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PubMed1978

[Mass media. Prevention and the media].

Though the information communicated by the media is important in so far as it wakes and upholds the interest of the population on a subject such as preventive medicine, it is not sufficient to change the behaviour of this population. The real reasons why opinion shows too much indifference towards preventive medicine should be analysed and the people responsible of this sector be made familiar with the needs and the language of the media.

Attitude to Health↗
PubMed1987

Automated contingent reinforcement of correct posture.

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a mercury switch as a self-monitoring device to improve the sitting posture of an adult male. The participant in this study was a 31 year old man who was blind, nonambulatory, and who had been classified in the moderate range of intellectual functioning and in the severe range of adaptive functioning due to physical impairments. After determining that music practice and listening to a game show on the television channel of a radio were powerful reinforcers, a multiple baseline across the two reinforcing activities was implemented. The participant wore a mercury switch inside of a baseball cap which activated a Casio keyboard during music practice and a radio during the independent leisure activity of listening to a game show. During the treatment condition, the keyboard and radio were activated automatically by upright sitting posture. Results indicated that the participant's sitting posture increased from an average of almost 0% correct upright posture during baseline to an average of 52% during treatment.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Achieving social change on gender-based violence: a report on the impact evaluation of Soul City's fourth series.

The Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication--a South African multi-media health promotion project--together with the National Network on Violence Against Women, formulated an intervention to address domestic violence. Recognising that behavioural change interventions aimed solely at individuals have limited impact, the intervention was designed to impact at multiple mutually reinforcing levels; individual, community and socio-political environment. The intervention and its evaluation results are presented. Soul City successfully reached 86%, 25% and 65% of audiences through television, print booklets and radio, respectively. On an individual level there was a shift in knowledge around domestic violence including 41% of respondents hearing about the helpline. Attitude shifts were also associated with the intervention, with a 10% increase in respondents disagreeing that domestic violence was a private affair. There was also a 22% shift in perceptions of social norms on this issue. Qualitative data analysis suggests the intervention played a role in enhancing women's and communities' sense of efficacy, enabling women to make more effective decisions around their health and facilitating community action. The evaluation concluded that implementation of the Domestic Violence Act can largely be attributed to the intervention. While demonstrating actual reductions in levels of domestic violence was not possible, the evaluation shows a strong association between exposure to intervention components and a range of intermediary factors indicative of, and necessary to bring about social change. This paper reports on the evaluation, discusses its limitations and challenges as well as lessons learned regarding multi-level interventions on domestic violence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Knowledge, awareness and perception of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among antenatal patients at Nnewi, Nigeria.

This study investigates STD knowledge, awareness and perception among antenatal patients at a Nigerian teaching hospital. There was general awareness of the common STDs, such as gonorrhoea, 95.5% (n=127) and syphilis 66.92% (n=89), while the least awareness was recorded in chlamydial diseases, 6% (n=8). HIV/AIDS recorded the highest awareness, 96.2% (n=128). There knowledge of causes and treatment was remarkably poor. Only 58.6% (n=78) could recognise bacteria as causing STD. Surprisingly more than half, 72.2% (n=96) still believed that remedy could be obtained from prayer houses, herbs and other non-scientific means. The most common source of information was through media houses: radio 72.9% (n=97), television 64.7% (n=86). Preventive awareness was high, more than half believing that STD is preventable either by abstinence, barrier contraception or by mutual fidelity. Superstitious beliefs, greater influence of traditional medical practices and poverty are some of the numerous problems the few existing STD clinics face in the developing countries. Efforts should be geared towards establishing standard STD clinics and appropriate information disseminating organs. A situation where the herbalists and traditional medical personnel capture the mostly ignorant populace through unrestricted access to the media houses, as currently practiced in Nigeria, should be checked.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Knowledge, awareness and perception of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among Nigerian adolescent girls.

Knowledge, awareness and perception of STDs among 983 adolescent female high school students at Onitsha, Nigeria is analysed. There was good general awareness of the common STDs, HIV/AIDS: 93.6% (n=920), gonorrhoea: 76.3% (n=750); syphilis: 69.1% (n=679), while the least was chlamydial disease: 6.6% (n=65). Knowledge of causes of STDs was high. Viruses were identified as the most common cause of STDs by 75.3% (n=740) of the respondents, followed by bacteria by 64.1% (n=630), while 17.8% (n=175) of the students believed that poison/witchcraft caused STDs. Surprisingly, 35.5% (n=349) identified herbs and natural medicines as effective remedies for these STDs; 56.7% (n=557) identified antibiotics as treatment for STDs, 33.8% (n=331) antiviral drugs, while a high percentage of the students believed in prayer houses as a remedy: 30.3% (n=298). The most common source of information was through the school: 80.6% (n=792), followed by television: 80.1% (n=787); radio accounted for 73.1% (n=719) and health workers for 64.1% (n=630). Awareness about preventive measures was as follows: abstinence 67.4% (n=663), mutual fidelity 56.7% (n=557) and condoms 54.8% (n=539).

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Health effects of microwave exposures: a review of the recent (1995-1998) literature.

Occupational or residential exposures to radio frequency radiation, including microwaves, have been alleged to result in health problems, including leukemia, other cancers, and reproductive mishaps. This review covers the recent literature (from 1995 to 1998) dealing with possible health effects, including original studies, reviews, commentaries, and editorials. A number of these articles have presented misconceptions, errors in citation, and inaccuracies regarding the alleged effects. Epidemiological reviews and studies dealing with exposures to radio frequency radiation from television transmitters, cellular telephones and towers, magnetic resonance imaging, phased array radar systems, and other occupational exposures are analyzed. On the basis of studies reported in the past several years, one can conclude that the evidence for any proven health effects of low-level microwave exposure is minimal to non-existent.

Electromagnetic Phenomena↗
PubMed1984

Continuous recording instrument for RF-exposure measurements in FM/TV broadcasting towers.

A continuously recording exposure meter has been developed for radio-frequency (RF) hazard measurements in FM/TV broadcasting towers for the frequency range 47-790 MHz. The instrument consists of an electrically-small dipole, loop probes and recording electronics. The dipole and loop are attached to the safety helmet; their distance from the head is approximately 7 cm. The dipole and loop respond to the tangential E field and radial H field, respectively. The error due to body proximity and one-dimensionality is 1 to 2 dB at 100 MHz and 2 to 3 dB at 200 MHz (for average power density measurements) if the probes move continuously and the measurement period is sufficiently long. Measurements in Finnish FM/TV towers showed that the average power density inside the tower increases with increasing power and decreasing antenna surface area. The highest levels have been found near UHF and FM antennas. For the FM band (100 MHz) the average H field exposures exceed the new ANSI standard value 10 W/m2, but remain in most cases below 100 W/m2. Local maxima may exceed 300 W/m2.

Humans↗
PubMed1996

Quality of life after open-heart surgery in patients over 75 years old.

In a postal study we used the Nottingham Health Profile questionnaire to assess the quality of life of elderly survivors of open-heart surgery. From January 1984 to October 1993, 146 patients over 75 years of age underwent open-heart surgery in the Department of Cardiovascular Surgery at Beasançon (France). Eleven patients (7. 5%) died in the immediate post-operative course. Patients' mean follow-up was 3.4 +/- 2.4 years. Fourteen patients died during follow-up. One hundred and four completed Nottingham Health Profile questionnaires were returned. Five per cent of the patients lived in an old people's home. Six per cent of the patients were unable to walk at all. One patient out of five felt isolated. Fifteen per cent of the patients were in constant pain. Half of the patients took sleeping pills. Conversely, 87% of the patients felt an improvement after surgery. Sixty-two per cent continued to drive. Ninety-seven patients (92%) did at least one of the following three activities: watched television, listened to the radio, read books or magazines. Fifty-eight patients (56%) walked on a regular basis. The different types of pathology, of surgical procedures and whether or not a pacemaker was implanted during the post-operative course were not reflected in the quality of life (QOL) scores. After cardiac surgery, most of the patients were physically autonomous and related to their exterior world.

Aged↗
PubMed2006

Occupational exposure to radiofrequency fields in antenna towers.

Exposure of workers to radiofrequency fields was assessed in two medium-sized antenna towers. Towers had transmitting antennas from different networks, e.g. mobile phone networks, radio and digital TV sub-stations and amateur radio. The levels of radiofrequency fields were measured close to the ladders of the towers. All measured values were below ICNIRP occupational reference levels.

Cell Phone↗
PubMed1988

Theoretical and measured power density in front of VHF/UHF broadcasting antennas.

A simple and easy-to-use model based on more rigorous computations was formulated for the prediction of power density levels in front of dipole array-type VHF (very high frequency) and UHF (ultra high frequency) broadcasting antennas. Measurements on site verified the usefulness of the model. The distance at which the power density begins to exceed 10 W.m-2--the value established by standards as a limit--is roughly 40 m for UHF-TV antennas, 30 m for FM (frequency modulated) radio antennas and 15 m for VHF-TV antennas. Typical average input powers of antennas are 20 kW, 4 kW and 10 kW for FM radio, VHF-TV and UHF transmissions, respectively.

Environmental Exposure↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Perceptions of genetic discrimination among at-risk relatives of colorectal cancer patients.

PURPOSE: To explore the concerns of at-risk relatives of colorectal cancer patients about genetic discrimination and their awareness of current legislative protections. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to unaffected individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer who had enrolled in the Johns Hopkins Hereditary Colorectal Cancer Registry (N = 777). RESULTS: Of the 470 respondents, approximately half rated their level of concern about genetic discrimination as high. The majority of respondents, 79%, learned about genetic discrimination from at least one media source (television, newspapers, magazines, and radio). If they were to pursue genetic testing, respondents with a higher level of concern about genetic discrimination would be significantly more likely to pay out of pocket, use an alias, or ask for test results to be excluded from their medical record. Awareness and understanding of legislation regarding genetic discrimination was found to be minimal. CONCLUSION: Findings from this study demonstrate the negative effect of concerns about genetic discrimination on decisions about utilization of genetic services. Stronger legislative protections against genetic discrimination and increased public education through the scientific community and media sources are needed.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Quality of nursing home care assessed by competent nursing home patients.

Interviews were conducted with 60 chronically ill but cognitively competent nursing home patients with a mean age of 80 years, living in 13 nursing homes in the county of Stockholm, Sweden. Quality of nursing home care was assessed through discrepancy between individual priorities (i.e. degree of perceived personal autonomy) and institutional possibility. The results show that there was a high degree of satisfaction with quality of care with regard to meal and shower routines, as well as with the possibilities to watch television, listen to the radio and feel secure. Social relations, on the other hand, was a subject which exposed large discrepancies. Most respondents believed in the importance of social relations whereas results point to a lack of intimacy in the daily living.

Aged↗