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PubMed1983

Potential labor force supply and replacement in Mexico and the states of the Mexican Cession and Texas: 1980-2000.

"The purpose of this article is to carry forward the examination of potential labor force supply and replacement of men in Mexico into the 1980-1990 and 1990-2000 decades so that the possible future course of international migration between that country and the United States may be better anticipated. In addition, to provide a degree of developmental perspective, trends in potential labor force supply and replacement in Mexico since 1930-40 are presented." As a contrast, "ratios of potential labor force supply and replacement in the southwestern United States--the states of the Mexican Cession and Texas, which were formerly part of Mexico--also are shown for the 1980-1990 and 1990-2000 intervals." The results suggest that "in Mexico, the projected number of males entering the labor force ages will be about 48 percent larger in the 1980s than in the 1970s.... Fertility declined significantly in Mexico in the 1970s, and therefore the number of new entrants to the labor force ages in the 1990s will decline...." The implications for international migration between Mexico and the United States are considered.

Americas↗

PubMed1988

Decree No. 1991, Regulations to the Law on Foreigners, 30 June 1986.

Among other things, these Regulations set forth rules on requirements for visas established in the Ecuador Law on Foreigners. They list the amounts of income from abroad or investments in Ecuador required of foreigners entering Ecuador with immigrant visas, documents needed by persons working permanently in enterprises and institutions under immigrant visas, and methods of proof of dependency for persons entering on immigrant visas as dependents. In this context, they provide that persons with foreign income must receive at least $1,000 per month, with an increase of 80% Ecuadorian personnel; that persons entering as workers must inform authorities of changes in work status; and that persons entering as dependents may themselves work only if their sponsor dies or the means of subsistence of the sponsor decrease. The Regulations also set forth requirements for persons entering Ecuador on nonimmigrant visas, such as refugees, students, temporary workers, religious personnel, and those in transit. With respect to refugees, the rules provide that false statements made in an application will trigger an expulsion order; that foreign nationals coming from a country other than that where they suffered persecution will not be admitted unless they were in that country in direct transit; that refugees may not leave the country without express permission; and that, if the conditions justifying asylum change, a refugee will be required to leave the country. With respect to workers, the rules provide that an applicant must show a need for a foreign worker that cannot be fulfilled by an Ecuadorian worker and must show a work contract or appointment. With respect to those in transit, the rules provide that no visa is required and that entry will be denied to those lacking permission to enter the country of destination and transit through countries bordering Ecuador that are on their route. Persons in this category may stay in Ecuador for only a limited time--usually 10 days for persons en route and three months for visitors. The Regulations also contain provisions on the modification of immigration status, including the rule that the status of those in transit may not be modified. In addition, they set forth the functions of the Consultative Council on Migration Policy. Among these is the task of promoting internal migration to sparsely populated areas of the country.

Americas↗

PubMed1989

National population forecasts in industrialized countries: main findings of an international workshop.

The main findings are presented from a workshop on national population projections in developed countries, held in Voorburg, Netherlands, October 25-28, 1988. "The programme concentrated on four themes: general aspects of national population projections, fertility, mortality and international migration. Under the first theme, an international comparison of the forecasting process was presented, and items like accuracy, variants and monitoring were discussed. The other sessions contained cross-country overviews of actual trends, most recent assumptions and currently applied extrapolation methods. Furthermore, special attention was given to the use of time series methods and explanatory models for the extrapolation of fertility."

Congresses as Topic↗

PubMed1996

Development of resistance to Hypoderma lineatum (Diptera: Oestridae) within a cattle herd.

Three experimental infestations of a herd of 27 cattle with the common cattle grub, Hypoderma lineatum, are described during a 4-yr period. The mean percentage of survival of larvae during internal migration was 67.7% in the initial infestation. In the 2nd infestation 1 yr later, the mean percentage of survival of larvae decreased to 40.5% during internal migration. Although fewer larvae survived to reach the tissues in the back in the 2nd infestation, more larvae in the back tissues survived (27.2%) and 53 more mature larvae (potential adults) were produced during the 2nd than the 1st infestation. The 3rd infestation resulted in no further decrease in larval survival to the back tissues (43%), but significant larval mortality in the back (5.7% survival) reduced the number of mature larvae. After 2 infestations, larval survival to the back tissues had stabilized at approximately 40%, whereas the significant decrease in larval survival in the back tissues during the 3rd infestation indicated that resistance manifested at this stage of the parasite life cycle may be important for H. lineatum population control. We can conclude that development of herd resistance through H. lineatum exposure may require several infestation cycles.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Cancer incidence in Turin: the effect of migration.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Studies on migrant populations have been of great value in clarifying the role of environmental factors in cancer occurrence. Most of them consider migrants from other countries or continents. Turin, the target territory of this study, was an important area of internal migration initially from the East, and more recently from southern Italy. METHODS: The study compared incidence rates (age-standardized) of the native population, of the migrants and incidence rates of the Cancer Registries located in the four main areas of origin. RESULTS: Overall incidence rates in migrants from southern Italy were intermediate compared with those of the stable populations of the South and the North. The same effect was not true for people from the North-East, who migrated in earlier decades. In this population, migration towards lower-incidence areas did not reduce cancer incidence. Migrants from the South showed a significant increase in intestinal, breast, and tobacco-related tumors compared to the stable southern population. No effect of migration was found for cancer of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach or corpus uteri. Incidence of liver cancer in migrant southern males was significantly different from the stable and the native north-western population. CONCLUSIONS: The results, based on incidence data, validated previous findings based on mortality data on the effect of Italian internal migrations and showed that migrants underwent changes in some environmental exposures. In particular, migrants from the South to the North of Italy came into contact with new risk factors, with an increase in occurrence of cancer.

Female↗

PubMed1997

Early life experiences linked to diabetes mellitus: a study of African-American migration.

African Americans experienced massive internal migrations that shifted more than 6 million Southern-born blacks to other sections of the United States over the past century, a trend that only recently has been reversed. Whenever mass migration takes place, there is an opportunity to examine the role of the native and relocated environments in the development of disease. This article examines those relationships for diabetes mellitus, a group of diseases that disproportionately affect African-Americans relative to other racial and ethnic groups in the United States. Age-specific and age-adjusted rates with 95% confidence intervals were calculated for males and females for combinations of five regions of birth and four regions of residence at time of death. Southern-born males had statistically significantly higher death rates from diabetes than did their counterparts who died in the same regions in 9 of 16 comparisons. For females, those born in the South had statistically significantly higher rates in 15 of 16 comparisons. The results of this study indicate that place of birth and early life experiences are statistically associated with diabetes mortality among African Americans regardless of place of residence at time of death.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Annual rates of rural-urban-rural migration, 1970-1980].

A method to measure levels of internal migration in Brazil is proposed based on the hypothesis that the decision to migrate in a given year depends on residence conditions in that year only, and not on conditions existing in previous years. "That is to say that the migratory process is first order Markovian process order. These estimates allow a better approximation of actual migration, as opposed to measures of net migration obtained through indirect methods." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Americas↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Trends in international nurse migration.

Predicted shortages and recruitment targets for nurses in developed countries threaten to deplete nurse supply and undermine global health initiatives in developing countries. A twofold approach is required, involving greater diligence by developing countries in creating a largely sustainable domestic nurse workforce and their greater investment through international aid in building nursing education capacity in the less developed countries that supply them with nurses.

Emigration and Immigration↗

PubMed1989

Successes and failures in the field of population policies since 1984.

During the 2nd half of the 20th century, there has been a marked growth in awareness of the problems associated with population growth. The compromise consensus reached at Bucharest and reaffirmed at Mexico City set limited goals against which progress can be partially measured. Acceptance of the need to formulate population goals and policies grew, especially in the less developed countries. Progress was made in reducing mortality, but the goals set by the international community were not fully met. Results in the area of fertility were markedly heterogenous between regions. Rather more was accomplished in restraining the rapid growth of the urban agglomerations, and in some countries there is greater freedom of internal migration, although coercive resettlement policies are still found in a few countries. For policies to succeed, it is essential to reach a national consensus on population issues. Research and debate on population issues in international forums such as the conferences at Bucharest and Mexico City can contribute to the attainment of a national consensus.

Congresses as Topic↗

PubMed1986

[Migratory circuits in western Mexico].

The author examines patterns of internal and international migration in western Mexico. "Drawing on data from different sources and statistics, the essay demonstrates the importance of both types of migration, the changes in endogenous and exogenous factors which have affected the life and the migratory patterns of the population of this region. The migratory circuit being a flow not only of persons, but of goods and capital as well, the cities, specifically that of Guadalajara, have a strategic importance. They fulfill various functions and have become the backbone of the migratory process: they serve as centers for attracting and 'hosting' internal migrants as well as places of origin for other migrants; jumping-off points for international migrants; and the milieu in which many returning migrants of rural origin settle." (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Americas↗

PubMed1993

Origin and population structure of the Icelanders.

The Norse and Celtic contributions to the founding population of Iceland have been estimated previously on a pan-Icelandic basis using gene frequency data for the entire island. Accounts of the settlement of Iceland, however, suggest that different regions received different proportions of Norse and Celtic settlers, indicating the need to incorporate geographic variation into Icelandic admixture studies. A formal likelihood ratio test rejects the null hypothesis of regional homogeneity in admixture proportions. Here, regional admixture estimates for Iceland are reported; they are in agreement with the settlement pattern inferred from historical accounts. The western, northern, and southern regions of Iceland exhibit a moderate Celtic component, consistent with historical indications that these regions were settled by Norse Vikings from the British Isles, accompanied by Celtic wives and slaves. Eastern Iceland, believed to have been settled chiefly by Vikings from Scandinavia, is characterized by a large Norse component of admixture. The northwestern peninsula is also found to be predominantly Norse. Regional genetic data are used to elucidate the contemporary population structure of Iceland. The observed structure correlates well with patterns of Icelandic geography, history, economy, marriage, urbanization, and internal migration. The northeastern region is strongly isolated, the urbanized areas of the north and southwest are representative of the overall population, and the remaining regions exhibit small-scale variation about the genetic central tendency. A high level of genetic homogeneity is indicated (RST = 0.0005), consistent with the high internal migration rate of the Icelanders. A regression of mean per-locus heterozygosity on distance from the gene frequency centroid reveals a greater than average external gene flow into the eastern region, whereas the northwestern peninsula has received less than average external gene flow. Iceland is compared with possible founding populations and was found to have diverged markedly from other northern European countries.

Emigration and Immigration↗

PubMed1983

Patterns of family migration: two methodological approaches.

"It is widely recognized that many internal migrations are undertaken by individuals whose moves are dependent on those of others. For example, children migrate with their parents and wives with their husbands. This paper suggests two formulations of family migration that permit the introduction of such family dependencies into the population projection process."

Demography↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Indirect estimates and data on migration in Brazil: a conceptual and methodological appraisal of recent census information].

Problems related to the analysis of data from the 1970 and 1980 censuses of Brazil concerning migration are explored. The author first notes that the 1980 census used new methods of data collection that make comparisons with previous censuses difficult. Procedures to overcome these problems are suggested. The inclusion for the first time in 1980 of data on intra-municipal migration is noted. "A procedure is proposed to estimate the intra-municipal migration during the decade, and to add it to estimates of other types of migration, in order to avoid double counting. Internal migration estimates for the 1960s and 1970s are presented for three States (Pernambuco, Minas Gerais [and] Sao Paulo). Special attention is paid to the different concepts implied by estimates obtained through direct and indirect measurement." (summary in ENG)

Americas↗

PubMed1996

Spatial concentration and deconcentration of population: Israel as a case study.

"The present study examines population concentration and deconcentration in Israel in 1948-1992, distinguishing between the local (the metropolitan areas of Tel Aviv, Jerusalem and Haifa) and national levels. It covers the periods of immigration in the 1950s and the late 1980s (in the latter mainly from the former Soviet Union) and the period in between, when the waves of immigration to Israel died down and internal migration became the main factor shaping population distribution in Israel. The end of the article examines the methodological and theoretical significance of the empirical results."

Asia↗

PubMed1989

Where do the new U.S. immigrants live?

"Analyzing the location choices of the post-1964 U.S. immigrants results in three main findings: (1) these immigrants are more geographically concentrated than natives of the same age and ethnicity and reside in cities with large ethnic populations; (2) education plays a key role in location choice, reducing geographic concentration and the likelihood of being in cities with a high concentration of fellow countrymen and increasing the probability of changing locations after arrival in the United States; (3) internal migration within the United States occurs more frequently among immigrants than natives and facilitates the process of assimilation for the more educated individuals."

Americas↗

PubMed2003

The buried bumper syndrome: migration of internal bumper of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube into the abdominal wall.

A percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube was inserted in a 59-year-old man who was undergoing craniotomy due to subarachnoid hemorrhage, because it was estimated that he could not have oral intake for a period of 4 weeks. Seventy days after the insertion, the percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube was replaced because of its accidental removal by the patient. Two months after the second insertion, the tube had to be replaced due to nonfunctioning. The buried bumper syndrome was diagnosed on physical examination, and was confirmed by endoscopy, with findings of mucosal dimpling and nonvisualization of the internal bumper. The tube was removed by external traction without any abdominal incision, and the same site was used for the insertion of a replacement tube over a guidewire. The patient remained symptom-free during 18 months of follow-up.

Abdominal Wall↗

PubMed1996

[Return migrations in the Italian migration system: a reexamination].

The authors discuss trends in return migration in Italy, with a focus on regional differences. "On a regional level, the effects of return migration are very much connected with socio-economic structure. Only highly developed and autonomous regions can absorb productive investments and changes brought about by return migration. Several southern regions--especially those with greater migration experience--have shown in the last decades a very poor socio-economic development." The study is concerned with both internal and international migration. (SUMMARY IN ENG AND FRE)

Demography↗

PubMed1992

Population change in the Republic of Ireland 1981-1991: trends and spatial patterns.

"Demographic trends in the Republic of Ireland have gradually moved closer to Western European norms during the past two decades. Birth rates have continued to fall and internal migration flows have become diversified. External migration has continued to play an important role in population change, however, and in the most recent census period has contributed to net decline. Geographical patterns of change within the state reflect a concentration of growth in the environs of the larger centres of population." (SUMMARY IN FRE)

Demography↗