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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources

PubMed2003

Lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion in a terrestrial turtle, Terrapene carolina.

The limb girdles and lungs of turtles are both located within the bony shell, and therefore limb movements during locomotion could affect breathing performance. A mechanical conflict between locomotion and lung ventilation has been reported in adult green sea turtles, Chelonia mydas, in which breathing stops during terrestrial locomotion and resumes during pauses between bouts of locomotion. We measured lung ventilation during treadmill locomotion using pneumotach masks in three individual Terrapene carolina (mass 304-416 g) and found no consistent mechanical effects of locomotion on breathing performance. Relatively small tidal volumes (2.2+/-1.4 ml breath(-1); mean +/- S.D., N=3 individuals) coupled with high breath frequencies (36.6+/-26.4 breaths min(-1); mean +/- S.D., N=3 individuals) during locomotion yield mass-specific minute volumes that are higher than any previously reported for turtles (264+/-64 ml min kg(-1); mean +/- S.D., N=3 individuals). Minute volume was higher during locomotion than during recovery from exercise (P<0.01; paired t-test), and tidal volumes measured during locomotion were not significantly different from values measured during brief pauses between locomotor bouts or during recovery from exercise (P>0.05; two-way ANOVA). Since locomotion does not appear to conflict with breathing performance, the mechanism of lung ventilation must be either independent of, or coupled to, the stride cycle. The timing of peak airflow from breaths occurring during locomotion does not show any fixed phase relationship with the stride cycle. Additionally, the peak values of inhalatory and exhalatory airflow rates do not differ consistently with respect to the stride cycle. Together, these data indicate that T. carolina is not using respiratory-locomotor coupling and limb and girdle movements do not contribute to lung ventilation during locomotion. X-ray video recordings indicate that lung ventilation is achieved via bilateral activity of the transverse (exhalatory) and oblique (inhalatory) abdominal muscles. This specialized abdominal ventilation mechanism may have originally circumvented a mechanical conflict between breathing and locomotion in the ancestor of turtles and subsequently allowed the ribs to abandon their role in lung ventilation and to fuse to form the shell.

Abdominal Muscles↗

PubMed2005

Courting bird sings with stridulating wing feathers.

In birds and other vertebrates, most acoustic signals are produced pneumatically by moving air through a vocal apparatus. Here we describe a unique mechanism used to produce a tonal acoustic signal in vertebrates. Video recordings of the courtship displays of male Club-winged Manakins, Machaeropterus deliciosus, reveal that males produce sustained harmonic tones through interactions among oscillating secondary wing feathers. This mechanism of sound production shows morphological and mechanistic convergence with arthropod stridulation. Intersexual selection for production of a nonvocal courtship song has led to major morphological, functional, and likely physiological modifications in the wing of this flying bird.

Animal Communication↗

PubMed2006

Sexual dimorphism in Bosmina: the role of morphology, drag, and swimming.

Some Bosmina water flea species develop morphological antipredatory defenses, such as long antennules and a high carapace, but in Bosmina (Eubosmina) coregoni gibbera these traits are larger and more variable in females than in males. Here we propose that this sexual dimorphism derives from differential costs of hydrodynamic drag and selection for mobility in males. We tested this hypothesis by estimating drag of several Bosmina morphologies by using scale models sinking in glycerin of different concentrations and viscosities. Body forms included males, sexual and asexual females of B. c. gibbera, and males and asexual females of Bosmina (Eubosmina) longispina, a taxon with less variable body shape. For a given body length or body volume, male models had lower drag than models of sexual and asexual females, suggesting that males can swim 14-28% faster with the same energy consumption. Consistent with this conclusion, video recordings showed that males of B. c. gibbera advanced 55-73% farther than females in each swimming stroke. We conclude that hydrodynamic drag may have significant implications for swimming and evolution of sexual dimorphism in water fleas, and we suggest that males lack the defensive structures of females of B. c. gibbera (e.g., high carapaces) because competition over mates favors low drag.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Video reveals self-stimulation in infancy.

UNLABELLED: The medical literature on early childhood masturbation is sparse. Only 12 patients who presented with infantile self-stimulation under the age of 1 y are described. During the last 2 y, five girls under 1 y of age presented at our department with self-stimulating behaviour. The diagnosis of this behaviour was difficult, but could be made by watching a video of the attacks. Infantile self-stimulation is often misdiagnosed and unnecessary investigations and useless treatments are often prescribed. Video recording can be of great help to put forward the correct diagnosis. Masturbation is not so uncommon and treatment consists mostly in reassuring the parents. It can, however, be associated with behavioural problems. Few data are available on the clinical outcome of childhood masturbation, but most children seem to develop normally. CONCLUSION: Infantile self-stimulation should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of "strange episodes or attacks".

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Behavior of the patient with functional colon disease: types, analytical methods and therapeutic significance].

A proper clinical examination should provide psychological data that enriches the patient-physician relationship. Video recording and its analysis do not disturb the patient and provide for objective awareness. This technique confirms the idea that the behaviour and psychological structure of the colopath fall into two major and basic types: compulsive obsessionals and hysterophobics, types that should lead the practitioner to provide different sorts of psychological care. This care can form the basis for the treatment of the colopath.

Behavior↗

PubMed1993

Geometrical reconstruction of images obtained with electronic endoscopy.

We use an electronic video endoscope (Fujinon EG7-HR2) to image the mitral valve in situ in an isolated pig heart preparation. From video recordings, images are digitized and analysed with a computer. A complication encountered during the study concerned the geometric wide angle distortion caused by the device. The present paper describes a method developed to reconstruct the image, and to correct for this distortion. In order to quantify the relation between object and image, model equations were formulated based on mild assumptions. Points in object space are transformed through a non-linear relation to corresponding points in image space. Furthermore, an oblique camera view, and an aspect ratio correction factor, are accounted for. As a test object, a regular grid of points was recorded at several distances from the camera. The images of the grid points were digitized, and the model equations were fitted to these data. From test measurements, carried out in air as well as in water, it was concluded that the distortion could be quantified by three parameters. Application of the straightforward correction procedure enables us to obtain quantitative information from endoscopic images.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Fetal homologue of infant crying.

Four behavioural states are recognised in the human fetus and are comparable to those of the neonate: 1F (quiet sleep), 2F (active state), 3F (quiet awake), and 4F (active awake). State 5, or crying, is not considered to have a fetal correlate. In a study assessing the effects of exposure to tobacco and cocaine during pregnancy on fetal response and habituation to vibroacoustic stimulation, what appears to be the fetal homologue of crying was observed. These behaviours were seen on ultrasound, and have been captured on video recordings and include: an initial exhalation movement associated with mouth opening and tongue depression, followed by a series of three augmented breaths, the last breath ending in an inspiratory pause followed by an expiration and settling. This is the first report/video documenting these behaviours and suggests the possibility of a state 5F.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2003

Changes of vertical eye movements of goldfish for different otolith stimulation by linear acceleration.

Eye movements serves to hold the gaze steady or to shift the gaze to an object of interest. On Earth, signals from otoliths can be interpreted either as linear motion or as tilt with respect to gravity. In microgravity, static tilt will no longer give rise to changes in otolith activity. However, linear acceleration as well as angular acceleration stimulate the otolith organ. Therefore, during adaptation to microgravity, otolith-mediated response such as eye movements alter. In this study, we analyzed the eye movements of goldfish during linear acceleration. The eye movements during rectangular linear acceleration along the different body axis were video-recorded. The vertical eye rotations were analyzed frame by frame. In normal fish, leftward lateral acceleration induced downward eye rotation in the left eye and upward eye rotation in the right eye. Acceleration from caudal to rostral evoked downward eye rotation in both eyes. When the direction of acceleration was shifted 15 degrees left, the responses in the left eye disappeared. These results suggested that otolith organs in each side were stimulated differently.

Acceleration↗

PubMed1998

Use of a paper-cut as an adjunct to teaching the Whipple procedure by video.

BACKGROUND: Medical students often experience difficulty comprehending anatomic relationships of complex operations to which they are exposed during surgical clerkship. Pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple procedure, is one such operation. Although video recordings are available to facilitate the learning of the Whipple procedure, commercially available tapes are not self-explanatory to the uninitiated. Since we have previously demonstrated that third-year medical students could learn the operative steps of inguinal herniorraphy by a paper-cutting exercise, we set out to determine whether an exercise of similar design could enhance a student's comprehension of the Whipple procedure. METHODS: Using Adobe Illustrator 5.5 for MacIntosh, an exercise was developed on a 8.5 x 11-inch paper that could be distributed to students for self-administration. The exercise was performed using a #15 scalpel or an iris scissors. Thirty-seven students were randomized into two groups. Each student received a pretest of questions focusing on the Whipple procedure. Group I was shown an 18-minute commercially available teaching video on the Whipple procedure. Group II was given the Whipple origami exercise, which required 20 minutes to complete. A first posttest was administered to each group. Next, the groups switched exercises, and a second posttest was administered. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups' pretest scores (two-tailed t test, P = 0.290). Group I improved its score from an average of 64.21 (SD 14.27) to 67.89 (SD 13.16) after watching the video, and further to 77.89 (SD 14.37) after completing the paper-cut exercise. Group II improved from 60.00 (SD 9.43) to 78.95 (SD 11.00) after performing the paper-cut, but derived no additional measurable benefit from watching the video, average score 74.74 (SD 18.37). After the first exercise, students who performed the paper-cut showed a significantly greater improvement in test scores compared with students who saw the video (P = 0.0035 by Mann-Whitney U). After both groups had completed the exercises, the mean changes from baseline were no longer significantly different (P = 0.58 by Mann-Whitney U). CONCLUSION: As a single educational intervention, the paper-cut exercise was a more effective teaching device than the video in the given time frame. The origami model may be generalized to a variety of surgical procedures and appears to be a valuable adjunct to traditional teaching.

Audiovisual Aids↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Choroidal angiography with indocyanine green dye: absorption and fluorescence techniques.

The results of choroidal indocyanine green (I.C.G.) angiography by the absorption and fluorescence techniques are compared. Both techniques were done using the same apparatus, a modified fundus camera, an image intensifier coupled to a solid-state video camera and a U Matic video recorder. Both were performed with the same dye dilution in the same patients, at a 24-hour interval. The light source was the unmodified 50 Watt halogen light bulb of the fundus camera. The angiograms obtained by the absorption and the fluorescence techniques refer to the same chorioretinal area and the same angiographic phase. Comparison of all the angiograms shows that I.C.G. fluorescence angiography provides a better resolution of choroidal vascular details than the absorption technique.

Choroid↗

PubMed1999

Mast cell granule heparin proteoglycan induces lacunae in confluent endothelial cell monolayers.

The addition of rat mast cell granules to confluent bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cell monolayers resulted in the formation of numerous lacunae in the cultures. Several lines of evidence identified heparin proteoglycan as the component of the granule matrix responsible for the effect: presence of the activity in the proteoglycan fraction after chromatography of granule extracts, inhibition of granule activity by digestion with heparinase I, the failure of proteolysis of the proteoglycan fraction with proteinase K to significantly diminish its activity, and the failure of chymase and carboxypeptidase inhibitors to inhibit granule activity. The onset of hole formation was delayed for several hours after granule addition to the culture, and maximal hole formation occurred between 8 and 16 hours and was sustained as long as 24 hours. The lacunae formed by the separation of motile endothelial cells within the monolayer and was not attributable to cell contractile activity or cell loss. Time-lapse video recording showed that the holes were dynamic, individual holes expanding and regressing over a period of hours. Formation of lacunae occurred on gelatin and fibronectin surfaces alike. The presence of active chymase in the granules prevented the action of the proteoglycan. Heparin glycosaminoglycan as distinct from the proteoglycan did not similarly affect the endothelial monolayers but did block the action of granules added subsequently, indicating the likelihood of a heparin-reactive receptor or binding site.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Airway protection during breath-holding.

Little is known about laryngeal function during breath-holding. The completeness of laryngeal closure during breath-holding is clinically relevant during the supraglottic swallow. To investigate this phenomenon, vocal cord position was studied prospectively in 10 adults during breath-holding using nasolaryngoscopy with video recording. The position of the vocal cords was not consistent during breath-holding. Some subjects closed the glottis, while others had variable amounts of glottic opening. Straining and vocalizing at the onset of breath-holding produced both glottic and supraglottic closure, increasing the number of levels of laryngeal closure during breath-holding. Nasolaryngoscopy can be used clinically to document the airway protection, the effects of various protective maneuvers, and any resulting aspiration during breath-holding and during the supraglottic swallow.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Relative contribution of footwear to the efficacy of ankle-foot orthoses.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the relative effects of footwear and an ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) on hemiplegic gait. DESIGN: A case series with three contrasting conditions: walking without footwear, with footwear alone, and with footwear and an AFO. Spatio-temporal parameters reflecting walking performance were analysed using an analysis of variance (ANOVA). PATIENTS: Five patients with hemiplegia and reduced mobility following stroke. SETTING: A specialist rehabilitation centre. INTERVENTION: Wearing either footwear alone, or footwear with an AFO. MEASURES: Video recordings of gait were subjected to a kinematic analysis to determine spatio-temporal parameters. RESULTS: Stride length was increased by an average of 5 cm when wearing footwear. An additional 5-cm increase was also observed when wearing an AFO. Swing velocity was also affected by the manipulation. CONCLUSIONS: The appropriate comparative baseline for assessing the efficacy of an AFO is subjects walking with existing footwear and not barefoot.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Normal and deviant behavior in blind children with ROP.

Congenitally blind children, especially with ROP, are at risk for developing autistic traits. Early behavior risk screening would be of value, but no instruments with acceptable specificity are available. Traditional behavioral symptoms of infantile autism also characterize blind children without autistic disturbance. This report attempts at identifying early behavior patterns that distinguish autistic from non-autistic blind children with ROP. Developmental data, parents' reports, and video-recordings are analyzed. It is concluded that observations of developmental delays are not specific enough in screening out the risk group. However, it is possible to describe a behavior pattern, emerging between 12 and 30 months, of unresponsitivity and stereotypic object manipulation, which distinguishes autistic and non-autistic subjects. This might be a pattern of specific risk behavior in blind children. However, further prospective studies must be performed to test these proportions.

Autistic Disorder↗

PubMed1996

Tri-axial, real-time logging of fly head movements.

We present a method to record and simultaneously display the three rotatory components of arbitrary head turns of an insect flying stationarily in a wind tunnel or walking on a treadmill. An elongated marker, placed on the fly's forehead, is video-recorded from ahead under deep red stroboscopic illumination, invisible to the insect. A fast on-board image processor of a PC video-adapter (True Vision, AT-Vista), programmed in its native code, extracts position and orientation of the marker in the video-image. The host PC transforms these data into calibrated head angles and displays stimulus and response components after 40 ms processing time at a rate of 50 frames per second. Head turns are measured relative to the fly's trunk even when the fly is rotated around its body axis provided that it is aligned with the video-axis. Technical tests, as well as recordings from live flies responding to various stimuli, illustrate the performance and accuracy of the procedure. This minimally invasive method of motion recording should be easily adaptable to other insects and to similar movements of small parts.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

[Analysis of the behavior of the coach in relation to violence in minor league hockey].

The purpose of this study was to verify if, during games, the behavior of ice hockey coaches at the bantam level tends to incite players to use roughness and to infringe upon the rules of the game, as the Néron report (1977) states. The video recording of 27 games using a split-screen technique made it possible to view simultaneously the players in action as well as the coaches' behavior. Analysis of the videotapes revealed that the coaches (n = 11) at the bantam level often exhort their players to put more intensity in their physical contacts (legal body checking), but they more often encouraged them to control themselves and avoid penalties. In general, the coaches displayed very little behavior that encouraged violent actions from the players.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

[Effect of various factors on the suckling behavior of domestic rabbits].

An average number of 1.47 suckling events per 24 hours with a mean duration of 203 seconds per suckling was shown in investigations with 156 does (253 litter, 1.907 alive born pups) by continuous video recordings (infrared technique) over 1.045 periods with 24 hours. Two or more suckling periods with maximum of six sucklings per 24 h were recorded in 40% of all days. Number and duration of suckling events and also percentage of days with > or = 2 sucklings/24 hours were significantly influenced by genotype of does, parity and keeping system (flatdeck, get-away-cage). ZIKA-hybrids had the highest percentage of days with several suckling periods (52.7). Suckling activity had shown a circadian rhythm and was significantly correlated with dawn (light-dark as an inducing factor for suckling). 25% of all suckling events took place in the hour after the lights were turned off.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

The body as interactive display: examining bodies in a public exhibition.

'Body Worlds' is an exhibition of human bodies that is currently touring Europe, the Far East and the USA. The public display of 'real' human bodies has caused public controversy and debate about the moral and educational value of the exhibition. Relatively little academic research, however, has been undertaken to explore how visitors see and reflect on the exhibits. In this journal, Tony Walter recently examined messages people left in the exhibition's comment-books to reveal how people saw the bodies. His investigation provides interesting insights into people's understanding of and attitude to Body Worlds. This paper complements Walter's findings by analysing video-recordings of visitors looking at the 'plastinated' bodies at the showing of Body Worlds in London in 2002/03. The analysis reveals how people anatomise the exhibits and consider them in the light of their knowledge and experience of 'real' human bodies, such as those of other people and their own. The paper concludes with a discussion of how the observations and findings from the analysis bear upon debates on Body Worlds and in the sociology of health and illness.

Anatomy↗