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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

Disorders of eating behavior: correlation between hypothalamo-pituitary-thyroid function and psychopathological aspects.

Altered pituitary-thyroid (PT) function (TSH, FT4, FT3 plasma levels) was correlated with symptoms of Eating Disorders (ED) in 137 patients (65 ANR, 12 ANP, 19 ANBP, 26 BN, 8 EDNOS-AN, 7 EDNOS-BN) and 30 controls. PT hormone concentrations were assessed by immunofluorimetry and psychopathology by EDI-2 and HSCL-90. Values of TSH were decreased in ANP, BN, EDNOS-AN, of T4 in ANR, ANP, AN-BP, of T3 in ANR, ANP, ANBP, BN, EDNOS-AN, EDNOS-BN. TSH values correlated negatively with ineffectiveness in BN and EDNOS-AN, and with depression in EDNOS-AN. FT4 values correlated positively with perfectionism in ANR, ANP and ANBP, with interoceptive awareness in EDNOS-AN, and negatively with depression in EDNOS-AN and with body dissatisfaction in EDNOS-BN. FT3 values correlated positively with perfectionism in ANBP and BN, with ineffectiveness in ANR and ANP, with depression in EDNOS-AN, with hostility in ANR and EDNOS-BN, with interpersonal sensibility in ANP, with somatization in EDNOS-BN, and negatively with interpersonal distrust in EDNOS-AN. Prospective studies are needed to confirm whether or not altered PT parameters correlate with ED symptoms during the course of the diseases.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Human feelings: why are some more aware than others?

A recent article reports that human perception of heartbeat timing is mediated by right (non-dominant) anterior insular cortex, and that the activity and the size of this region is directly correlated with individuals' subjective awareness of inner body feelings and emotionality. These results support the somatic-marker hypothesis of consciousness (a modern successor to the James-Lange theory of emotion) and the neuroanatomical concept that human awareness is based on a phylogenetically distinct interoceptive pathway.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Anxiogenic effects of repeated administrations of 20% CO2-enriched air: stability within sessions and habituation across time.

Increasingly carbon dioxide-enriched air is being used as an aversive unconditioned stimulus in laboratory examinations of anxiety. Yet, little is known about the stability of the autonomic and subjective effects of this stimulus across repeated inhalations and sessions. We examined whether repeated administrations of high concentrations of CO2-enriched air produced either habituation, stability, or sensitization across several autonomic and self-report indices within one session (Experiment 1) and then several sessions (Experiment 2) of exposure. Results suggest that non-clinical participants do not habituate to CO2 within sessions, but do show habituation on cardiac and subjective report of anxiety across sessions. Individual difference factors such as anxiety sensitivity and suffocation fear seem to moderate some of these effects, including self-reported distress and anxiety in response to the challenge. These results support the use of CO2 as a panicogenic aversive stimulus in laboratory models of fear onset and in clinical settings for interoceptive exposure treatments of panic.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Rate of improvement during cognitive-behavioral group treatment for panic disorder.

This study examined the rate of symptom improvement in patients receiving cognitive-behavioral group treatment for panic disorder in an outpatient clinic setting. Treatment was a standard program of 12 sessions that emphasized information, interoceptive and situational exposure, and cognitive restructuring, but also included diaphragmatic breathing and relaxation training as elements of treatment. Subjects were 37 patients selected from sequential admissions into an outpatient treatment program; all data were derived from ongoing quality assurance measures that are a standard part of clinical monitoring. Consequently, this study provides data not on the relative efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), but on rate of improvement and effectiveness of CBT for panic disorder in actual clinical practice. Patients achieved significant treatment gains on all panic disorder dimensions assessed, and the largest reduction in symptoms was during the first third of the treatment program, thereby challenging the notion that CBT delivers its gains slowly over time. Information on rats of symptom improvement is valuable for providing patients with accurate expectations about potential treatment benefits and for helping to maintain motivation during initial treatment sessions.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

The facilitative effects of heart-rate feedback in the emotional processing of claustrophobic fear.

This study examines predictions derived from Foa and Kozak's theory of emotional processing. We hypothesized that the provision of heart-rate feedback would facilitate emotional processing through a fuller activation of the participant's fear structure, and by focusing participants' attention on information that is incompatible with the fear structure, i.e., the interoceptive pattern of habituation. Nonclinical students (N = 54) showing marked claustrophobic fear received 30 min of self-directed exposure to a claustrophobic chamber. Three exposure conditions (heart-rate feedback, paced-tone control, and exposure only control) were examined across six 5-min exposure trials. Participants receiving heart-rate feedback displayed greater between-trial habituation across treatment trials and lower levels of fear at post-treatment. Treatment process findings failed to support the fear activation hypothesis. Implications of the findings for theories of fear reduction are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Discriminative stimulus properties of ethanol in the rat: effects of neurosteroids and picrotoxin.

Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone (5beta-THDOC; 1.3-12.0 mg/kg), a neurosteroid enhancing the GABA(A) receptor-associated chloride conductance, produced predominantly ethanol-appropriate responding (> 80%) in rats trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol from saline. However, neither picrotoxin (0.25-1.5 mg/kg), nor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (0.01-100.0 mg/kg), a neurosteroid acting as a GABA(A) receptor antagonist, attenuated the stimulus effects of ethanol. These results indicate that: (1) at least certain neurosteroids may produce subjective states similar to these induced by ethanol; (2) blockade of the GABA(A) receptor-associated channel does not eliminate the ethanol interoceptive cue in rats.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Somatization and somatosensory amplification in psychiatric outpatients: an explorative study.

The aim of the present study was to assess the contribution of somatosensory amplification to somatization. Two questions were addressed: (1) whether somatization is associated with somatosensory amplification independent of level of anxiety or depression, and (2) whether any differences in somatization between patients with panic disorder or depressive disorder and controls can be attributed to differences in somatosensory amplification. The subjects were 673 consecutive psychiatric outpatients. In this sample, 124 patients received a V-code or no psychiatric diagnosis (controls), 82 a single diagnosis of panic disorder, and 68 single diagnosis of major depression. The following measures were used: the Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS), Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). SCL-90 somatization scores were significantly associated with anxiety scores and to a lesser extent with SSAS scores for somatosensory amplification, independent of gender, presence of physical illness, and depression scores. Moreover, after statistically controlling for differences in somatosensory amplification, panic disorder patients still obtained significantly higher somatization scores than depressive disorder patients, who manifested significantly higher levels of somatization than controls. It is concluded that somatization primarily reflects somatized anxiety and not somatosensory amplification. Somatization associated with panic attacks may result from other mechanisms, such as the psychophysiology of anxiety and cognitive misappraisal of benign bodily symptoms. Further studies into the concurrent validity of the SSAS as a measure of interoceptive acuity are needed.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Transduction of the discriminative stimulus effects of zolpidem by GABA(A)/alpha1 receptors.

Zolpidem is an imidazopyridine with high affinity at gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) (GABA(A)) receptors expressing alpha1 subunits. In squirrel monkeys trained to discriminate a high dose of zolpidem (> or =3.0 mg/kg) from saline, zolpidem and another GABA(A)/alpha1 receptor-preferring agonist, zaleplon, substituted dose-dependently for zolpidem, whereas the non-selective agonists diazepam and triazolam were did not substitute at any dose tested. These findings offer the first evidence for a selective role of GABA(A)/alpha1 receptors in the interoceptive effects of high doses of zolpidem.

Acetamides↗

PubMed1999

Specificity of chronic effects of diazepam on responding of rats under fixed-ratio schedules.

Behavioral effects of diazepam were studied in rats responding in different daily sessions using different operant chambers and manipulanda. In one experiment, key pressing was maintained in a first session under a 40-response fixed-ratio schedule; lever pressing was maintained in a second session under a 40-response fixed-ratio schedule; and a third session consisted of a multiple schedule comprising both key and lever pressing maintained under a 40-response fixed-ratio schedule. In a second experiment, the first session consisted of a multiple schedule with both key and lever pressing maintained under a 40-response fixed-ratio schedule and the second session consisted of lever pressing maintained under a 40-response fixed-ratio schedule. After studying effects of widely spaced injections of diazepam (0.3-3.0 mg/kg) on responding for each separate schedule, animals received 1.7 mg/kg/day diazepam in order to study chronic effects of the diazepam on behavior among the different schedule-conditions. In both experiments, tolerance to rate-decreasing effects of diazepam in a particular schedule component did not extend to any other schedule component when the manipulandum or chamber was different, but did extend to other schedule components when the manipulandum or chamber was the same. These results suggest that behavioral effects of chronically administered diazepam were influenced not only by pharmacologic processes, but also by learned relationships among its interoceptive effects, reinforcement contingencies, and particular behavioral environments.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Feeling your body or feeling badly: evidence for the limited validity of the Somatosensory Amplification Scale as an index of somatic sensitivity.

OBJECTIVE: The Somatosensory Amplification Scale (SSAS) purports to measure the extent to which individuals are sensitive to their bodies. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the SSAS in two studies with university students. METHODS: Participants completed the SSAS, various cross-sectional measures of somatic and psychological distress, longitudinal measures of somatic symptoms, daily hassles and mood, and participated in a heartbeat detection task (Study 2 only). RESULTS: The SSAS was correlated with cross-sectional measures of somatic symptom reporting, but not with somatic symptoms reported on a daily basis nor with an index of interoceptive sensitivity. The SSAS was also correlated with several indices of general distress including anxious and depressive symptoms, daily hassles, and negative emotionality. CONCLUSION: Taken together, the results suggest that the SSAS is more likely an index of negative emotionality and general distress than a valid measure of somatic sensitivity per se.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Relationships between alexithymia and psychological characteristics associated with eating disorders.

This study examines the relationships between alexithymia and psychological characteristics and behaviors that are commonly associated with eating disorders. The 20-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20) and the Eating Disorder Inventory (EDI) were administered to a group of 48 female patients with anorexia nervosa, a matched comparison group of 30 normal women, and an unmatched comparison group of 116 male and 118 female university students. In the anorexic and male student groups, the TAS-20 correlated significantly and positively with the EDI subscales, Ineffectiveness, Interpersonal Distrust, Interoceptive Awareness, and Maturity Fears. The TAS-20 correlated significantly only with Interpersonal Distrust in the matched comparison group, and only with Ineffectiveness and Interpersonal Distrust in the female student group. The results suggest that alexithymia is related to several psychological traits that are characteristic of patients with eating disorders and thought to play a role in the development of the disorders but is unrelated to attitudes and behaviors concerning abnormal eating and body weight and shape.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Phentermine+fenfluramine produce cocaine-like discriminative cues.

Drug discrimination studies were conducted in six male Sprague-Dawley rats trained to discriminate the interoceptive cues produced by 10 mg/kg cocaine in an effort to investigate if there is stimulus generalization to phentermine or phentermine + fenfluramine. Once having reached criterion performance, these rats were tested with lower doses of cocaine and generated a typical dose-response curve allowing for calculation of an ED50 value: 2.798 mg/kg. Testing of phentermine in doses of 1.25-5.0 mg/kg indicated generalization with the highest dose producing 80% cocaine-appropriate responding and allowing for an ED50 value of 2.356 mg/kg. When the phentermine doses were tested in combination 2.0 mg/kg fenfluramine, however, there was an increase in the discriminability of the highest phentermine dose and a slight decrease in the ED50 value of the combination. Thus, administration of phentermine + fenfluramine, having both dopamine-releasing and serotonin-releasing properties, respectively, may mimic the neurochemical activity by which cocaine acts in the central nervous system and may possibly allow for cocaine-like effects as these two drugs see increased use in obesity control.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Involvement of GABA(A) and GABA(B) receptors in the mediation of discriminative stimulus effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid.

The present study was designed to further investigate the pharmacological profile of the discriminative stimulus effects of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB). Drugs acting at the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)B receptor (baclofen and CGP 35348), GABA(A)/benzodiazepine receptor complex (diazepam), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor complex (dizocilpine), and cannabinoid receptor (WIN 55,212-2) were tested for substitution or blockade of the GHB interoceptive cue in rats trained to discriminate either 300 or 700 mg/kg of GHB i.g. from water in a T-maze, food-reinforced drug discrimination paradigm. Baclofen completely substituted for both training doses of GHB; however, its potency in substituting for GHB increased as the training dose of GHB was increased. CGP 35348 partially and completely blocked the cue elicited by 300 and 700 mg/kg of GHB, respectively. In contrast, diazepam partially substituted for 300 mg/kg of GHB, while failing to produce a GHB-appropriate response in the rat group trained to the higher GHB dose. Neither dizocilpine nor WIN 55,212-2 substituted for GHB. Collectively, these data suggest that: a) GHB produces a compound stimulus; and b) GABA(B)- and GABA(A)-mediated cues are prominent components of the mixed stimulus of GHB. However, the quality (i.e., the proportion of the component cues) of the stimulus varies as the training dose of GHB is increased; indeed, the contribution of the GABA(A)- and GABA(B)-mediated cues were smaller and greater, respectively, at 700 and 300 mg/kg of GHB training doses.

Anesthetics, Intravenous↗

PubMed1999

2-Deoxy-D-glucose and mercaptoacetate induce different patterns of macronutrient ingestion.

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and mercaptoacetate (MA) are antimetabolic agents that reduce the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, respectively, and stimulate feeding. The present study compared the effects of MA and 2DG on macronutrient self-selection. Because 2DG and MA have different metabolic actions and appear to activate different neural pathways, our hypothesis was that 2DG and MA would elicit different patterns of macronutrient selection. The first experiment examined macronutrient selection in response to 2DG, MA, and 0.9% saline in rats maintained on a three-macronutrient self-selection diet consisting of cornstarch, casein, and vegetable oil. Subsequently, one macronutrient source was replaced in each of three similar experiments with Polycose, albumin, or solid vegetable shortening. Finally, 2DG and MA tests were conducted in which only one macronutrient (cornstarch, casein, or oil) was available during the test. Results show that MA and 2DG elicit different macronutrient preferences. 2DG elicits intake of all three macronutrients in the same relative proportion consumed during spontaneous feeding across a number of dietary conditions, suggesting that glucoprivation activates interoceptive signals and neural pathways similar to those involved in normal hunger. MA elicits a selective intake of protein. Conditions in which carbohydrate palatability is enhanced or protein palatability is diminished lead to a relative increase in carbohydrate intake in response to MA. However, MA did not increase the intake of fat. Results suggest that intake of each macronutrient is subject to separate neural or endocrine control, and that these controls are linked to metabolic cues.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Drug-drug discrimination: stimulus properties of drugs of abuse upon a serotonergic-dopaminergic continuum.

Ten male N/Nih rats were trained to discriminate between the interoceptive cues produced by the purportedly dopaminergically-mediated drug d-amphetamine at 0.4 mg/kg intraperitoneally administered 20 min prior to training and those produced by the purportedly serotonergically-active agent norfenfluramine at 0.7 mg/kg. Once this discrimination was successfully acquired, the rats were tested with saline and with both drugs administered simultaneously and these manipulations were seen to produce random responding; indicating roughly equivalent cueing strength. Subsequently, various drugs thought to act upon serotonergic neurons, i.e., LSD and MDMA, were tested and shown to generalize in a dose-responsive manner to the norfenfluramine-appropriate lever. In contrast, the dopaminergically-active agent methcathinone and the D3 agonist 7-OH-DPAT produced generalization on the amphetamine-appropriate lever. Results are discussed in light of the increased specificity of behavioral testing available in a drug vs. drug discriminative paradigm using two drugs with different mechanisms of action.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1997

High dose pimozide does not block amphetamine-induced euphoria in normal volunteers.

Studies with laboratory animals have shown that dopamine antagonists block the rewarding and interoceptive effects of amphetamine. However, studies using dopamine antagonists with humans have not consistently shown blockade of amphetamine-induced euphoria. The unexpected results in humans may relate to the low doses of dopamine antagonists tested. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of a relatively high acute dose (8 mg) of the dopamine receptor antagonist, pimozide, on responses to d-amphetamine (10 and 20 mg) in normal volunteers. Male and female volunteers (N = 12) attended six sessions on which they received pimozide or placebo (7:30 am) followed by d-amphetamine or placebo (9:30 am). Subjective, physiological and behavioral measures were obtained at baseline (7:15 am) and hourly over a 5 h period. d-Amphetamine and pimozide, when administered alone, produced significant and opposite effects on ratings of Elation and Vigor, as well as on psychomotor performance and physiological measures. However, there were few significant interactions between pimozide and d-amphetamine. Thus, pimozide failed to consistently antagonize the effects of d-amphetamine, even at doses of pimozide that had behavioral and physiological effects when administered alone. Possible reasons for lack of robust dopamine antagonism of amphetamine-induced euphoria in humans are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cross-generalization of an EtOH "hangover" cue to endogenously and exogenously induced stimuli.

Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a two-choice food-reinforced drug discrimination task (10 min sessions) using the state-dependent interoceptive stimulus attributes of ethanol's (EtOH) delayed or rebound effects (EDE) versus "normal" basal homeostasis. Cross-generalization tests were conducted with 0.18 mg/kg naloxone injected after three days of three injections per day of either SAL or 10 mg/kg morphine. Naloxone failed to generalize to the EDE-state after chronic saline; however, the precipitated morphine withdrawal state produced complete generalization to the EDE training cue. Daily tests were conducted after 8 h photoperiod phase-shifts. An 8 h phase-advance, equivalent to a west-to-east intercontinental night-time flight in humans, produced a biphasic, graded, increase in EDE-appropriate responding, which peaked on the second day after the phase-advance and recovered by the fourth day. The 8 h phase-delays failed to engender significant EDE-appropriate responding. These data provide evidence for the subjective similarity between EtOH hangover, opiate withdrawal states, and the physiological disruption induced by circadian phase-advances.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Discriminative stimulus properties of ethanol in rats: studies on the role of nitric oxide.

The present study examined the role of the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway in mediation of the ethanol interoceptive (discriminative) cue. Adult male Wistar rats (n = 16) were trained to discriminate ethanol (1 g/kg, 10% v/v) from saline under a fixed-ratio 10 (FR10) schedule of sweetened milk reinforcement. A nonselective nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 10-540 mg/kg) did not substitute for ethanol. Similarly, a relatively selective neuronal NOS inhibitor, 7-nitroindazole (7-NI; 10-80 mg/kg), did not mimic the ethanol cue. However, both L-NAME and 7-NI produced significant reduction in the rate of operant responding. A nitric oxide precursor, L-arginine (100-500 mg/kg) neither substituted for nor antagonize the ethanol stimulus. Taken together, these results suggest that the L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway is not involved in mediation of the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in the rat.

Animals↗