the same for the two groups. The difference between the pregnancy rate of the two groups was statistically significant (p less than 0.0001). Altogether, 50 women with ovulatory dysfunctions underwent ovulation stimulation and among these 20 conceptions were recorded. These conceptions were obtained with 47 cycles of application (average number of cycles preceding conception cycle 1.35). This value proved to be higher than that for women not undergoing stimulation (1.10). Nevertheless, the difference was not found to be statistically significant even if considered separately for the two groups treated with different volumes of semen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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[Disturbances in ovulation following on artificial insemination with donors (A.I.D.) (author's transl)].
The authors report on the results of statistical analysis of temperature curves in 139 patients before artificial insemination from donors (A.I.D.) and in the cycles in which they were inseminated. It appears that frequently the practice of A.I.D. causes ovulation to come early or late. Late ovulation seems to be the most frequent cause of failures which are then considered to be due to "psychogenic sterility".
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Artificial insemination in the European hare (Lepus europaeus syriacus).
A simple technique for artificial insemination in hares was performed and used routinely in mass breeding of hares in captivity. Sperm was collected directly from the epididymides of males. Ovulation was induced by intravenous injection of human chorionic gonadotropin. Female hares were successfully inseminated throughout the year. Pregnancy occurred in 70% of inseminated females; the range in litter size was 1--3 offspring with a mean of 1.4. It was concluded that artificial insemination greatly simplified the breeding of hares in captivity.
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[Artificial insemination by donor as an alternative for childless couples in South Africa. A pilot study].
Data obtained during 1981-1983 from an investigation of artificial insemination by donor (AID) as an alternative for childless couples in which 93 gynaecologists participated undeniably proved that AID, although operating on a relatively small scale, is already firmly established in South Africa. General practitioners appear to be well informed as to which gynaecologists couples can be referred to for AID. Gynaecologists who practice AID do not necessarily prefer AID to adoption. With the exception of a few, the majority of gynaecologists are in favour of a counselling service for childless couples where they can freely discuss their feelings of loss and evaluate various alternatives, such as remaining childless, adoption or AID. Despite the fact that selection of couples for AID in terms of the important psychosocial parameters is primarily a non-medical activity, it appears that by far the majority of gynaecologists carry out this selection themselves without necessarily being trained for such a task.
Adoption↗
Retrograde ejaculation: a systematic approach to non-invasive recovery of spermatozoa from post-ejaculatory urine for artificial insemination.
Retrograde ejaculation is an uncommon but treatable form of male infertility. Successful recovery of live spermatozoa from the post-ejaculatory urine for artificial insemination is dependent on careful regulation of pH and osmolarity of the urine into which ejaculation takes place, and separation of the motile spermatozoa from the debris and cells which are found in these samples. Three pregnancies established by artificial insemination of spermatozoa recovered by noninvasive means from the bladders of men suffering from retrograde ejaculation are described. The techniques for preparing the urine for spermatozoal survival, and for removal of cells and debris by sedimentation or buoyant density centrifugation are discussed.
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Artificial insemination with frozen semen in dogs: a retrospective study of 10 years using a non-surgical approach.
From 1994 to 2003, a total of 526 bitches of 99 different breeds were artificially inseminated in 685 estrus cycles with domestic (n = 353) or imported (n = 332) frozen-thawed semen from 368 males. The overall whelping rate was 73.1% and mean (+/- S.E.M.) litter size 5.7 +/- 0.1 pups. The whelping rate was higher after intrauterine insemination (75.0%; n = 665) than after intravaginal insemination (10.0%, n = 20; P < 0.05). Insemination at the optimal time resulted in a higher whelping rate (78%, n = 559; P < 0.01) and larger litter size (5.8 +/- 0.2; P < 0.05) than inseminations performed late or too late (55.7% and 4.5 +/- 0.5, n = 61). Two inseminations (n = 384) yielded a higher whelping rate (P < 0.05) and mean litter size (P < 0.01) than one insemination (n = 241), 78.1% and 6.0 +/- 0.2 and 70.5% and 5.1 +/- 0.2, respectively. For inseminations performed at the optimal time, however, the whelping rate was not significantly different for bitches inseminated twice (79.3%, n = 358) versus once (76.8%, n = 168), but the litter size was larger (6.0 +/- 0.2 and 5.3 +/- 0.3). Semen classified as of poor quality (progressive motility < 50% or percentage abnormal sperm > 20%) resulted in a lower whelping rate (P < 0.01) than semen classified as of good quality (progressive motility > or = 50% and percentage abnormal sperm < or = 20%), 61 and 77%, respectively. Small breeds (n = 50) had a smaller litter size (3.9 +/- 0.3; P < 0.01) than larger breeds (medium [5.7 +/- 0.3, n = 94], large [5.9 +/- 0.2, n = 295] or giant breeds [6.1 +/- 0.5, n = 62] [P < 0.01]). Bitches older than 6 years had a lower whelping rate (68.2%) than younger ones (77.0%; P < 0.05). The duration of pregnancy was longer (P < 0.01) for bitches with a litter size of < 3 pups (61.7 +/- 0. 4 days, n = 30) than for bitches with larger litters (60.5 +/- 0.1 days, n = 177). These results show the potential of transcervical intrauterine insemination for routine artificial insemination in dogs. The results with frozen semen inseminations were optimised by inseminating bitches < or = 6 years old 2 and 3 days after ovulation with semen of good quality from males < or = 8 years old.
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Artificial insemination in Denmark by frozen donor semen supplied from a central bank.
A central semen bank in Denmark supplied deep-frozen semen. Selection of donors, freezing technique, and practical details about transport of specimens are described. In one of the gynaecological departments supplied with frozen semen, 22 out of 30 patients who had artificial insemination became pregnant. The advantages and disadvantages of using frozen semen are discussed.
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