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Results for “Social Control, Formal”

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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed2004

Disruptive effects of vigilance on dominant group members' treatment of outgroup members: choking versus shining under pressure.

Three studies examined the hypothesis that evaluative concerns exert a disruptive effect on intimacy-building behaviors exhibited by dominant group members in intergroup interaction. The authors predicted that although evaluative concerns would lead individuals with a negative baseline response to outgroup members to shine (i.e., to exhibit warmer, more friendly behavior), such concerns would have a contrary, choking, effect on individuals with a more positive baseline response. Results were generally consistent with these hypotheses across 3 different operationalizations of evaluative concerns and regardless of whether individuals' orientation toward outgroup members was assessed in terms of prejudiced racial attitudes or racial ingroup identification. Implications for lower status group members' experience of intergroup interaction and for the prejudice-reduction process are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Effects of spousal control and support on older adults' recovery from knee surgery.

The authors investigated associations between spousal control (influence) and support on the recovery outcomes for 70 men and women (mean age = 70) undergoing an increasingly common surgical treatment for osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee. Spouses' positive (motivating) and negative (pressuring) control and spouses' emotional (understanding) and problematic (dismissing) support were examined as predictors of patients' adherence and improvement in well-being. Positive control was associated with better adherence, but only among patients whose spouses provided little problematic support. In contrast, negative control strategies tended to elicit increases in negative affect. Overall, our findings revealed that the effectiveness of spousal control depended largely on the quality of support provided by the spouse.

Affect↗
PubMed2006

Spouses' provision of health-related support and control to patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation.

The authors examined spouses' provision of health-related support and control as predictors of health behavior and mental health among patients participating in cardiac rehabilitation (N = 94 couples). Cross-sectional analyses revealed that spouses' support was positively associated with patient health behavior. Prospective analyses of change over 6 months (N = 65 couples) revealed that spouses' support predicted increased patient mental health, whereas spouses' control predicted decreased patient health behavior and mental health. Findings suggest that spouses' efforts to facilitate patients' healthy lifestyle behaviors are associated with patients' health behavior and mental health, but not always as spouses might intend.

Female↗
PubMed1993

The professions in the 1990s.

As they did when they were formed 150 years ago, the professions must again convince the public and a cost-conscious and competition-orientated Government that they should be entrusted with the provision of services their training has made them fit to offer. This article explains why.

Government Agencies↗
PubMed1996

Predicting underage drinking and driving behaviors.

A social-psychological model of underage drinking and driving (DUI) and riding with drinking drivers (RWDD) was tested with data from a random digit dial telephone survey of 706 16-20-year-old drivers from seven western states in the United States. Consistent with the model, a structural equations analysis indicated that DUI and RWDD were primarily predicted by (a) expectancies regarding the physical risks of DUI, (b) normative beliefs about the extent to which friends would disapprove of DUI, (c) control beliefs about the ease or difficulty of avoiding DUI and RWDD and (d) drinking. Expectancies concerning enforcement had a significant effect on RWDD, but not on DUI. Among the background and environmental variables included in the analysis, only night-time driving and age had significant direct effects on DUI and RWDD. Drinking and involvement in risky driving had indirect effects on DUI and RWDD that were mediated through expectancies and normative beliefs. Males, European Americans, Latinos, respondents who drove more frequently and respondents who were less educated held beliefs that were more favorable toward DUI and RWDD, drank more and engaged more frequently in risky driving. As a result, such individuals may be at greater risk for DUI and RWDD.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

A challenge to the rhetoric of emancipation: recreating a professional culture.

This paper explores the notion that nursing education is a political process which reproduces traditional practices. There is evidence to suggest that dominant ideologies, embedded in the social processes of education and health care, shape the consciousness of nurse teachers and students towards conformity and compliance with established practices in hegemonic institutions. Traditional practices or 'common sense' reinforces the structural arrangements which contribute to the contradictions that students experience between knowledge they are 'given' in the classroom and knowledge they derive from their clinical learning experiences. It is clinical placements which bring students face to face with their position in the established hierarchy of knowledge, professional relationships and routinized practices. In this sense students may experience their classroom education as a denial of their lived experience in clinical settings. They may learn to negotiate among the different meanings and explanations they encounter and learn to act in ways that are personally and professionally 'safe', thereby reproducing traditional nursing culture. Project 2000 in Great Britain and the calls for a 'curriculum revolution' from North America promise transformation of traditional practice. But it is the political processes of teaching and learning and their practical effects which must be revealed for critique and transformation if professional ideals of reflective practice, emancipatory knowledge and professional autonomy are to play an integral part in transforming professional nursing practice within hegemonic institutions.

Attitude↗
PubMed2000

Psychiatric diagnosis: some implications for mental health nursing care.

Psychiatric diagnosis: some implications for mental health nursing care This article explores some of the functions of psychiatric diagnosis and the implications this has for the mental health nursing care that service users receive. It proposes that because a psychiatric diagnosis often fails to describe the individual's experience of mental distress it can be regarded as a categorization process that, while not necessarily intentionally, serves to maintain oppressive power relations within society. It does this by establishing and maintaining the parameters of normality and abnormality in a manner that reflects particular gender, culture and class biases. The American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders will be used to illustrate some of the inherent biases in the diagnostic process. Mental health nursing practice needs to demonstrate an awareness of the power relations inherent in any diagnostic process and make attempts to redress these at both the individual and sociopolitical levels. If mental health nursing practice is a patient-centred partnership, as many of our nursing standards suggest, then nursing's focus should be on the patient's experience rather than the psychiatric diagnosis with which the experience is attributed. Mental health nurses need to turn to service users to learn how best to help.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1998

Consideration of three arenas of social control for the treatment and management of sexual offenders.

This paper sets out to explore the influences of social control upon the discourse relating to treatment and management of sexual offenders. This discussion takes as its foci three environmental arenas (social, penal/judicial and health care), and examines their influences and culpability within this context. It is not the intention of this article to present, nor does it arrive at, any answers to the perpetual concerns of treatment and management of this offender group, preferring to leave it to the individual reader to draw their own conclusions. It is accepted that there is no gender demarcation amongst sexual offenders, though in this paper, the masculine tense is used.

Forensic Psychiatry↗