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PubMed2004

[Fruits and vegetables].

Fruits and vegetables are particularly interesting for health for their content in minerals, antioxidant vitamins, phytochemicals and dietary fiber. All these substances are related to lower risk for the development of health probems, such as certain types of cancer, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, obesity, constipation or diverticolsys. The sound basis of scientific evidence led European and American scientific organizations and societies to recommend an intake up to 150-200 g of vegetables every day; ie. 2 or more portions daily and 3 or more portions of fruit; five portions of fruit and vegetables all together. According to the consumer panel from the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, between the late 80s and the end of the 90s. consumption of fruit and vegetables decreased. However, in late years this trend has slow down and even reversed. Results from food consumption studies based on individual level assessment in Spain estimate an average consumption of fruit and vegetables of 154 g/per person/day in adults aged 25-60 yr. Prevalence of inadequate intake of fruit and vegetables is high among children and young people. In this age group above 70% of the population consume less than 3 portions of fruit every day on average. Reorientation of prevailing food patterns nowadays require investment in measures aimed at increasing the consumption of plant foods and estimulate healthy food habits in families.

Age Factors↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Vegetative states--an integrative approach.

The integrative approach to vegetative state remains a challenge. In this article we have presented the evidence for conventional and alternative therapies that can be applied to this condition. Some are intended to support the patient and prevent complications; others enhance the ability of relatives to interact with their loved ones; while others are intended to shorten the vegetative state period. The approaches we reviewed were based on availability of data on MEDLINE and/or their potential to broaden our conceptual approach to vegetative state. Some approaches highlighted within the article including nutritional support, acupuncture, and homeopathy, seem to have a reasonable risk/benefit ratio. Yet, the complexity of vegetative state makes it challenging to recommend an integrative protocol. Rather we recommend an individualized approach, based on patient co-morbidities, caregiver and health professional preferences, and availability of therapists. Other approaches, including herbal medicine, mind-body therapies, intercessory prayer, energy medicine, and shamanism were not included due to the lack of available information and evidence. We acknowledge that a lack of evidence for efficacy is not equivalent to evidence for a lack of efficacy. Further research is critically needed to advance our treatment approach to this challenging state. Vegetative state is a condition that continues to humble the medical world. What we do not know eclipses that which we know. The critical question of what the vegetative state patient experiences continues to mystify us. Our philosophical stance insists that we treat the patient as one who is aware. Simultaneously we struggle with what, if anything, we can successfully do to "reawaken" the patient.

Brain Death↗

PubMed2004

[Investigation on the detection of pesticide residue in vegetable based on infrared spectroscopy].

In this paper, the mid-infrared Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) spectra of two slathered pesticides dichlorvos and trichlorfon in vegetable juice solution have been investigated. It can be concluded that within characteristic absorption region of the two pesticides in the mid-infrared range, the pigments inside the vegetable have no effect on the pesticide' s absorbance; pesticides in standard solution and vegetable juice solution share almost the same absorbance characteristics. These results indicate that: the authors can use the model built by the absorbance data of pesticides in water solution to simulate their absorbance in vegetable solution, then based upon infrared spectroscopy, the direct detection of pesticide residue on the vegetable can be achieved; it also provides a possible way of rapid detection on vegetable in the future.

Carbon Dioxide↗

PubMed2005

[Nitrite content of common vegetables in Wuhu City].

Laboratory analysis was carried out to study the nitrite content and its affecting factors of 10 common vegetables in terminal markets of Wuhu City. The results showed that the nitrite content of root or stem- and fruit vegetables was lower than the national standard, but that of leaf vegetables exceeded the standard seriously. The nitrite in vegetables increased significantly with storage time. Stored under room temperature, the test vegetables had 1-2 times higher nitrite content at the fourth day than at the first day, but storage under low temperature, i. e., in refrigerator, could hinder the increase of nitrite content in vegetables, and the daily increase was only 1/2-1/6 times of that under room temperature. Abluent could eliminate nitrite effectively, whose efficiency was 1-5 times higher than that of tap water.

Food Contamination↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A low fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Diet has been implicated in prostate cancer risk and there is evidence of risk reduction with a healthy diet. The objective of this population-based case control study was to examine whether a low fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables can reduce the risk of developing prostate cancer in Mumbai, India. METHODS: Included in this study were microscopically proved cases of prostate cancer diagnosed during 1998 to 2000 and registered by Bombay Population Based Cancer Registry (n=594). The controls were healthy men belonging to the resident general population of Mumbai, India. Two controls for each case matched by age and place of residence were selected as the comparison group. Data on oil/fat consumption, fruits and vegetable consumption and other probable confounding factors were obtained by structured face-to-face interview. After exclusions, 390 cases and 780 controls were available for final analysis and confounding was controlled by multiple logistic regression. RESULTS: 58.7% of the control group consumed more than 3 kg of fruits and vegetables per week compared to 52.1% of the case group. Controlling for age and probable confounding factors, a statistically significant protective effect for prostate cancer was observed for those who consumed fruits and vegetables 2 to 3 kg (OR 0.5, 95%CI 0.3-0.8) and more than 3 kg (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.3-0.6) per week compared to those who consumed less than 2 kg per week. The linear trend for the protective effect was highly significant with increase in the consumption of fruits and vegetables (p = 0.001). Even though not statistically significant, oil/fat consumption showed an elevated risk (OR 1.7, 95%CI 0.9-3.3) for those who consumed more than 2 kg of oil/fat per month compared to those who consumed less than 1 kg. CONCLUSION: The findings from this study support the hypothesis that a low fat diet rich in fruits and vegetables may reduce the risk of prostate cancer.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Fruit and vegetable access differs by community racial composition and socioeconomic position in Detroit, Michigan.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the availability, selection, quality, and price of fresh fruit and vegetables at food stores in four Detroit-area communities: 1) predominately African-American, low socioeconomic position (SEP); 2) racially heterogeneous, low SEP; 3) predominately African-American, middle SEP; and 4) racially heterogeneous, middle SEP. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational survey, conducted fall 2002. SETTING: Detroit, Michigan SAMPLE: Overall, 304 food stores located in the four communities were evaluated: chain grocery, large independent grocery, "mom-and-pop" grocery, specialty (meat, fruit and vegetable markets), convenience without gasoline, and liquor stores. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Availability was indicated by whether a store carried fresh fruit or vegetables, selection was based on a count of 80 fruit and vegetables, quality was evaluated according to USDA guidelines for a subset of 20 fruit and vegetables, and price was assessed for 20 fruit and vegetables by using the lowest-cost method. RESULTS: Mean quality of fresh produce was significantly lower in the predominately African-American, low-SEP community than in the racially heterogeneous, middle-SEP community. Differences in the types of stores present only partially explained this quality differential. The predominately African-American, low-SEP community had more than four times more liquor stores and fewer grocery stores per 100,000 residents than the racially heterogeneous, middle-SEP community. Mean overall selection and price of fresh produce at stores did not differ among communities. CONCLUSIONS: Increasing access to high-quality fresh produce in low-income communities of color is a critical first step toward improving health through better dietary practices in this population.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2006

Fruits and vegetables, 5+ a day: are we getting the message across?

Fruit and vegetables have important health promoting properties. The 5+ a day programme aims to promote awareness of the need to eat more of these foods. This paper presents and discusses the results of two surveys designed to determine the success of the 5+ a day programme across New Zealand. Household surveys were carried out by a marketing research company in 1999 and 2000. The 1999 questionnaire focused on awareness and understanding of the 5+ a day campaign. The 2000 questionnaire focused on attitudes to health and on intakes of fruits and vegetables. Data were collected from households nationwide (1999 survey N = 200, 2000 survey N = 520). Spontaneous consumer awareness of messages promoting the need to eat more fruit and vegetables was high. Seventy-one percent of all respondents identified the 5 servings a day message from the 5+ a day logo regardless of whether they had seen it before. The meaning of the hand in the logo was less clear with only 2.5% identifying the 'serving size' element of the logo. Fruit and vegetable intakes of respondents were influenced by demographic factors: gender, ethnicity, education and occupation (all P < or = 0.05). Positive attitude towards the relationship between fruit, vegetables and health was influenced by similar factors and in turn affected fruit and vegetable intakes. The 5+ a day message is well recognised and understood. Portion size is less well understood. The 5+ a day message promotes positive attitudes towards healthy eating which are associated with healthier eating habits, but some groups within society may need further attention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Bacterial contamination of vegetables served in hospitals.

OBJECTIVES: To study bacterial contamination of fresh vegetables before cleaning and before serving to patients in 14 hospitals. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Aerobic plate count was performed and emphasized on total viable aerobic bacteria, fecal coliform, fecal Escherichia coli and enteric pathogens in fresh vegetables including romaine lettuce, onion, parsley, celery and tomato before cleaning and before serving. Hospital nutrition officers who were involved in food purchasing and processing were interviewed. RESULTS: One hundred and six of 403 of fresh vegetable samples (26.3%) before cleaning were contaminated with > 10(7) colony forming unit per gram (CFU/gram) of viable aerobic bacteria, 106 of 178 samples (59.6%) contained MPN/fecal coliform >1,100 /gram, 78 samples (43.8%) contained MPN fecal E. coli >10/gram. Enteric bacteria were isolated from 7.2% of the total 304 samples including non typhoid Salmonella (1 sample), Vibrio cholerae non O1/O139 (7 samples) and Aeromonas species (14 samples). Forty of 396 ready to serve vegetable samples (10.1%) contained > 10(7) CFU/gram of viable aerobic bacteria. Seventy five of 183 (40.9%) samples contained >1,100 MPN fecal coliform/gram and 43 (23.5%) contained >10 MPN fecal E. coli/gram. Enteric bacteria were also detected in 7.6% of the samples including V. cholerae non O1/O139 (6 samples) and Aeromonas species (17 samples). There were three different ways in obtaining fresh vegetables to the hospitals: by auction (50%), wholesalers (21.4%) and retailers (14.2%). There were also different standards of transportation, packaging, delivery and food processing, particularly cleaning methods. CONCLUSION: Ready-to-eat fresh vegetables were contaminated in high percentages with microorganisms in the number that exceeded the standard. Better management is required to safeguard patients.

Food Handling↗

PubMed2006

Greater fruit and vegetable intake is associated with increased bone mass among postmenopausal Chinese women.

Although studies in Caucasian populations have reported the beneficial effects of intakes of fruit and vegetables on bone mass, limited data are available in the Asian populations. We examined the association of the intake of fruits and vegetables with bone mineral density (BMD) in a population-based cross-sectional study of 670 postmenopausal Chinese women aged 48-63 years. Habitual dietary intakes were assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. BMD at the whole body, lumbar spine and left hip were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Univariate regression analyses showed that the total intake of fruits and vegetables was significantly associated with greater BMD at the whole body, lumbar spine (L1-L4), total hip, trochanter and intertrochanter. An independently positive association between fruit and vegetable intake and BMD at the whole body (P = 0.005), lumbar spine (P < 0.001) and total hip (P = 0.024) remained even after adjusting for age, years since menopause, body weight and height, dietary energy, protein and Ca, and physical activities. A daily increase of 100 g fruit and vegetable intake was associated with 0.0062 (95 % CI 0.0019, 0.0105) g/cm2, 0.0098 (95 % CI 0.0041, 0.0155) g/cm2 and 0.0060 (95 % CI 0.0011, 0.0109) g/cm2 increases in BMD at the whole body, lumbar spine and total hip, respectively. In conclusion, greater fruit and vegetable intake is independently associated with better BMD among postmenopausal Chinese women.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Fruits and vegetables intake in the SU.VI.MAX study and systolic blood pressure change].

BACKGROUND: In intervention studies (DASH), high fruits and vegetables intake lower blood pressure (BP). Less is known on long-term effects of fruits and vegetables intake on BP, especially in European population. OBJECTIVE: To study the relation between fruits and vegetables intake and BP change in the SU.VI.MAX study. METHOD: In the SU.VI.MAX study (1994-2002), BP was measured and information on medical treatment was collected during two clinical examination session in 1995-1996 and 2001-2002. Dietary information came from 24 h dietary records completed every two months, by each volunteer during the first two years of follow-up. We performed a transversal analysis of BP measured at the first clinical examination in 6 427 subjects aged 36-62 years. A longitudinal analysis including subjects without hypertension at baseline was performed on BP change between the two examination (n=2958). RESULTS: At first examination, after adjusting for main confounding factors, subjects reporting high vegetables intake (last quintile) had a lower (-1.6 mmHg, p trend <0.01) systolic BP (SBP) than subjects reporting lower intake (first quintile). High fruits intake was slightly associated with lower SBP (1.1 mmHg, NS). At the end of the follow-up, the mean increase of SBP was of 9.5 mmHg. This increase was 2.2 mmHg lower (p < 0.003) in the last quintile of vegetables intake. No similar relation was observed with fruits intake. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that vegetables intake may be associated with lower BP and a lower increase of BP over years. This last association may have implications for the prevention of hypertension which appears with aging.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Cd) in selected varieties of vegetables].

Vegetables have a great share in supplying of lead and cadmium with food into the human organism. For this reason an attempt was undertaken for quantitative evaluation of accumulation of those metals in three varieties of the following vegetables: carrots, parsley, garden beet, cabbage and potato grown at identical fertilization, weather conditions and pollution. Cadmium and lead were complexed with diethyldithiocarbamate, extracted into organic phase, and determined using atomic absorption spectrometry method. Cadmium content in tested vegetables was close to allowed values, established by Polish Legislation for these foods stuffs, and even exceeded limits in many specimens. Lead content is lower than allowed values with exception of one variety of carrot and all parsley specimens (leaf). Statistically significant differences (t-Student test) in the content of lead and cadmium in different varieties of the same vegetable were not observed. However, the minimum content of both metals in cultivated vegetables was observed in the following vegetables: parsley, carrot (three varieties), red beet (two varieties), potato, cabbage (two varieties).

Cadmium↗

PubMed1993

[An attempt to investigate the effect of magnesium ion supplements on changes in levels of nitrates and nitrites in selected pickled vegetables].

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of magnesium ions on some changes in the nitrate reductase activity in the white headed cabbage as well as a practical application of the results obtained in vegetable souring. As experimental material were used: white and red headed cabbage, red beets and the same vegetable in the soured form. Vegetable souring was performed using a traditional method as well as a modified one, considering a supplement of magnesium chloride at various levels during the process of souring. The activity of nitrate reductase in the white headed cabbage was determined by the Jaworski method. In raw and soured vegetables the level of nitrates was determined by brucine method and that of nitrites by the Griess colorimetric method. A supplement of magnesium ions to the incubation mixture containing raw white cabbage resulted in an increased activity of the studied enzyme by 17.0-34.8% and was significant in all magnesium ions concentrations used. The introduction of adequate amounts of magnesium chloride to soured vegetable production resulted also in a significant decrease in the nitrate and nitrite levels. An organoleptic evaluation of soured vegetables made by a traditional method and by using a supplement high quality, although the smell of white headed cabbage and "beet acid" has slightly however, significantly deteriorated.

Brassica↗

PubMed1993

[Level of cadmium and lead in vegetables, fruit, cereal and soil from areas differing in the degree of industrial pollution and from greenhouses].

The content of cadmium and lead was measured in vegetables, fruit, cereals and soil from areas exposed and non-exposed to industrial pollution and in vegetables and soil from greenhouses. The elements were measured after dry mineralization by atomic absorption spectrophotometry following extraction of complexes from APDS into the organic phase (MIBK). Lead and cadmium were determined in 482 samples of vegetables, 101 fruit samples, 132 cereal samples and 297 soil samples. In the vegetables from the areas not exposed to industrial pollution lead content was below the detectability range (< d.r.) to 576.1 micrograms/kg, and cadmium was from < d.r. to 73.5 micrograms/kg. In the vegetables from areas exposed to industrial pollution lead was from 9.3 to 1044.0 micrograms/kg and cadmium from < d.r. to 552.3 micrograms/kg and cadmium from 2.3 to 132.5 micrograms/kg. In the soil from greenhouses lead was found in amounts from 17.5 to 212.0 mg/kg of air dry mass (adm), and cadmium from 125 to 750 micrograms/kg of adm. In soil from vegetable gardens lead was from 3.3 to 15.3 mg/kg of adm., and cadmium from < d.r. to 385.0 mu/kg adm. In soil from orchards lead was from 2.8 to 141.3 mg/kg adm, and cadmium from < d.r. to 810.0 micrograms/kg adm. In the soil from fields of cereals lead was from 3.0 to 67.5 mg/kg amd, and cadmium from < d.r. to 295.0 micrograms/kg adm. In fruit lead was present in amounts from 12.8 to 144.0 micrograms/kg and cadmium from < d.r. to 42.0 micrograms/kg. In cereals lead was found in amounts from < d.r. to 760.0 micrograms/kg and cadmium from < d.r. to 200 micrograms/kg.

Agriculture↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A pilot study on the use of plasma carotenoids and ascorbic acid as markers of compliance to a high fruit and vegetable dietary intervention.

The authors examined the feasibility of using plasma carotenoids and ascorbic acid as markers of compliance for dietary intervention trials aimed at increasing the quantity and variety of the fruit and vegetable intake of free-living individuals. Nineteen former cancer patients who had been successfully treated for a stage I or II squamous cell carcinoma of the mouth, pharynx, larynx, or lung were recruited. Subjects served as their own controls. However, in order to detect any seasonal trends, 4 individuals among the 19 were randomized to a nonintervention group. Subjects in the intervention group were counseled by dietitians with the goal of increasing their intake of fruits and vegetables to eight servings/day (1 serving each of dark green vegetables, yellow-orange vegetables, tomato products, and other vegetables; 3 servings of vitamin C-rich fruits; and 1 serving of other fruits). Subjects in the nonintervention group were advised to follow their usual diet. Three-day measured food records kept at base line and after 3 months of intervention, as well as unannounced 24-h dietary recalls, documented an increase in mean fruit and vegetable intake from 4.2 to 9.5 servings daily in the intervention group. A concomitant increase of 29% was observed in total plasma carotenoids (P = 0.02), with increases of 25% for plasma lycopene (P = 0.06), 31% for plasma lutein (P = 0.002), 39% for plasma beta-carotene (P = 0.01), and 57% for plasma alpha-carotene (P = 0.01). Mean plasma levels of ascorbic acid increased by 27% (P < 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aged↗

PubMed1993

The accuracy of parental reports of their children's intake of fruits and vegetables: validation of a food frequency questionnaire with serum levels of carotenoids and vitamins C, A, and E.

It has been recommended that U.S. children increase their dietary intake of fruits and vegetables. Measuring diets of children to support and evaluate nutritional interventions can be a difficult task, however. We administered to 97 parents of children age 6-10 years a food frequency questionnaire on their children's usual dietary intake over the previous 3 months. We then compared these reports by parents of their children's intakes of fruits and vegetables, and the derived estimates of intake of carotenoids and vitamins C, A, and E, with the children's serum levels of carotenoids and vitamins C, A, and E. The dietary reports of intakes of 35 fruits and vegetables showed Spearman rank-order correlations of 0.30 with serum carotenoids and 0.34 with serum vitamin C. Children in the highest quartile for intake of fruits and vegetables according to their parents' food frequency reports had 35% higher carotene levels and 31% higher vitamin C levels in their serum than did children in the lowest quartile for intake of fruits and vegetables. We conclude that parental reports of young children's diets using food frequency methods are accurate enough to be useful in nutritional screening and dietary surveillance of fruit and vegetable intake.

Ascorbic Acid↗

PubMed1996

[Evaluation of metal contents in vegetables from Siedlce gardens].

The purpose of the study was the assessment of the contents of harmful metals in vegetables grown in three gardens in Siedlce. In the years 1986- 1988 and 1990 the contents of copper, zinc, lead and cadmium was determined by the atomic absorption spectrometry. The vegetables like: lettuce, cabbage, tomato, carrot, root and leaves of parsley were studied. The total samples number of vegetables was 314. The study showed essential differences in the metals levels between investigated vegetables species. It was found that vegetables from gardens in Siedlce, in general, contents less metals such as copper, zinc, cadmium and lead than it allowed by Polish Ministry of Health. A little more lead than permitted for vegetables in Poland it was determined only in few samples of carrot and parsley. In 50% samples of parsley leaves zinc level was higher than 10 mg/kg.

Cadmium↗

PubMed1997

[Reliability and factorial structure of a rating scale for persistent vegetative state].

We developed a new rating scale, Kohnan Vegetative Score, to measure severity and small clinical changes in vegetative state patients. It has 7 items corresponding to the conditions of vegetative state by Japanese Society of Neurosurgery: motor function, food ingestion, urination and defecation, eye movement, vocalization, communication, and facial expression. Each item is rated in 5 ordinal categories: slight (score = 1), mild(2), moderate(4), and extreme(5). The sum of the scores is used as the summary score, which ranges from 7 to 35, and high score means 'severe'. We examined the reliability and the factorial structure of the Kohnan Vegetative Score. The subjects were 10 patients who met the conditions of vegetative state. Four neurosurgeons rated the subjects, and then 2 of them repeated the rating after one week interval. As a measure of reliability, the (weighted) Kappa coefficient proposed Cohen (1960, 1968) was calculated for each item, and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was calculated for the summary score. To analyze the factorial structure, the factor analysis was carried out. The minimum and the maximum weighted Kappa values were 0.44 and 0.64 for intra-rater reliability, and 0.37 and 0.69 for inter-rater reliability, respectively. Concerning the factorial structure, the contribution of the first factor was 91.5% which indicated the unidimensionality of the scale. The ICC's estimate for the summary score were 0.90 (95% C.I.: 0.766-0.970). On the basis of these results, the Kohnan Vegetative Score has unidimensionality and high reliability enough for a practical use.

Aged↗

PubMed1998

Fruit and vegetables, and human cancer.

A large body of evidence indicates that high intakes of fruit and vegetables are associated with a reduced risk of cancer at several sites. The association is generally most marked for epithelial cancers, apparently stronger for those of the digestive and respiratory tracts, and somewhat weaker for hormone-related cancers. The relationship between frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruit and cancer risk was analysed using data from a series of case-control studies conducted in northern Italy since 1983. The relative risks (RRs) for most common neoplasms ranged from 0.2 to 0.5 for the highest compared with the lowest tertile of vegetable intake. Protective effects were highest for epithelial neoplasms, but were also observed for hormone-related neoplasms. Fruit was related to reduced RRs for cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, larynx, as well as of the urinary tract. There was a specific and consistent pattern of protection by tomatoes, a typical Mediterranean food, with RRs between 0.4 and 0.7, most notably for gastrointestinal neoplasms. No significant association was observed between fruit and vegetable consumption and non-epithelial lymphoid neoplasms. For digestive tract cancer, population attributable risks for low intake of fresh vegetables and fruit ranged from 15 to 40% of all cases in this Mediterranean population. Combined with tobacco and alcohol, the population attributable risks exceeded 85% for men and 55% for women for upper digestive and respiratory tract neoplasms. Thus, from a public health viewpoint, epidemiological evidence indicates that a substantial reduction in epithelial cancer risk can be obtained by increasing fruit and vegetable consumption.

Alcohol Drinking↗