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PubMed1978

[Effects of Theo-Esberiven on the coronary circulation and myocardial metabolisms in dogs (author's transl)].

In isolated dog heart, Theo-Esberiven 0.1 mg, which contains 12 mg proxyphylline, 2.5 mg rutin and 5 mg Melilotus extract, and proxyphylline (12 mg) increased coronary blood flow (CBF) and was associated with increased heart rate (HR) and myocardial contractile force (MCF). The effect of Theo-Esberiven on CBF was about 1.7 times higher than that of proxyphylline. Theo-Esberiven did not significantly affect myocardial oxygen consumption (QO2) and redox potential (deltaEh), while proxyphylline aggravated myocardial metabolisms, as determined from these parameters. Esberiven 0.1 ml, which contains 2.5 mg rutin and 5 mg Melilotus extract, slightly but signficantly increased CBF and decreased QO2 and deltaEh without changing HR and MCF. In situ, intra-coronary injection of either Theo-Esberiven or proxyphylline resulted in a dose-dependent increase in left circumflex coronary flow (LCCF). The effect of Esberiven on LCCF was much less and was slight at the higher doses. Intravenous injection of Theo-Esberiven (0.1 ml/kg) increased LCCF. Besides this change, marked fall in blood pressure and tachycardia were induced by both Theo-Esberiven and proxyphylline without the change in dP/dtmax. Esberiven by the same route led to the decrease in blood pressure associated with HR and dP/dtmax. These results indicate that Theo-Esberiven may be appropriately prescribed for ischemic heart diseases.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1998

beta-Glucosidase activity in the rat small intestine toward quercetin monoglucosides.

In order to evaluate the positional specificity for a glucoside group in the hydrolysis of flavonoid glucosides in the rat small intestine, beta-glucosidase activity was measured with the quercetin monoglucosides, quercetin-3-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Q3G), quercetin-4'-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Q4'G) and quercetin-7-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside (Q7G), as well as with quercetin-3-O-rutinoside (rutin) and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (NPG) by using the HPLC technique. Enzymes were prepared from rat small intestinal mucosa of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, among which the enzyme activity of the jejunum was highest for all the glycosides tested. Q4'G was the richest substrate for a beta-glucosidase solution among these glycosides, while rutin and NPG were both poor substrates. This suggests that dietary flavonoid glucosides are primarily hydrolyzed and liberated aglycones in the jejunum.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

A beta-rutinosidase from Penicillium rugulosum IFO 7242 that is a peculiar flavonoid glycosidase.

A beta-rutinosidase, which was specific for releasing the disaccharide rutinose from the flavonoid glycoside rutin, was purified from Penicillium rugulosum IFO 7242. This enzyme had the molecular weight of 245,000, a very low optimum pH of 2.2, and the remarkable specificity that the glycosidase did not hydrolyze any other substrates like 4-nitrophenyl beta-glucoside and cellobiose, but only rutin and isoquercitrin.

Glycoside Hydrolases↗

PubMed2004

Tomato paste fraction inhibiting the formation of advanced glycation end-products.

A water-soluble and low-molecular-weight fraction (SB) was obtained from tomato paste. The effects of SB on the formation of advanced glycation end-products (AGE) in protein glycation were studied by the methods of specific fluorescence, ELISA and a Western blot analysis, using the anti-AGE antibody after incubating protein with sugar. The results suggest that SB had strong inhibitory activity, in comparison with aminoguanidine as a positive control, and that the inhibitory mechanism of SB differed from that of aminoguanidine to involve trapping of reactive dicarbonyl intermediates in the early stage of glycation. SB contained an antioxidant, rutin, which showed potent inhibitory activity. The results also suggest that rutin chiefly contributed to inhibiting the formation of AGE, and that other compounds in SB may also have been related to the activity.

Arginine↗

PubMed2001

Metal ion-flavonoid associations in bilayer phospholipid membranes.

The complexation process of the transition (Cu(2+), Fe(2+)) and heavy (Pb(2+)) metals with flavonoids (quercetin and rutin) was studied. The investigation was conducted using the spectrophotometric method in a medium containing phosphatidylcholine liposome membrane and in methanol. The Benesi-Hildebrand method was used to determine the constants of flavonoid-metal complex formation of the "charge transfer" type, and the Gibbs free energy change for that process. It was found that both quercetin and rutin are very effective at complexing transition atoms in both methanol and in the lipid bilayer. Pb(II) ions were only complexed in methanol. A short discussion is given on the importance of metal coordination processes in the context of lipid membrane peroxidation.

Cell Membrane↗

PubMed1975

[Chromatographic studies of four water-soluble rutosides].

The water-soluble rutosides O-(beta-hydroxyethyl)-rutosides (HR), trihydroxyethylrutoside (tri-HR) and tetrahydroxyethylrutoside (tetra-HR), with and without NaCl, were separated by means of both thin-layer chromatographic and paper-chromatographic methods; separation of mono-HR was carried out using only the product with NaCl. The results of these studies show: 1. According to the procedure employed, the chromatograms of the tested rutosides showed several spots up to a maximum of 12 in each product. 2. Under certain methodical conditions the chromatograms of tri-HR and tetra-HR with and without NaCl differed; in the chromatograms of the tetra products either 12 or 9 components were detected. 7 spots were found in the chromatogram of tri-I, and 6 spots were observed in that of tri-II. The tetra-HR with NaCl was found to contain a substance which reacted with the diazonium salt fast blue salt B adopting a red coloring. This substance might be responsible for the biological effects, such as the influence exerted on yeast cell respiration. 3. At present, difficulties are still encountered in separating the substance. A comparison of its chromatograms with those of rutin, quercetin, and the bivalent phenols hydroquinone, catechol, and resorcin suggests the substance to be a mono-isomer or a di-isomer of rutin with a resorcin-like structure in the A ring. 4. Preliminary studies on yeast cell respiration using tetra-HR seem to confirm the biological effectiveness of the substance.

Chromatography, Paper↗

PubMed2002

Determination of flavonoids in Hypericum perforatum by HPLC analysis.

AIM: To establish an HPLC method for simultaneous determination of four flavonoids in Hypericum perforatum L., ruitn, hyperin, avicularin and quercetin. METHODS: C18 column was used, the chromatography was carried out with a linear gradient program. The mobile phase was A: H2O (pH 3.0-3.5 adjusted with phosphoric acid) and B: acetonitrile, at flow rate of 1.0 mL.min-1, peaks were detected at 254 nm. RESULTS: The linear range of rutin was 1.376-8.256 micrograms.mL-1 (gamma = 0.9999), hyperin 3.160-18.960 micrograms.mL-1 (gamma = 0.9996), avicularin 0.968-5.808 micrograms.mL-1 (gamma = 0.9998) and quercetin 0.776-4.656 micrograms.mL-1 (gamma = 0.9993). The average recovery of rutin was 97.8%, RSD 4.8% (n = 3), hyperin 100.7%, RSD 3.7% (n = 3), avicularin 97.3%, RSD 0.8% (n = 3) and quercetin 100.5%, RSD 4.4% (n = 3). All of RSDs of precision were less than 2% (n = 5), reproducibilities less than 3%. CONCLUSION: The method is simple, effective and feasible. It can be used to determine flavonodis in Hypericum perforatum.

Calibration↗

PubMed2003

The free radical scavenging activity of four flavonoids determined by the comet assay.

Flavonoids are reported to exhibit a wide variety of biological effects, including antioxidant and free radical scavenging activities. The aim of our study was to determine the cytotoxicity of flavonoids quercetin, rutin, apigenin and luteolin and their ability to protect DNA molecules against H2O2-induced damage. Cytotoxicity of studied flavonoids was tested in murine leukemia L1210 cells by the trypan blue exclusion technique. DNA strand breaks were determined using the alkaline single-cell gel electrophoresis (comet assay). Quercetin was found to possess the highest protective effect among the flavonoids studied (45%). The protective activity determined was lower for luteolin (40%). Protective effect of apigenin (600 microM/L) was only marginal (2%). However, at the higher concentration of apigenin (1200 microM/L), this flavonoid induced DNA single strand breaks. This indicates the ability of apigenin to serve as a pro-oxidant. Rutin had no protective effect on DNA single strand breaks induced by H2O2.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Comparative analysis of the phenolic content of selected Chilean, Canadian and American Merlot red wines.

Flavonoids are a group of naturally occurring antioxidant compounds found in wine that are thought to have therapeutic importance in cardiovascular disease. The flavonoid content of red wines can differ as a function of the variety of wine examined. Since there is a paucity of data on the content of these antioxidants in Merlot wine, we used high performance liquid chromatography to identify and compare catechin, epicatechin, rutin, transresveratrol and quercetin levels in selected Merlot wines from Canada, Chile and the United States. Additionally, antioxidant content was correlated with the price of the wine. Catechin content was the most abundant when compared to the other four phenolic compounds. The concentrations of each compound in the Merlot wines also varied as a function of the country of origin. Catechin and transresveratrol occurred in significantly lower concentrations in Merlots from the United States. The lowest levels of rutin were observed in Canadian Merlots. Quercetin occurred at significantly higher levels in Chilean Merlots. Wine prices were inversely correlated with catechin concentration. Merlot wine represents a source of antioxidants that may have an impact on cardiovascular disease.

Antioxidants↗

PubMed2004

Differential antioxidant properties of red wine in water soluble and lipid soluble peroxyl radical generating systems.

Red wine and its components have been shown to possess cardioprotective and anti-atherogenic effects. Additionally, red wine and many of its components like catechin, epicatechin, rutin, transresveratrol and quercetin possess antioxidant properties. Oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) is involved in the development of an atherosclerotic lesion. Red wine, therefore, may be anti-atherogenic because of its antioxidant effects on LDL modification. This study examined the antioxidant effects of catechin, epicatechin, rutin, transresveratrol, quercetin and Merlot wines on LDL oxidation. Merlot was chosen because although other red wines have been tested, limited information exists for this variety. Oxidation was carried out with AAPH (2,2'-Azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride) and AMVN (2,2'-Azo-bis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)), as water and lipid soluble peroxyl radical generating systems (FRGS), respectively. This allowed us to determine the lipophilic antioxidant characteristics of the wine and its components. Conjugated diene assays were used to measure LDL oxidation over 6 hrs. In an AAPH system, all polyphenolic compounds except transresveratrol displayed an antioxidant effect. LDL oxidation by AAPH was also inhibited by aliquots of Merlot wine. No antioxidant effects were observed in an AMVN environment except for a mild antioxidant effect by quercetin. Surprisingly, incubation of LDL with Merlot wine strongly protected against oxidation by AMVN. In summary, the five phenolic compounds displayed antioxidant effects in a water soluble free radical generating system, but only quercetin showed this in a lipid soluble one. However, red wine inhibited LDL oxidation by both water and lipid soluble free radical generating systems. Our data suggest, therefore, that red wines contain unidentified antioxidants that provide protection against LDL oxidation within a lipid soluble environment.

Amidines↗

PubMed2004

[Studies on chemical constituents in dried buds of Lonicera confusa].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the chemical constituents of the dried buds of Lonicera confusa. METHOD: Chromatography and spectral analysis were respectively used to isolate and identify the constituents. RESULT: Seven compounds were isolated from the dried buds of L. confusa, and identified as rutin, quercetin, luteilin-7-O-beta-D-galactoside, lonicerin, chlorogenic acid, beta-sitosterol and tetratriacontane. CONCLUSION: Rutin was isolated from the genus for the first time, and the others were isolated from the species for the first time.

Chlorogenic Acid↗

PubMed2004

[Experimental study on hemostatic effect of flos sophorae and its extracts].

OBJECTIVE: To compare the hemostatic effect of Flos Sophorae in crude, parched and carbonized forms and its extracts, including rutin, quercetin and tannin. METHODS: All the testing samples were orally administered to the experimental animals for 5 days, then the bleeding time (BT), coagulation time (CT), platelet count and capillary permeability (CP) in the treated mice were tested, and the prothrombin time (PT), fibrinogen (FBG) content and platelet aggregation rate (PAR) in the treated rats were determined. RESULTS: All the samples could lower the CP, BT and CT in mice and also decrease the plasma PT in rats. All three forms of Flos Sophorae could increase FBG in rats, while the three extracts of it could inhibit the PAR in rats obviously. In addition, rutin had the effect of raising the platelet count. CONCLUSION: All the three forms and three extracts of Flos Sophorae have hemostatic effect, the effect of parched and carbonized form is higher than that of crude drug. The mechanism of the hemostatic effect of the six kinds of sample might be various.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Azoic color reaction of flavonoids and their analytical application].

In NH4Cl-NH3 H2O buffer solution of pH 10.4, diazo salt of p-sulfodiazoben-zene chloride reacts with rutin, morin, genistin, quercetin, hesperidin, baicalin and daidzin to form color azo-compounds. These azo-compounds have an absorption maximum at 430 nm except for baicalin azo-compound, which has an absorption maximum at 380 nm. The sensitivity of azoic color reaction is reductive in the order of above flavonoids and the molar absorptivity is maximum for rutin and is minimal for daidzin among these azo-compounds, i. e. 3.28 x 10(4) and 8.3 x 10(2) L x mol(-1) x cm(-1) respectively. The proposed spectrophotometry has been applied to th determination of flavonoids in sophora seed and soybean cake. The RSDs of the method were found to be in the range of 0.75-4.48%, and the recoveries were in the range of 99.3%-105.0%.

Azo Compounds↗

PubMed2005

[Simultaneous determination of the four effective components in Huaijiao pill by HPLC].

OBJECTIVE: To develop an HPLC method for determination of the four effective components (genistin; rutin; quercetin; genistein) in Huaijiao pill. METHOD: The chromatographic separation was performed on a Shim-packODS (4.6 mm x 150 mm, 5.0 microm) eluted with a mobile phase of MeOH-H2O-HAc (40:60:0.25). The detection wavelength was set at 256 nm and column temperature was set at 30 degrees C . RESULT: Nice linear relation between the peak area and injected amount exists when the amount is within 0.059-0.352 microg for genistin, within 0.435-2.610 microg for rutin, within 0.020-0.121 microg for quercetin and within 0.053-0.319 microg for genistein. The correlation coefficient of each component is 0.999 6, 0.998 2, 0.998 9 and 0.999 9 respectively. The average recoveries of the four components are from 98.7% to 100.2%. The RSD of each group are 1.21%, 1.36%, 0.47% and 1.54% (n = 5). CONCLUSION: The method was accurate, repeatable and suitable to determine four effective components in Huaijiao pill. It can be use for quality control of Huaijiao pill.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2005

[Determination of bioactive components in Semencustae by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection].

A method of high performance capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection (CE-ECD) has been developed for the determination of five bioactive components in Semencustae, namely rutin, hyperoside, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid and quercetin. The effects of several factors such as the acidity and concentration of the running buffer, the separation voltage, the applied potential and the injection time on CE-ECD were investigated. Under the optimized conditions, these five components can be separated in a 50.0 mmol/L borax running buffer (pH 9.0) within 19 minutes. A 300 microm diameter carbon disk electrode was used as the working electrode positioned carefully opposite to the outlet of the capillary in a wall-jet configuration at potential of + 950 mV (vs. saturated calomel electrode as reference electrode, SCE). Good linear relationships were established between the peak current and concentration of analytes over two orders of magnitude. The detection limits (S/N = 3) were 1.93 x 10(-5), 3.55 x 10(-4), 3.65 x 10(-5), 1. 73 x 10(-5) and 1.46 x 10(-4) g/L for rutin, hyperoside, kaempferol, p-coumaric acid and quercetin, respectively. The method has been successfully applied to the determination of these analytes in Semencustae samples after a relatively simple extraction procedure, and the assay results were satisfactory.

Coumaric Acids↗

PubMed2005

Ginkgo biloba medicines and food supplements on the Belgian market: a comparative study.

Medicines and food supplements based on the dry extract of the leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. were evaluated by determination of the content of total flavonoids, rutin and terpene lactones by means of liquid chromatography. All examined medicines complied with the fixed requirements whereas all food supplements deviated from 1 or more of the criteria. It could also be demonstrated that some products contained extracts to which rutin was added.

Belgium↗

PubMed2005

[Study of the content of flavonoids of different parts in Saussures involucrata and their HPLC fingerprint chromatogram].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the content of flavonoids and rutin in the different parts of Saussurea involucrata, and to establish their HPLC fingerprint chromatogram for the further development and utilization of the leaf. METHODS: The content of flavonoids was determined with UV. The similarity evaluation system for chromatographic fingerprint of TCM was used to calculate similar degree of the HPLC chromatogram of different parts. RESULTS: The content of flavonoids and rutin is relatively high in the leaf. The similarity between leaf and the whole grass is 0. 812.

Asteraceae↗

PubMed1991

[Studies on surfactants used for thin layer chromatographic separation of flavones].

The micellar thin layer chromatographic behaviours of rutin, quercetin and morin were studied. The methods of separation and identification were established: Polyamide thin coating was used as the stationary phase and 4% Zeph--acetylacetone--H2O (5:1.5:1.5) used as the mobile phase. The method was applied to the separation and identification of quercetin and rutin in samples of Sophorae flos and satisfactory result was obtained.

Chromatography, Thin Layer↗