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PubMed2004

Diabetes and its related risk factors among Russian-speaking immigrants in New York State.

Russian-speakers, one of the largest groups of new immigrants in New York, are characterized by high proportions of refugees, and elderly and urban residents. To understand the extent of diabetes and its risks in this population, client data from a large state-wide diabetes prevention program were used. The prevalence of diabetes among Russian-speaking immigrants aged 40 years and older (N=1,008) was 16.9% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 14.6, 19.3). Russian-speaking immigrants also exhibited a high prevalence of obesity, defined by BMI > or = 30 (33.2%, 95% CI: 30.4, 36.2), high blood pressure (53.8%, 95% CI: 50.7, 56.8), and sedentary lifestyle (69.8%, 95% CI: 67.0, 72.6). After adjusting for age, these rates were significantly higher (P<.01) than the rates for non-Hispanic Whites in the state. Women, urban residents, those with less than a high school education, and Medicaid recipients, were more likely to be at risk. The literature on Russian immigrants suggests an association between dietary behavior, economic hardship, cultural and linguistic barriers, and less favorable health outcomes.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Control of territorial aggression in a changing environment.

A sedentary population of song sparrows, Melospiza melodia morphna, in western Washington State shows year-round territoriality but in different contexts. During the breeding season (March-August), all defend multiple purpose territories as monogamous pairs, or alone, but only about 30% of individuals remain on the same territory during the nonbreeding season (September-February). During the breeding season, territorial behavior is tightly correlated with circulating levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone, but identical behaviors during the nonbreeding season appear to be expressed independently of gonadal hormones. First summer males establish territories with basal plasma levels of LH and testosterone. Castrated male song sparrows defend territories equally well as intact males in autumn and continue to do so even through onset of the breeding season. It can therefore be questioned whether testosterone has any role in activation of territorial behavior in this species. Experiments in which testosterone levels were manipulated indicate that testosterone does not simply activate territorial behavior but enhances "persistence" of aggression during the breeding season. It is suggested that although territorial behavior may be expressed year-round, the context, neural, and hormonal bases of territoriality may change dramatically.

Aggression↗

PubMed2005

Interindividual variation in posture allocation: possible role in human obesity.

Obesity occurs when energy intake exceeds energy expenditure. Humans expend energy through purposeful exercise and through changes in posture and movement that are associated with the routines of daily life [called nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)]. To examine NEAT's role in obesity, we recruited 10 lean and 10 mildly obese sedentary volunteers and measured their body postures and movements every half-second for 10 days. Obese individuals were seated, on average, 2 hours longer per day than lean individuals. Posture allocation did not change when the obese individuals lost weight or when lean individuals gained weight, suggesting that it is biologically determined. If obese individuals adopted the NEAT-enhanced behaviors of their lean counterparts, they might expend an additional 350 calories (kcal) per day.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2005

The relationship between self-monitoring, outcome expectancies, difficulties with eating and exercise, and physical activity and weight loss treatment outcomes.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: During a behavioral weight loss program (BWLP), weight loss and exercise can vary considerably from week to week. Weekly fluctuations in outcome expectancies and perceived difficulties with eating and exercise may be associated with weekly variability in weight loss and exercise. Also, inconsistent self-monitoring of exercise may be associated with poor weight loss and physical activity treatment outcomes. METHODS: Forty obese, sedentary participants completed a 6-month BWLP. Body weight, outcome expectancies, and difficulties with eating and exercise were assessed weekly. Weekly self-monitoring of exercise was computed from physical activity diaries. Physical activity, VO2max, and caloric intake were assessed pre- and posttreatment. RESULTS: Within-subjects analyses indicated that participants exercised less during weeks that participants reported greater difficulties with exercise, relative to weeks participants reported fewer difficulties. Participants lost significantly more weight during weeks that participants reported more positive outcome expectancies and greater difficulties with exercise, compared to weeks participants reported less positive outcome expectancies and fewer difficulties with exercise. Consistent self-monitoring of exercise was associated with fewer difficulties with exercise and greater exercise and weight loss. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions that are targeted to increase self-monitoring and to improve transient difficulties with exercise and diminished outcome expectancies may improve BWLP treatment outcomes.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Social influences and low leisure-time physical activity in young Danish adults.

BACKGROUND: Many youths and adults maintain a sedentary life style and a better understanding of the factors which influence physical activity is needed. This study analyses the association between social factors and low leisure-time physical activity in young adults. METHODS: Three hundred and seventeen children aged 6-18 years participated in a health survey in 1979 and again 13 years later. In this cohort the influence of family factors during childhood on the subsequent risk of low leisure-time activity was analysed using multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: Young women were significantly less physically active during leisure time if over 25 years of age, poorly educated and smokers. In multivariate analysis, childhood smoking was the only variable significantly related to low leisure-time physical activity (OR = 5.6 and 95% CI: 1.4-23.6) in young women. In young men, low leisure-time physical activity was associated with parental work activity. Men whose parents had reported high physical activity during work at the examination in 1976-1978 were less often physically inactive during leisure time (OR = 0.2 and 95% CI: 0.1-0.6) at the follow-up in 1992. CONCLUSIONS: Young smoking girls seem to be a key group in the prevention of both smoking and a sedentary life style.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Elevated body temperature in female rats after exercise.

Female Sprague-Dawley rats living in basin cages (sedentary rats) under a 12:12 light-dark cycle normally have body temperatures (Tb; measured via telemetry) that vary from a mean peak of 38.1 +/- 0.1 degrees C in the dark to a mean trough of 36.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C C in the light. We have found that if rats are housed in activity wheels, their mean peak Tb in the dark, when they run in the wheels, rises to about 39.5 degrees C. Mean trough Tb in the light also rises, to about 36.5 degrees C, although they never or very rarely run in the wheels in the light. Other rats were rotated through two cycles of wheel-open (WO) and wheel-locked (WL) conditions. During the first WO cycle their mean Tb in the dark gradually rose over the first 2 wk, and their mean Tb in the light gradually fell. In the first WL, mean Tb in the dark fell immediately to sedentary levels, and mean Tb in the light fell more gradually. In the second WO condition, both dark and light Tb rose almost immediately. Since rats in locked wheels have Tb similar to sedentary controls, these results support the hypothesis that steady exercise at night results in an upward resetting of a thermoregulatory set-point during the day.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Function after amputation, arthrodesis, or arthroplasty for tumors about the knee.

We studied the function of twenty-two patients who had had a malignant skeletal tumor adjacent to the knee. An above-the-knee amputation was done in seven; a resection arthrodesis, in nine; and a replacement arthroplasty, in six. The patients all walked at a similar speed (sixty-one to sixty-six meters per minute), which is slower than normal (eighty meters per minute). They all walked with comparable efficiency at three velocities: the mean consumption of oxygen was 0.210 milliliter per kilogram of body weight per meter at free velocity, 0.215 milliliter per kilogram of body weight per meter when they walked 25 per cent faster, and 0.211 to 0.240 milliliter per kilogram of body weight per meter when they walked 50 per cent faster. The three groups of patients and a normal control group consumed oxygen at similar rates. The patients who had had an amputation were very active, and they were the least worried about damaging the affected limb, but they had difficulty walking on steep, rough, or slippery surfaces. The patients who had had an arthrodesis had a more stable limb and performed the most demanding physical work and recreational activities, but they had difficulty sitting. The patients who had had an arthroplasty led sedentary lives and were the most protective of the limb, but they were the least self-conscious about the limb.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Longitudinal shifts in employees' stages and processes of exercise behavior change.

PURPOSE: This study examines the usefulness of using the stages and processes of change model to explore exercise adoption and maintenance over time. DESIGN: Data for this study were collected as part of the baseline and follow-up survey of participants in a worksite health promotion project. SUBJECTS: Three hundred fourteen employees completed exercise questionnaires. The average age was 41 years, mean body mass index was 26, average years of education were 13, and 66% were women. SETTING: The study was conducted in two worksites, a retail outlet and a manufacturing company. MEASURES: Previously validated questionnaires to determine stages and processes of exercise adoption were administered at baseline and 6-month follow-up, along with questions about demographic variables. RESULTS: Four patterns of stage change emerged: subjects who became more active (adopters, 26%), those who became less active (relapsers, 15%), and those who did not change over time (stable sedentary, 32%; stable active, 27%). Adopters displayed increases in use of the processes of change, whereas relapsers displayed decreases in process use. Stable profiles were associated with no change in process use. CONCLUSIONS: These findings have important implications for research on exercise adoption and maintenance. Interventions tailored specifically to subjects' stage of readiness to be active and using specific processes to help in the change process are warranted at this time.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Modifying physical activity in a multiethnic sample of low-income women: one-year results from the IMPACT (Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity) project.

BACKGROUND: Ethnic minorities or those with low socioeconomic status (SES) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and all-cause mortality, compared to higher SES Whites. National surveys also indicate that low-income, ethnic minority women have the highest rates of inactivity in the United States. PURPOSE: This study (the Increasing Motivation for Physical ACTivity or IMPACT study) promoted adoption and maintenance of physical activity (PA) in sedentary, low-income women participating in federally funded job training programs. METHODS: The study consisted of 2 months of weekly 1-hr classes, then random assignment to 10 months of either home-based telephone counseling for PA plus information and feedback via mailed newsletters (Phone + Mail Counseling condition) or just the mailed newsletters (Mail Support condition). The IMPACT intervention included behavior change strategies for PA as well as discussions related to motivational readiness for PA change. Participants completed surveys and physiological assessments at baseline after the classes ended (i.e., at 10 weeks) and at 6 and 12 months postbaseline. Seventy-three percent of randomized participants (n = 72) were Latina, with a mean age of 32 +/- 10 years. More than half the women had not completed high school, and 73% had an annual income less than 20,000 dollars. RESULTS: After 10 months of a home-based intervention, women in the phone + mail counseling condition had significantly greater increases in estimated total energy expenditure compared to women in the mail support condition (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Regular PA counseling delivered via the telephone and through the mail appears effective for encouraging regular PA among low-income women transitioning from welfare or job training to the workforce.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Risk factors for colorectal cancer in a prospective study among U.S. white men.

The association of diet, smoking/drinking and occupation with subsequent risk of fatal colorectal cancer was investigated in a cohort of 17,633 white males aged 35 and older, who completed a mail questionnaire in 1966. During the subsequent 20 years of follow-up, 120 colon cancer and 25 rectal cancer deaths were identified. Due to small numbers, no significant dose-response trends were observed in the study, but risk of colon cancer was elevated among heavy cigarette smokers (> or = 30/day; RR = 2.3, 95% CI 0.9-5.7), heavy beer drinkers (> or = 14 times/month; RR = 1.9, 95% CI 1.0-3.8) and white-collar workers (RR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-3.0) or crafts workers within service and trade industries (RR = 2.6, 95% CI 1.1-5.8). In addition, an increased risk was seen for those who consumed red meat more than twice a day (RR = 1.8, 95% CI 0.8-4.4). Risk patterns for cancers of the colon and rectum combined were similar to those reported for cancer of the colon, but the estimates were somewhat dampened. Our findings support previous reports that a high intake of red meat and a sedentary life-style may increase the risk of colon cancer.

Alcohol Drinking↗

PubMed1984

Metabolic fuel homeostasis in Syrian hamsters: nycthemeral and exercise variables.

The food intake and growth of male and female golden hamsters, with and without access to running wheels, were measured under several conditions. These included different seasons, photoperiods and diets. Chow-fed males in wheels invariably had slowed weight gain and showed little hyperphagia relative to sedentary controls. One group of exercising female hamsters, fed high fat diet, grew faster than sedentary controls. The food intake of both exercising and sedentary groups was distributed evenly through the day/night cycle, but the exercising animals took smaller, more frequent meals at night. The nycthemeral variations in plasma glucose, triglycerides, free fatty acids and liver glycogen were quite small in sedentary hamsters. In exercising hamsters, however, liver glycogen was elevated in the late daytime and depleted in the mid-to-late night. In vivo lipogenesis rates in white and brown adipose and liver were elevated by day in the exercising compared to sedentary hamsters, and were lower at night in both groups. It appears that in exercising hamsters, and to a lesser extent sedentary hamsters, the day phase is one of inactivity and fuel storage, and the night phase is one of exercise and fuel mobilization.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Exercise influences spatial learning in the radial arm maze.

Previous studies indicate that the hippocampus is active during exercise, and that neurotrophin expression, receptor density, and survival of dentate gyrus granule cells in the hippocampus can be modified by moderate voluntary exercise. The present study was designed to test the consequences of voluntary exercise on a hippocampal-related behavior. Exercising and control rats were tested on the standard and delayed nonmatch-to-position (DNMTP) version of the eight-arm radial maze, both of which are sensitive to hippocampal damage. Voluntarily exercising rats ran in running wheels attached to their home cage for 7 weeks prior to and throughout testing, and took 30% fewer trials to acquire criterion performance than sedentary controls. Both groups spent the same average time per arm. Once the eight-arm maze had been learned to criterion, group differences were not apparent. Exercise can facilitate acquisition of a hippocampal-related spatial learning task, but does not affect performance following acquisition. Further work will be necessary to link these effects to hippocampal-related variables shown to be influenced by exercise.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2006

Transient exposure to coffee as a trigger of a first nonfatal myocardial infarction.

BACKGROUND: The effects of coffee on myocardial infarction are uncertain. We hypothesize that coffee in the presence of predisposing factors can induce a cascade of events that, through sympathetic nervous activation, can induce the onset of myocardial infarction. METHODS: We recruited 503 incident cases of nonfatal myocardial infarction between 1994 and 1998 in Costa Rica. We used a case-crossover design to calculate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs). RESULTS: The RR of myocardial infarction in the hour after coffee intake was 1.49 (95% CI = 1.17-1.89). Occasional coffee drinkers (< or =1 cup/day, n = 103) had a RR of myocardial infarction of 4.14 (2.03-8.42), moderate coffee drinkers (2-3 cups/day, n = 280) had a RR of 1.60 (1.16-2.21), and heavy coffee drinkers (> or =4 cups/d, n = 120) had a RR of 1.06 (0.69-1.63; P = 0.006, test of homogeneity). Patients with 3 or more risk factors (n = 101) had a RR of myocardial infarction of 2.10 (1.30-3.39), whereas patients with fewer than 3 risk factors (n = 396) had a RR of 1.39 (1.04-1.82; P = 0.15, test of homogeneity); and RR was 1.72 (1.30-2.30) among sedentary patients compared with 1.07 (0.66-1.72) among nonsedentary (P = 0.10, test of homogeneity). CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that coffee intake may trigger myocardial infarction. The association is particularly strong among people with light/occasional intake of coffee (< or =1 cup/day), with sedentary lifestyle, or with 3 or more risk factors for coronary heart disease.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Perceived barriers and motivators to exercise in hemodialysis patients.

Kidney failure and hemodialysis are associated with numerous physical and psychological symptoms and complications, some of which can be reduced or eliminated by adequate exercise. Dialysis patients, however, tend to be quite sedentary on average, which can further complicate their physical and mental health. The goal of this study was to investigate perceptions of barriers and motivators for exercise among hemodialysis patients. It was hypothesized that increased barriers would be associated with decreased exercise, and increased motivators would be associated with increased exercise. The results indicated that both motivators and barriers were associated with exercise behavior, with motivators being more salient. Contrary to what has been previously postulated, lack of motivation, as opposed to health-related impairment, appears to be the primary factor impeding dialysis patient exercise practices.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Physical activity and its association with other lifestyle factors.

The association of several lifestyle factors with leisure-time physical activity was examined from 1990 to 1991 in a representative sample of 2623 men and 2688 women, ages 25-69, in Germany. Active persons during leisure time were less likely to live in small villages, to smoke and generally had a lower body mass index as compared to sedentary. Men and women with high socioeconomic status were, respectively, four and three times more likely to have an active leisure time than those with low socioeconomic status. After adjustment for age, body mass index, urbanization, socioeconomic status, smoking and average monthly temperature, they less often felt the need to sleep early, consumed more often fruit, salad, whole grain bread and vitamin supplements, less often white bread and meat and a higher amount of fluids as compared to sedentary persons. They were more likely to be single and to eat breakfast regularly. Higher levels of leisure-time physical activity were associated with a general healthier lifestyle.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in adolescence: ethnic and socioeconomic differences.

OBJECTIVE: To assess developmental trends in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in British adolescents in relation to sex, ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES). DESIGN: A 5-year longitudinal study of a diverse cohort of students aged 11-12 years at baseline in 1999. SETTING: 36 London schools sampled using a stratified random sampling procedure. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 5863 students categorised as white, black or Asian, and stratified for SES using the Townsend Index. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of days per week of vigorous activity leading to sweating and breathing hard. Hours of sedentary behaviour, including watching television and playing video games. Data were analysed using multilevel, linear, mixed models. RESULTS: Marked reductions in physical activity and increases in sedentary behaviour were noticed between ages 11-12 and 15-16 years. Boys were more active than girls, and the decline in physical activity was greater in girls (46% reduction) than in boys (23%). Asian students were less active than whites, and this was also true of black girls but not boys. Black students were more sedentary than white students. Levels of sedentary behaviour were greater in respondents from lower SES. Most differences between ethnic and SES groups were present at age 11 years, and did not evolve over the teenage years. CONCLUSIONS: Physical activity declines and sedentary behaviour becomes more common during adolescence. Ethnic and SES differences are observed in physical activity and sedentary behaviour in British youth that anticipate adult variations in adiposity and cardiovascular disease risk. These are largely established by age 11-12 years, so reversing these patterns requires earlier intervention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Making wellness the focus: one employer's story.

The rising cost of health care threatens the very fabric of American society. With Americans widely practicing unhealthy life habits, such as using tobacco, eating imprudently and leading a sedentary lifestyle, they are at risk for health conditions that threaten to make them long-term liabilities to their employer. This article tells how one U.S. employer chooses to focus its workforce on wellness.

Cost Control↗

PubMed2006

Simple and choice reaction times under varying levels of physical load in high skilled fencers.

AIM: Fencing requires rapid and accurate decision-making while competing and experiencing gradual perceived effort. This study examined the linkage between physical effort, simple reaction time and choice reaction time in fencers and non-fencer subjects. METHODS: Two age-matched groups participated in this experiment: 12 professional fencers and 12 sedentary subjects. Each subject performed both simple (SRT) and choice reaction time (CRT) tasks at rest, and while pedaling on a cycle ergometer at 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% of their own maximal aerobic power (Pmax). RESULTS: At rest, no significant differences were found between experts and sedentary subjects neither in SRT nor CRT. The fencers showed shorter CRTs at 40%, 60% and 80% of Pmax compared to those measured at rest. In contrast, SRTs did not vary as a function of effort level. In sedentary subjects, workload did not affect SRTs and CRT. Moreover, the error rate remained stable for each group over all conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Current results showed that physical load results in enhancing information processing as measured by CRT without affecting SRT. The data provides evidence that aerobic exercise enhances attentional capability in fencers who are used to process information under similar physical conditions, but not in sedentary subjects unfamiliar to this environment. Exercise induces arousal that supports alertness to external environmental stimuli in highly trained athletes.

Adult↗