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PubMed1998

Concentric and eccentric shoulder and elbow muscle strength in female volleyball players and non-active females.

UNLABELLED: Maximal isokinetic concentric (60 degrees/s and 180 degrees/s) and eccentric (60 degrees/s) muscle strength of the external and internal rotator muscles of the shoulder and the flexor and extensor muscles of the elbow was measured in a position resembling spiking and serving in volleyball, on 11 non-injured female volleyball players (first division) and 11 non-active females. In the dominant arm, the volleyball players had significantly higher concentric peak torque of the internal and external rotators and elbow extensors at both velocities, and significantly higher eccentric peak torque of the shoulder internal and external rotators and elbow flexors and extensors, than the controls. In the volleyball group, the concentric internal rotation peak torque at 60 degrees/s was significantly higher in the dominant than in the non-dominant arm. The external/internal strength ratio was significantly lower at 60 degrees/s, but not at 180 degrees/s, in the dominant arm. CONCLUSION: The female volleyball players had a higher concentric and eccentric strength in the rotator muscles of the shoulder and in the extensor muscles of the elbow compared to untrained controls in this special test position. There were signs of rotator muscle imbalance at the low test speed, but no signs of weakness of the external rotators, in the dominant arm of the volleyball players.

Acceleration↗
PubMed1995

Muscle strength in healthy people and in patients suffering from recent-onset inflammatory arthritis.

Neuromuscular function was compared among 20 patients with relatively recent onset (symptomatic period 17 +/- 24 months) rheumatoid arthritis (RA) (experimental group; EG), and 20 age- and sex-matched healthy people (control group; CG). The comparison was repeated after a period of 6 months, when 16 patients had carried out progressive strength training. At baseline maximal grip strength and maximal dynamic unilateral strength of the knee extensors in the EG were significantly (P < 0.05) lower in comparison to the CG. The groups did not differ from each other in maximal isometric strength of the trunk flexors and extensors or the knee extensors. The 6-month dynamic strength training in the EG resulted in significant increases in maximal dynamic strength of the knee extensors (P < 0.001), in isometric grip strength (P < 0.001) and in isometric strength of the trunk flexors (P < 0.05) and extensors (P < 0.05) to the level of the healthy controls. Only minor changes took place in explosive strength and maximal isometric strength of the knee extensors. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (P < 0.001), Ritchie's articular index (P < 0.01) and modified health assessment questionnaire (P < 0.01) improved significantly during the training period. The results suggest that inflammatory arthritis decreases dynamic and/or isometric muscle strength in selected muscle groups of the body already in the early stages of disease. However, progressive dynamic strength training rapidly increases the neuromuscular performance capacity of the patients even to the level of healthy people without detrimental effects on disease activity.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Shoulder-muscle strength and range of motion following surgical repair of full-thickness rotator-cuff tears.

Postoperative measurements of the range of motion and muscle strength of the shoulder and ratings of pain and the ability to perform daily activities were made in fifty-eight patients (sixty-three shoulders) who had a repair of a full-thickness rotator-cuff tear. Postoperatively, the patients had an average of 126 degrees of active flexion of the shoulder and an average of 130 degrees of active abduction. Passive motion averaged 21 degrees more than active motion. The strength of the abductor muscles of the shoulder averaged approximately 86 per cent of normal. Most patients reported marked relief of pain and rated themselves as having mild or no deficits in their ability to perform daily activities. The length of the cuff tear significantly affected the functional results. Short tears (less than 2.5 centimeters) were associated with greater strength and range of motion than were long tears. Fifteen of the nineteen patients who were unable to work preoperatively because of the shoulder returned to work after surgery, but not necessarily to the same type of work that they had done before the onset of the problem with the shoulder.

Acromion↗
PubMed1992

Muscle strength according to level of physical exercise and educational background in middle-aged women in Finland.

The aim of this study was to examine the role of socio-economic status and the practice of physical exercise in explaining variation in muscle strength in 50 to 60-year-old women. Consequently, four study groups combining education and physical activity were formed: (1) university education, physically active; (2) university education, sedentary; (3) vocational or lower level of education, physically active; (4) vocational or lower level of education, sedentary. Maximal isometric strength of hand grip, arm flexion, body flexion and extension as well as dynamic power of the abdominal muscles were measured in 112 women. The results of the maximal isometric strength measurements were standardised by body mass index. The means of the maximal isometric strength results and sit-up tests were compared between the groups using two-way analysis of variance. The physically active women performed better than the sedentary in both the isometric and dynamic tests. Greater muscle strength was also found among the more highly educated compared with the less educated. The less educated sedentary women showed the poorest performance in the strength tests.

Body Height↗
PubMed1991

Reproducibility of nine tests to measure spinal mobility and trunk muscle strength.

The reproducibility of nine back function tests suitable for use in the occupational health service was determined in 30 male employees. The correlation of three tests made with a tape measure--forward bending, modified Schober, and side bending--was high in both intra- and inter-observer comparisons (r = 0.82-0.96). Immediate repetition of the testing procedure improved the performance in the forward and side bending tests. The reproducibility was also good for the tests of dynamic (K = 0.57-0.78) and endurance (r = 0.90-0.96) strength of the abdominal muscles and quite good for the test of endurance strength of the back muscles (r = 0.74-0.80). The differences between the examiners must be taken into account in the modified Schober test, and in testing the flexibility of the hip flexors and hamstrings and the endurance strength of the back muscles.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Muscle strength, functional performance, and self-reported outcomes four years after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy in middle-aged patients.

OBJECTIVE: To examine thigh muscle strength, functional performance, and self-reported outcome in patients with nontraumatic meniscus tears 4 years after operation, and to study the impact of a strength deficit on self-reported outcome and evaluate the feasibility of 3 performance tests in this patient group. METHODS: The study group comprised 45 patients (36% women, mean age 46.7) who had an arthroscopic partial meniscectomy a mean of 4 years (range 1-6 years) previously. Main outcome measures included isokinetic strength of knee extensors and flexors, functional performance (1-leg hop, 1-leg rising, and square-hop tests), and a self-reported questionnaire (Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score). RESULTS: We found lower knee extensor strength and worse 1-leg rising capacity in the operated leg, but no difference between operated and nonoperated leg for knee flexors (P < or = 0.004 and P > 0.3, respectively). Patients with a stronger quadriceps of the operated leg compared with the nonoperated leg had less pain and better function and quality of life (r = 0.4-0.6, P < or = 0.010). We found the 1-leg rising and 1-leg hop tests to be suitable performance tests in middle-aged meniscectomy patients. CONCLUSION: Quadriceps strength is reduced in the meniscectomized leg compared with the nonoperated leg 4 years after surgery. This relative quadriceps weakness significantly affects objective and self-reported knee function, pain, and quality of life, indicating the importance of restoring muscle function after meniscectomy in middle-aged patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Anterior knee pain and thigh muscle strength after intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures: a report of 40 consecutive cases.

OBJECTIVES: Chronic anterior knee pain is a common complication following intramedullary nailing of a tibial shaft fracture. The source of pain is often not known nor is the reason for a simultaneous decrease in thigh muscle strength. Anterior knee pain has also been reported following an anterior cruciate ligament rupture. No previous investigation has assessed whether weakness of the thigh muscles is associated with anterior knee pain following intramedullary nailing of tibial shaft fractures. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: University Hospital of Tampere, University of Tampere. PATIENTS: Fifty consecutive patients with a nailed tibial shaft fracture were initially included in the study. Ten patients did not have isokinetic strength testing for various reasons and were eliminated from the study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Isokinetic muscle strength measurements were done in 40 patients at an average 3.2 +/- 0.4 (SD) years after nail insertion (1.7 +/- 0.3 years after the nail extraction). RESULTS: Twelve (30%) patients were painless and 28 (70%) patients had anterior knee pain at follow-up. With reference to the hamstrings muscles, the mean peak torque deficit of the injured limb (as compared with the uninjured limb) was 2 +/- 11% in the painless group and 11 +/- 17% in the pain group at a speed of 60 degrees /s (P = 0.09, [95% CI for the group difference = -18% to 0%]). At a speed of 180 degrees /s, the corresponding deficits were -3 +/- 13% and 10 +/- 21% (P = 0.03, [95% CI for the group difference = -4% to -2%]). With reference to the quadriceps muscles, the mean peak torque deficit of the injured limb was 14 +/- 15% in the painless group and 15 +/- 15% in the pain group at speed of 60 degrees /s (P = 0.71, [95% CI for the group difference = -11% to 10%]). At a speed of 180 degrees /s, the corresponding deficits were 9 +/- 11% and 14 +/- 17% (P = 0.46, [95% CI for the group difference = -14% to 5%]). CONCLUSION: Based on this prospective study, we conclude that anterior knee pain after intramedullary nailing of a tibial shaft fracture, although of multifactorial origin, may be related to deficiency in the flexion strength of the thigh muscles.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Quantification of muscle strength and imbalance in neurogenic pes cavus, compared to health controls, using hand-held dynamometry.

BACKGROUND: Pes cavus foot deformity in neuromuscular disease is thought to be related to an imbalance of musculature around the foot and ankle. The most common cause of neurogenic pes cavus is Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) disease. The aim of this investigation was to objectively quantify muscle strength and imbalance using hand-held dynamometry in patients diagnosed with CMT and pes cavus, compared to healthy controls. METHODS: Muscles responsible for inversion, eversion, plantarflexion, and dorsiflexion of the foot and ankle were measured in 55 subjects (11 CMT patients with a frank pes cavus, and 44 healthy controls with normal feet) using the Nicholas hand-held dynamometer (HHD). Test-retest reliability of the HHD procedure also was determined for each of the four muscle groups in the healthy controls. RESULTS: Test-retest reliability of the HHD procedure was excellent (ICC3,1 = 0.88 to 0.95) and the measurement error was low (SEM = 0.3 to 0.7 kg). Patients with CMT were significantly weaker than normal for all foot and ankle muscle groups tested (p < 0.001). Strength ratios of inversion-to-eversion and plantarflexion-to-dorsiflexion were significantly higher in the patients with CMT and pes cavus compared to individuals with normal foot types (p > 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Hand-held dynamometry is an objective and reliable instrument to measure muscle strength and imbalance in patients with CMT and a pes cavus foot deformity.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

A cross-sectional study of muscle strength and mass in 45- to 78-yr-old men and women.

The isokinetic strength of the elbow and knee extensors and flexors was measured in 200 healthy 45- to 78-yr-old men and women to examine the relationship between muscle strength, age, and body composition. Peak torque was measured at 60 and 240 degrees/s in the knee and at 60 and 180 degrees/s in the elbow by use of a Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer. Fat-free mass (FFM) was estimated by hydrostatic weighing in all subjects, and muscle mass (MM) was determined in 141 subjects from urinary creatinine excretion. FFM and MM were significantly lower (P less than 0.001) in the oldest group. Strength of all muscle groups at both testing speeds was significantly (P less than 0.006) lower (range 15.5-26.7%) in the 65- to 78- than in the 45- to 54-yr-old men and women. When strength was adjusted for FFM or MM, the age-related differences were not significant in all muscle groups except the knee extensors tested at 240 degrees/s. Absolute strength of the women ranged from 42.2 to 62.8% that of men. When strength was expressed per kilogram of MM, these gender differences were smaller and/or not present. These data suggest that MM is a major determinant of the age- and gender-related differences in skeletal muscle strength. Furthermore, this finding is, to a large extent, independent of muscle location (upper vs. lower extremities) and function (extension vs. flexion).

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1979

Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology.

Maximum values for isometric strength, dynamic strength, and speed of movement (MEV) in the quadriceps muscle were measured in 114 male subjects who were between 11 and 70 yr. Biopsy samples were taken from the quadriceps muscle in 51 of the subjects (22-65 yr. old). Isometric and dynamic strength increased up to the third decade, remained almost constant to the fifth decade, and then decreased with increasing age. However, no measurable external atrophy of the quadriceps muscle, explaining the decline in strength, could be seen in old age. Histochemical changes in the muscle tissue such as decreased proportion of type II fibers and a selective atrophy of type II fibers, were seen with increasing age. The strength decline in old age was also observed to correlate significantly with the type II fiber area. Multiple regression analyses indicated, however, that mechanisms other than the type II fiber atrophy might be responsible for the decline in strength performance during aging. The implications of these findings are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Changes in muscle strength and EMG median frequency after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

The purpose of this study was to monitor neuromuscular changes in quadriceps femoris muscle at 1 and 3 months after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Changes in isometric muscle strength (MVC), voluntary activation and surface electromyogram (EMG) parameters were examined in relation to knee stability, pain and swelling in 31 patients (25 M, 6 F) mean (SD) 30(8) years. Physically inactive (RC) and sports participants (SC) acted as controls. Median frequency (Hz) and amplitude (mV) of rectus femoris using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) 2(11) was calculated during 5-s isometric contractions at 100, 75, 50 and 25% of MVC. One month after surgery, a significant correlation (P < 0.01) was found between activation (%) and MVC of injured knee extensors. By 3 months, most patients were pain free and had achieved full activation but still had muscle weakness. At 1 and 3 months post-surgery and for all levels of MVC contraction, the median frequencies of the injured limbs were significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared to the SC group as were those of the RC group. There was a significant lowering of the median frequencies of the uninjured limbs compared to the SC group at 75 and 100% of MVC. The EMG amplitude of the uninjured and injured limbs mirrored those of the SC and RC groups, respectively. These results support the view that muscle activation patterns were altered following ACL injury and surgical repair and may contribute to subsequent changes in muscle fibre properties during detraining and subsequent retraining.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Acute oxygen supplementation does not relieve the impairment of respiratory muscle strength in hypoxemic COPD.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: To verify whether hypoxemia affects respiratory muscle strength in the absence of malnutrition and whether such effect, if present, is reversible with an acute oxygen supplementation. DESIGN: Case series analysis, before-after trial. SETTING: Outpatient pneumology departments of two university hospitals. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty patients affected by COPD in stable conditions having actual to ideal body weight ratio of > or =90%. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: Maximal inspiratory pressure (MIP) was measured at functional residual capacity level in the whole sample of subjects and during oxygen supplementation in 58 patients having a PaO2< or =60 mm Hg when breathing in room air. Predictors of MIP were assessed by a multivariate analysis. MIP values before and after oxygen supplementation were compared by a paired t test. MIP was independently correlated with FVC (p<0.001), PaO2 (p<0.01), and age (p<0.01). In the subgroup of hypoxemic patients, MIP values did not change significantly after oxygen supplementation (3.08+/-1.74 vs 3.03+/-1.91 kPa, t=0.43, not significant). CONCLUSIONS: Hypoxemia is an important negative correlate of MIP even in well-nourished COPD patients. Its effect is not reversible with an acute oxygen supplementation.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1997

Reference values for extremity muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry from adults aged 20 to 79 years.

OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN: Only a few studies have provided reference values for muscle strength obtained by hand-held dynamometry. Such values are essential for establishing the degree to which an individual's strength is impaired. This descriptive study was conducted to provide reference values for the strength of 10 extremity muscle actions. SUBJECTS AND INSTRUMENTATION: A convenience sample of 106 men and 125 women volunteers was tested twice with an Ametek digital hand-held dynamometer. RESULTS: The measurements were found to be reliable. Predictive equations are provided for the measurements. Reference values generated are expressed in Newtons and as a percentage of body weight and are organized by gender, decade of age, and side. CONCLUSIONS: The values can be employed in a clinical setting to document whether an individual is impaired relative to healthy subjects of the same gender and age.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Reliability of stationary dynamometer muscle strength testing in community-dwelling older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the 1-week test-retest reliability of stationary dynamometer scores in the measurement of muscle strength in older adults and to determine the reliability of composite scores obtained by combining right and left lower limb strength scores for each muscle group. DESIGN: In separate sessions, 1 therapist performed repeated measurements of muscle force production. SETTING: Outpatient physical therapy clinic of a large teaching hospital. PARTICIPANTS: A convenience sample of 25 volunteers aged 70 to 87 years residing independently in the community and who did not have significant health problems. INTERVENTION: On 2 separate occasions, 1 week apart, bilateral isometric force measurements were obtained for the flexor and extensor muscle groups of the ankle, knee, and hip joints. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: For test-retest reliability of individual and composite scores, the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and 90% confidence intervals were determined. RESULTS: The mean scores for ankle dorsiflexion, knee flexion and extension, and hip flexion exhibited excellent reliability with ICCs ranging from.90 to.76 for the individual lower limb scores and.91 to.84 for the composite scores. Scores for the remaining muscle groups exhibited good reliability with ICCs ranging from.74 to.71 for the composite scores. CONCLUSION: The stationary dynamometer is a reliable tool to use in determining lower limb muscle force production in elderly adults.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Shoulder motion and muscle strength of normal men and women in two age groups.

Normal age- and sex-related standards for shoulder range of motion (ROM) and muscle strength are unavailable in the literature. Active range of shoulder motion and maximum isometric strength (torque) of several shoulder muscle groups were measured in normal healthy men and women between 25 and 36 and between 55 and 66 years of age. Values for joint motion were similar for the two age and sex groups. The strength of the women was 45% to 66% of that in men, and strength of the older subjects was 66% to 93% of that in younger subjects. Strength of the second attempt at contraction was greater than that of the first attempt. Arm dominance did not significantly affect strength values.

Adult↗