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PubMedDate not supplied

Issues in deep space radiation protection.

The exposures in deep space are largely from the Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR) for which there is as yet little biological experience. Mounting evidence indicates that conventional linear energy transfer (LET) defined protection quantities (quality factors) may not be appropriate for GCR ions. The available biological data indicates that aluminum alloy structures may generate inherently unhealthy internal spacecraft environments in the thickness range for space applications. Methods for optimization of spacecraft shielding and the associated role of materials selection are discussed. One material which may prove to be an important radiation protection material is hydrogenated carbon nanofibers.

Aluminum↗
PubMed2001

Logic and ethics in radiation protection.

The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) continues to accept the assumption of a linear non-threshold dose-response relationship (LNT) as the most likely one. In that case, basic logic as well as widely accepted ethics require that the full collective dose be used for detriment assessments and in procedures for optimisation of radiation protection. This means that even the smallest doses must be taken into account in the assessment of the global collective dose if they contribute significantly together. However, in calculating collective doses over time, some reasonable restriction of the integration period has to be employed, mainly because of the uncertainties involved in the assessment of future detriment. There are also uncertainties in the LNT assumption, but the precautionary principle would not permit that this is taken as an excuse for neglecting small doses.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1988

Radiation protection of the murine intestine by misoprostol, a prostaglandin E1 analogue, given alone or with WR-2721, is stereospecific.

Misoprostol, a prostaglandin (PG) E1 analogue, is one of the most effective radiation protectors of the PGs investigated to date. Misoprostol-induced protection is also additive to protection by the widely studied thiol compound, WR-2721. The mechanism of PG-induced radiation protection and its interaction with WR-2721 is unknown. One important step in the investigation of the mechanism is to determine if PG-induced protection and its interaction with WR-2721 is mediated through PG receptor sites. A direct determination of receptor sites on murine intestinal clonogenic cells could not be made; however an indirect approach was possible. Misoprostol is composed of four stereoisomers of about equal proportions of which only one is gastric antisecretory and cytoprotective. Studies reported here compared radiation protection by this active isomer with that of one of the three inactive isomers. Furthermore, the additional protection of the two isomers when administered with WR-2721 was investigated. Results showed that only the active isomer was protective from radiation injury and this isomer was the only one which afforded additional protection with WR-2721. These data show that PG-induced radiation protection is receptor site dependent and stereospecific.

Alprostadil↗
PubMed1994

[International guidelines on the diagnostic applications of magnetic resonance. International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association].

Magnetic resonance imaging has become an established diagnostic modality. The clinical usefulness of in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy was demonstrated in several instances and is being explored further. These techniques involve exposure of the patient to static and time-varying magnetic fields and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields. In particular exposure situations, these fields may pose a health hazard. The purpose of this paper is to provide information on the guidelines issued by the International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee of the International Radiation Protection Association on levels of exposure and health effects from magnetic and radiofrequency electromagnetic fields associated with magnetic resonance diagnostic devices, and on precautions to be taken to minimize health hazards to patients undergoing magnetic resonance examinations.

Biophysical Phenomena↗