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PubMed1985

Physical, psychological, social, and lifestyle differences among adolescents classified according to cigarette smoking intention status.

This study was conducted to determine the extent to which multiple physical, psychological, social, and lifestyle measures differ among high school males classified according to cigarette smoking intention status including nonintenders, mild intenders, and strong intenders. The Physical Performance Test for California, to measure six traits of physical fitness and Cattell's 16PF Questionnaire to assess manifold dimensions of personality were administered to 386 high school males. Self-concept was measured by Rosenberg's Self-esteem Scale and body build was assessed using Tucker's Perceived Somatotype Scale and the Body Mass Index. Data relative to marital status of parents, exercise experience, church attendance, participation in athletics, alcohol drinking habits, television viewing behavior, intention to attend college, dating behavior, as well as general demographic information and intention to smoke cigarettes were assessed by a written questionnaire. Results indicated that nonintenders were significantly more self-confident, intelligent, emotionally stable, moralistic, conservative, group oriented, self-controlled, relaxed, and more likely to respond in a socially desirable manner than were strong intenders. Nonintenders reported less dating, less television viewing, less alcohol consumption, and perceived themselves as and were determined to be less obese than strong intenders. Nonintenders also reported greater intentions to attend college, greater varsity athletic participation, were more likely to be residing with their natural mothers, and were more physically fit than were strong intenders. Possible health education and youth smoking prevention strategies are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Attitudes, knowledge, and beliefs as predictors of exercise intent and behavior in schoolchildren.

Physical education programs represent an important gateway for encouraging young people to develop life-long exercise habits. In this study of middle school students (N = 603), attitudes toward physical education, knowledge about the benefits of exercise, and beliefs about one's abilities were assessed to determine their influence on exercise intent and current exercise behavior. As predicted, perceived benefits of exercise, current exercise behavior, attitudes toward physical education, self-esteem, and gender contributed significantly and independently to exercise intent (total variance explained = 37%). Exercise intent, outside sports activities, perceived benefits of exercise, gender, and attitudes toward physical education contributed significantly and independently to current exercise behavior (total variance explained = 27%). Programs that make attending physical education a pleasant experience and that explain specific benefits of exercise can influence exercise intent and can enhance students' sense of self-esteem, both of which may increase future exercise behavior.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Differences in second-intention wound healing between horses and ponies: macroscopic aspects.

Second-intention healing of deep wounds was studied in 5 horses and 5 ponies. Standardised wounds were created on the distal limbs and hind quarters. Wounds on the metatarsi extended onto the metatarsal bone; the depth of the wounds in the femoral biceps muscle was 18 mm. The wound margins were marked by tattoos. Photographs were taken at weekly intervals to determine the wound area. The relative contribution of contraction and epithelialisation to wound closure was quantified by means of the tattoos. Swelling of the limbs was measured; and regularity and aspect of the granulation tissue were semi-quantitatively scored. Second-intention wound healing occurred significantly faster in ponies than in horses, and muscle wounds healed significantly faster than metatarsal wounds. These marked differences reflected the greater contribution of contraction to wound healing. Moreover, demarcation was seen earlier and a healthy granulation bed developed more rapidly in ponies, whereas in horses the granulation tissue remained irregular and purulent for longer. Healing of the metatarsal wounds of horses differed markedly from that of all other wounds: these wounds increased to almost twice their original size in the first 2 weeks, exuberant granulation tissue was persistent, epithelialisation started later, and contraction played a minor role in wound closure. Limb swelling was greater in horses than in ponies. Periosteal new bone formation was more extensive, and was active over a longer period in the metatarsal bones of horses than of ponies. From this study it is concluded that second-intention healing of deep wounds occurs faster in ponies than in horses. This difference can be largely attributed to a more pronounced and faster wound contraction in ponies than in horses. Therefore, attempts to improve second-intention wound healing in clinical practice should be directed at stimulation of wound contraction.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

The perception of intention.

Classical work on the perception of causality in humans is extended to the perception of intention. Two experiments explored the sensitivity of preschool children to intentional events that can be stated in terms of time and distance only. In habituation-dishabituation of attention tests, preschool children differentiated between intentional movement patterns of two balls and the nonintentional control events where the movements were desynchronized. Also, reversal of the roles of the balls produced more recovery of attention in the intentional case than it did in the nonintentional case.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2006

Forensic application of microbiological culture analysis to identify mail intentionally contaminated with Bacillus anthracis spores.

The discovery of a letter intentionally filled with dried Bacillus anthracis spores in the office of a United States senator prompted the collection and quarantine of all mail in congressional buildings. This mail was subsequently searched for additional intentionally contaminated letters. A microbiological sampling strategy was used to locate heavy contamination within the 642 separate plastic bags containing the mail. Swab sampling identified 20 bags for manual and visual examination. Air sampling within the 20 bags indicated that one bag was orders of magnitude more contaminated than all the others. This bag contained a letter addressed to Senator Patrick Leahy that had been loaded with dried B. anthracis spores. Microbiological sampling of compartmentalized batches of mail proved to be efficient and relatively safe. Efficiency was increased by inoculating culture media in the hot zone rather than transferring swab samples to a laboratory for inoculation. All mail sampling was complete within 4 days with minimal contamination of the sampling environment or personnel. However, physically handling the intentionally contaminated letter proved to be exceptionally hazardous, as did sorting of cross-contaminated mail, which resulted in generation of hazardous aerosol and extensive contamination of protective clothing. Nearly 8 x 10(6) CFU was removed from the most highly cross-contaminated piece of mail found. Tracking data indicated that this and other heavily contaminated envelopes had been processed through the same mail sorting equipment as, and within 1 s of, two intentionally contaminated letters.

Air Microbiology↗

PubMed1999

What is meant by intention to treat analysis? Survey of published randomised controlled trials.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the methodological quality of intention to treat analysis as reported in randomised controlled trials in four large medical journals. DESIGN: Survey of all reports of randomised controlled trials published in 1997 in the BMJ, Lancet, JAMA, and New England Journal of Medicine. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Methods of dealing with deviations from random allocation and missing data. RESULTS: 119 (48%) of the reports mentioned intention to treat analysis. Of these, 12 excluded any patients who did not start the allocated intervention and three did not analyse all randomised subjects as allocated. Five reports explicitly stated that there were no deviations from random allocation. The remaining 99 reports seemed to analyse according to random allocation, but only 34 of these explicitly stated this. 89 (75%) trials had some missing data on the primary outcome variable. The methods used to deal with this were generally inadequate, potentially leading to a biased treatment effect. 29 (24%) trials had more than 10% of responses missing for the primary outcome, the methods of handling the missing responses were similar in this subset. CONCLUSIONS: The intention to treat approach is often inadequately described and inadequately applied. Authors should explicitly describe the handling of deviations from randomised allocation and missing responses and discuss the potential effect of any missing response. Readers should critically assess the validity of reported intention to treat analyses.

Data Collection↗

PubMed2003

National survey of job satisfaction and retirement intentions among general practitioners in England.

OBJECTIVES: To measure general practitioners' intentions to quit direct patient care, to assess changes between 1998 and 2000, and to investigate associated factors, notably job satisfaction. DESIGN: Analysis of national postal surveys conducted in 1998 and 2001. SETTING: England. PARTICIPANTS: 1949 general practitioner principals, of whom 790 were surveyed in 1998 and 1159 in 2001. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Overall job satisfaction and likelihood of leaving direct patient care in the next five years. RESULTS: The proportion of doctors intending to quit direct patient care in the next five years rose from 14% in 1998 to 22% in 2001. In both years, the main factors associated with an increased likelihood of quitting were older age and ethnic minority status. Higher job satisfaction and having children younger than 18 years were associated with a reduced likelihood of quitting. There were no significant differences in regression coefficients between 1998 and 2001, suggesting that the effect of factors influencing intentions to quit remained stable over time. The rise in intentions to quit was due mainly to a reduction in job satisfaction (1998 mean 4.64, 2001 mean 3.96) together with a slight increase in the proportion of doctors from ethnic minorities and in the mean age of doctors. Doctors' personal and practice characteristics explained little of the variation in job satisfaction within or between years. CONCLUSIONS: Job satisfaction is an important factor underlying intention to quit, and attention to this aspect of doctors' working lives may help to increase the supply of general practitioners.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Comparing pediatric intentional injury surveillance data with data from publicly available sources: consequences for a public health response to violence.

OBJECTIVE: A hospital based intentional injury surveillance system for youth (aged 3-18) was compared with other publicly available sources of information on youth violence. The comparison addressed whether locally conducted surveillance provides data that are sufficiently more complete, detailed, and timely that clinicians and public health practitioners interested in youth violence prevention would find surveillance worth conducting. SETTING: The Boston Emergency Department Surveillance (BEDS) project was conducted at Boston Medical Center and the Children's Hospital, Boston. METHOD: MEDLINE and other databases were searched for data sources that report separate data for youth and data on intentional injury. Sources that met these criteria (one national and three local) were then compared with BEDS data. Comparisons were made in the following categories: age, gender, victim-offender relationship, injury circumstance, geographic location, weapon rates, and violent injury rates. RESULTS: Of 14 sources dealing with violence, only four met inclusion criteria. Each source provided useful breakdowns for age and gender; however, only the BEDS data were able to demonstrate that 32.6% of intentional injuries occurred among youth aged 12 and under. Comparison data sources provided less detail regarding the victim-offender relationship, injury circumstance, and weapon use. Comparison of violent injury rates showed the difficulties for practitioners estimating intentional injury from sources based on arrest data, crime victim data, or weapon related injury. CONCLUSIONS: Comparison suggests that surveillance is more complete, detailed, and timely than publicly available sources of data. Clinicians and public health practitioners should consider developing similar systems.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1994

Proximal intentional neglect: a case study.

Although neglect has been demonstrated in the horizontal, vertical, and radial planes of space and has been attributed to sensory-attentional, motor-intentional, and representational deficits, motor intentional neglect in the radial plane has not been previously described. A patient who had a right parietal infarct was tested with a modified cancellation task that uses a fixed window, thereby controlling attentional demands and allowing one to dissociate between intentional and representational neglect. This patient showed proximal (radial) intentional neglect (a failure to move towards or in proximal space). Unlike controls whose search times decreased with increasing window size, our patient showed no change in search time as a function of window size. This pattern of behaviour suggests that the patient's search strategy does not incorporate factors such as the relation between a fixed target space and a variably sized aperture, but rather was based on the allocation of a certain amount of resources for a fixed period of time after which, regardless of performance, the patient would stop searching.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Effect of health messages about "Light" and "Ultra Light" cigarettes on beliefs and quitting intent.

OBJECTIVE: To test the impact of three health messages focusing on vent holes, sensory effects of Light and Ultra Light cigarettes, or health consequences of smoking, respectively, on beliefs and quitting intentions. DESIGN: In the course of a random digit dialed telephone survey, subjects were randomised to hear one of three messages. To test the effects of the messages, beliefs and quitting intentions were assessed both pre- and post-message. PARTICIPANTS: Daily smokers (n = 2120) of Regular (46%), Light (39%), and Ultra Light (15%) cigarettes in the USA. The sample was weighted to match the US smoker population on age, sex, and ethnicity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Beliefs were summarised on three dimensions: Safety (reduced health risk), Delivery (lower tar and nicotine delivery), and Sensation (less harsh). Quitting interest was captured by the "quit index", an aggregate measure of quitting interest and intent. RESULTS: The message focusing on smokers' sensory perceptions of Light and Ultra Light cigarettes resulted in the most positive change in beliefs about safety, delivery, and intent to quit, and was particularly effective among those who believed that these cigarettes were less harsh. The effect was most pronounced among young adults, and among smokers of Light and Ultra Light brands who most endorsed their sensory benefits. CONCLUSIONS: Addressing smokers' sensory experience that Light and Ultra Light cigarettes feel less harsh may be a promising strategy for changing their misconceptions about these cigarettes and enhancing their interest in quitting. Media counter-advertising on Lights and Ultra Lights, focusing on sensory aspects of these cigarettes, may be an important part of tobacco control efforts.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Minors' tobacco possession law violations and intentions to smoke: implications for tobacco control.

OBJECTIVES: To test: (1) whether citation under the Minors in Possession (MIP) law, vicarious citation (knowing someone who was cited), and threat of driving licence suspension are associated with decreased intentions to smoke next year; and (2) whether the policy is differentially enforced. SUBJECTS: 28,249 white, Hispanic, and African American students in grades 6-12 (11-18 years old) participated in the study. METHOD: The 86 item anonymous Texas Youth Tobacco Survey was completed by students attending 37 schools in 14 east and central Texas communities. RESULTS: Hierarchical linear modelling showed that MIP citation was unrelated to the future smoking intentions of most youth. However, there was a negative association between citation and smoking intentions for ever daily smoking youth at four schools. Threat of licence suspension was associated with a lower likelihood of future smoking intentions among ever daily smoking youth and vicarious citation did not deter youth from future smoking. African American and Hispanic youth had a higher probability of being cited than their peers. CONCLUSIONS: Threat of driving licence suspension has the intended effect upon youth who are/were committed smokers and MIP citation has the intended effect upon committed smokers at only four schools. However, differential enforcement of the law based on ethnicity may be occurring. Before drawing firm conclusions, current findings must be replicated with longitudinal data to determine the consequences of citation on subsequent tobacco use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Correlations between the clinical picture and the intentionality in schizophrenic and schizoaffective patients.

The results are presented of catamnestic research on 24 patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia at the first clinical episode confirmed according to the ICD-10 criteria. The clinical picture rated with the Positive and Negative Symptoms Scale (Kay, Fiszbein and Opler, 1987) and with the BPRS, was correlated with the intentionality, which was rated with the InSka (IntentionalitätsSkala; Mundt, 1985). The transformation of the phenomenal significance into a numeric value enables the use of mathematical methods for the search of interactions inside the schizophrenic phenomenon. We found the following significant tendencies: (1) the negative syndrome score correlates with the residual intentionality; (2) the negative syndrome score correlates with the premorbid intentionality; (3) the clinical thought disturbance correlates with the premorbid speech content intentional profile.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Dichotomized efficacy end points and global end-point analysis applied to the ECASS intention-to-treat data set: post hoc analysis of ECASS I.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: It is not yet known which end points are the most suitable for evaluation of the effects of acute stroke intervention. The European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study (ECASS) I study used 2 primary end points. The study was powered to detect a 15% improvement of the median of each primary end point. The study failed to show this effect and was negative in the intention-to-treat analysis. The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) study used 4 dichotomized end points and applied a global end-point analysis. This study was positive and led to FDA approval of thrombolytic therapy for acute ischemic stroke. This study was undertaken to answer the question of whether a different statistical design may have shown a positive results of the ECASS I trial. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the ECASS I intention-to-treat data set (615 randomized and treated patients, rtPA treatment versus placebo) and post hoc application of the NINDS trial statistical methodology (global end-point analysis). The scores of the modified Rankin Scale (mRS), Barthel Index (BI), and the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were dichotomized according to the criteria used in the NINDS trial. Favorable outcome was defined as a score of 0 or 1 on mRS, a score of 95 or 100 on BI, and a score of 0 or 1 on NIHSS. RESULTS: The number of patients reaching favorable outcome were higher in all 3 end points in the rtPA-treated group. The effect sizes were 8% for mRS, 6% for BI, and 14% for NIHSS, respectively. The differences are statistically significant for the mRS (P=0.044; odds ratio [OR], 1. 4; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0 to 2.0) and the NIHSS (P=0.001; OR, 1.9; 95% CI, 1.4 to 2.8), while for the BI significance was missed (P=0.102; OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.9 to 1.8). The global end-point statistics, however, shows a significant increase (P=0.008; OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1 to 2.0) of favorable outcome in the rtPA-treated patient group. CONCLUSIONS: Using the global end-point analysis, ECASS is positive in the intention-to-treat analysis. This may indicate that the time window for thrombolysis may be as long as 6 hours. Looking at the 3 dichotomized end points, the effect sizes for 2 end points, mRS and BI, are smaller in the ECASS 6-hour intention-to-treat population compared with the NINDS trial, whereas the effect size for the NIHSS is larger. While in the NINDS trial all 3 end points reveal statistically significant results, in ECASS only 2 of the 3 corresponding end points, mRS and NIHSS, were statistically significant. This finding underlines an important difference of a global end-point approach: it may show a positive overall result although one of the end points is not positive.

Cerebrovascular Disorders↗

PubMed1975

Classification of suicidal behaviors: I. Quantifying intent and medical lethality.

Previous studies of attempted suicide have cast doubt on the value of assessing psychological intent. By identifying a moderating variable, namely, the attempter's preconceptions about the lethality of his act, the authors were able to solve the puzzle of the low correlations between intent and lethality. Suicidal intent correlates highly with medical lethality when the attempter has sufficient knowledge to assess properly the probable outcome of his attempt. The authors conclude that suicidal intent and medical lethality are useful dimensions in classifying suicidal behavior.

Attitude to Death↗

PubMed1989

Factors influencing medical students' intentions to choose psychiatry as a career.

Information was collected and analyzed to test a theoretical model of the interaction of previously reported correlates of intention to specialize in psychiatry. Ninety-nine first-year medical students completed a four-part questionnaire designed to demonstrate reasons for such an intention. The three main predictors of intention to specialize in this field were shown to be, in order: perception of others' views of a psychiatric career, students' attitude to psychiatry and their willingness to comply with the views of others. Although sociodemographic and personality characteristics also forecast intention to specialize in psychiatry, they did so only by operating through the three main predictors. The implications of these findings in relation to previous findings are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Psychosocial factors associated with young elementary school children's intentions to consume legumes: a test of the theory of reasoned action.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to test the utility of the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) in explaining young elementary school children's intention to consume legumes. METHODS: A survey was conducted with children in an urban, multicultural community in Massachusetts. A total of 336 children participated. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the strength of the relationship between attitude and subjective norm and intention. RESULTS: Although attitude was significantly associated with intention, the pseudo-R2 for the regression model that included only the TRA constructs was extremely low (.01). Adding demographic factors and preference improved the model's predictive ability, but attitude was no longer significant. CONCLUSION: The results of this study do not provide support for the predictive utility of the TRA with young elementary school children for this behavior, when demographic factors are accounted for. Hedonic factors, rather than reasoned judgments, may help drive children's intentions.

Attitude↗

PubMed1975

Assessment if intent--an approach to the preparation of court reports.

In a minority of persons interviewed for the purposes of a court report it will be found impossible to determine retrospectively their intention at the material time with any exactness. This in itself is an indication of an abnormal mental state when the alleged crime was committed, irrespective of how the accused may appear when interviewed later. As well as issues arising under the McNaughton Rules or Diminished Responsibility to which intention is relevant, many offences require a specific intention to be proved so that the reporting psychiatrist should enquire into the accused's intention when preparing a court report.

Consciousness↗

PubMed2003

Intervention to reduce intentions to use tobacco among pediatric cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: In this randomized controlled trial, we sought to determine whether a risk counseling intervention would increase knowledge and perceived vulnerability to tobacco-related health risks and decrease future intentions to use tobacco among preadolescents and adolescents previously treated for cancer. PATIENT AND METHODS: Participants included 103 cancer survivors between the ages of 10 and 18 years who were randomly assigned to either a standard care control (SCC) group or a tobacco intervention (TI) group. Patients in the SCC group received standard advice about the risks of tobacco use. Patients in the TI group received more intensive late effects risk counseling in addition to an educational video, goal setting, written physician feedback, smoking literature, and follow-up telephone counseling. The effect of our intervention was assessed by self-reported knowledge, perceived vulnerability, and intentions at baseline, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: Compared with the SCC group, patients who received our intervention had significantly higher knowledge scores, higher perceived vulnerability scores, and lower intention scores at 12 months. No significant differences between the SCC and TI groups at 6 months, across all measures, were found. CONCLUSION: Pediatric survivors' knowledge, perceived vulnerability to health risks, and intentions to use tobacco can be modified by a risk counseling intervention. The delayed effect of our intervention indicates that these changes may evolve over time. Implications for health care providers who engage in tobacco counseling with young cancer survivors are discussed. Additional longitudinal studies are needed to determine definitive long-term intervention effects on actual tobacco use in this high-risk population.

Adolescent↗