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At least 649 records · Page 36Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Flow cytometry Coulter volume analysis of lead- and cadmium-induced cellular alterations in bone marrow obtained from young adult and aged Balb/c mice.

Flow cytometry Coulter volume analysis was used to examine the effects of an acute exposure to cadmium or lead on subpopulations of Balb/c bone marrow cells. A significant shift in the volume of Balb/c bone marrow cells was detected in response to a single i.p. injection of cadmium acetate (Cd) or lead acetate (Pb) compared to sodium acetate (Na)-treated mice. An increase in the relative number or size of myeloid/monocytic cells was noted in the bone marrow of cadmium or lead-treated mice. This effect was more pronounced in aged Balb/c mice than in young adults. These studies suggest the flow cytometry Coulter volume analysis may be a useful and sensitive technique for the assessment of cellular changes that occur in the bone marrow in response to xenobiotic exposure.

Aging↗
PubMed1986

Cellular immunity to vaccinations and herpesvirus infections after bone marrow transplantation.

The cellular immune response to herpesviruses was studied in 46 recipients of marrow grafts (23 autologous, 23 allogeneic). That study was performed in vitro by evaluating the degree of lymphocyte proliferative responses to herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV). No primary infections with any of those viruses were noted after bone marrow transplantation (BMT). The incidence of active infection in seropositive patients was significantly lower after autologous BMT than after allogeneic BMT (HSV, 2/22 vs. 11/22 patients, respectively, P = 0.007; CMV, 4/12 vs. 9/10 patients, respectively, P = 0.02; VZV, 3/23 vs. 11/23 patients, respectively, P = 0.02). After autologous BMT, the restoration of cellular immunity to the three viruses occurred at a clearly faster rate than after allogeneic BMT. That pattern may have contributed to the low incidence of active infections with those viruses after autologous BMT. Recipients of allogeneic marrow from donors with a positive lymphocyte proliferation test to HSV had a significantly increased incidence of active HSV infection post-BMT (8/9 patients) than those who received marrow from donors with a negative test (3/13 patients; P = 0.008). Acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) decreased the cellular immune response to the three herpes viruses, but not significantly. Our program of vaccinations with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids started in the fourth month post BMT. Chronic GVHD patients who were vaccinated had a clearly impaired cellular immune response to both toxoids as compared with those without chronic GVHD.

Bone Marrow Transplantation↗
PubMed2000

Titanium containing amorphous hydrogenated carbon films (a-C: H/Ti): surface analysis and evaluation of cellular reactions using bone marrow cell cultures in vitro.

Amorphous hydrogenated carbon (a-C : H) coatings, also called diamond-like carbon (DLC), have many properties required for a protective coating material in biomedical applications. The purpose of this study is to evaluate a new surface coating for bone-related implants by combining the hardness and inertness of a-C : H films with the biological acceptance of titanium. For this purpose, different amounts of titanium were incorporated into a-C : H films by a combined radio frequency (rf) and magnetron sputtering set-up. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of air-exposed a-C : H/titanium (a-C : H/Ti) films revealed that the films were composed of TiO2 and TiC embedded in and connected to an a-C : H matrix. Cell culture tests using primary adult rat bone marrow cell cultures (BMC) were performed to determine effects on cell number and on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation. By adding titanium to the carbon matrix, cellular reactions such as increased proliferation and reduced osteoclast-like cell activity could be obtained, while these reactions were not seen on pure a-C : H films and on glass control samples. In summary, a-C : H/Ti could be a valuable coating for bone implants, by supporting bone cell proliferation while reducing osteoclast-like cell activation.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1981

Cellular composition of the bone marrow in the chicken: II. The effect of age and the influence of the bursa of Fabricius on the size of cellular compartments.

The blood and bone marrow of New Hampshire chicks were analyzed quantitatively from the time of hatch to 8 weeks of age. Hormonal bursectomy was performed by treating embryonating eggs on the 11th day of incubation with testosterone propionate (TP) which resulted in severe hypogammaglobulinemia and complete atrophy of the bursa of Fabricius. TP-treated birds exhibited some lymphocytopenia, reduced splenic weight, and lack of plasma cells in their bone marrow. The number of cells per milligram bone marrow was comparable in normal and TP-treated birds, falling in the range reported for laboratory rodents. The chick medullary hemopoiesis is characterized by the predominance of erythroblasts throughout early development; granulocytes and lymphocytes represent much smaller cellular compartments than in rodents. In the chick granulocytes tend to decrease after hatch, whereas in rodents they tend to increase. The normal chick shows a temporary increase in marrow lymphocytes after hatch, similar to that observed in some young rodents, but on a much smaller scale. Hormonal bursectomy did not prevent the development of a lymphocyte population in the bone marrow. These cells were fewer in TP-treated birds at hatch and at 4 weeks than in normal birds, but at 8 weeks of age normal and bursectomized chicks had comparable numbers of lymphocytes in their marrow. Although some lymphocytes in avain bone marrow may depend on the bursa of Fabricius for their development, a substantial proportion of bone marrow lymphocytes in the chick are bursa independent. The cell surface phenotype and site of origin of these cells remains to be investigated.

Aging↗
PubMed1982

Hematopoietic microenvironment transfer by stromal fibroblasts derived from bone marrow varying in cellularity.

Autologous fibroblast derivatives of red and yellow marrow of rabbits were shown to differ in their capability to transfer a hematopoietic microenvironment upon implantation under the renal capsule. Although a heterotopic ossicle formed in each instance, the quality of the associated medullary tissue mirrored the quality of the bone marrow used to generate the stromal fibroblasts. Thus, fibroblasts cultured from a cellular marrow produced a stroma with numerous hematopoietic foci whereas those cultured from a severely hypocellular marrow produced a stroma with mainly fat cells. The results with 21 implants point to a transmittable regulatory role of a class of stromal fibroblasts.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

The use of urethane sponge matrix to assess in vivo recovery of murine cellular immunity following syngeneic bone marrow transplantation.

A unique method for assessing the in vivo recovery of cellular immunity following sublethal irradiation and syngeneic bone marrow transplantation of CBA/J mice is described. This method employs the serial surgical implantation of a urethane sponge matrix followed by impregnation of the sponge matrix with alloantigen. Sponge matrices were harvested from each mouse subject at 2 weeks, 4 weeks, and 8 weeks post transplant with and without treatment with interleukin-2. Recovery of cellular immunity was assessed as a function of cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity via cell-mediated lympholysis using chromium labeled targets. Repetitive procedures of implantation and removal of the matrices from the same animal were surgically feasible and were exceptionally well tolerated by the animals with insignificant morbidity thereby permitting continuous monitoring of immunologic recovery. Although the results of treatment with interleukin-2 were inconclusive, this method provides a sensitive, technically manageable means by which to assess an antigenic response in vivo at predetermined time intervals utilizing the same mouse subject. The method additionally affords the potential of being applicable to the in vivo assessment and manipulation of other aspects of the immune response.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The proliferative activity of myelokaryocytes and the cellular composition of the bone marrow].

Flow cytometry was used to study myelokaryocyte distribution according to the stage of the cellular cycle in 167 bone marrow specimens 94 of which were taken by puncture from hemoblastosis and anemia patients. The results obtained were compared with myelogram data. It has been established that the method provides stable and reliable values, irrespective of cellular composition of the puncture specimens. Basing on the recurrent algorithm of J. H. Fridman's classification, a computer program has been derived that permitted differential diagnosis to be made based on the data of cytometry and myelogram.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2003

Effects of kindled seizures upon hematopoiesis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Studies conducted in epilepsy patients and experimental animals have suggested a linkage between seizure activity and alterations in immune functions. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. The present study sought to determine whether chronic seizures result in changes in hematopoietic functions that contribute to alterations in immune function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with electrodes in the basal amygdala or frontal cortex for induction of focal seizures by kindling. After inducing stage 5 seizures for 30 days, rats were sacrificed and assays for colony-forming units granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM) were performed to study progenitor cell functions. Long-term culture-initiating culture (LTC-IC) assays were employed to determine the effects of kindling upon bone marrow stroma. A Western blot for caspase-3 and CFU-GM assays from peripheral blood were used to determine the cause of reduced cellularity of bone marrow. RESULTS: Kindled seizures of the basal amygdala resulted in decreases in bone marrow cellularity and hyperproliferation of colony-forming cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow. Modified LTC-IC assays, where co-cultures of bone marrow cells and stroma from experimental animals were employed, revealed that hyperproliferation of progenitor cells was not associated with alterations in stromal functions. The changes observed in this study were associated with seizure foci in the basal amygdaloid complex but not the frontal cortex. CONCLUSION: Kindled seizures of the basal amygdala induce hyperproliferation of bone marrow progenitor cells, suggesting that alterations in immunological functions observed following seizure activity may be due to changes in hematopoietic functions. Such changes appear to be site specific within the brain.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Cellular composition of the spleen after human allogeneic bone marrow transplantation.

The cellular composition of the spleen has been assessed in 18 patients who died 15-326 days after receiving allogeneic marrow for leukaemia. The white pulp showed marked lymphocyte depletion with no germinal centres, very few B cells, and rare plasma cells. The marginal zone was unrecognizable but there were moderate numbers of T cells in the periarteriolar lymphatic sheaths (PALS), showing great variation in CD4/CD8 ratio. The percentage of CD4+ cells decreased with time post transplant. CD8+ cells were reduced in patients with graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) who also showed no increase in cells staining for activation markers. No T cells were detected expressing immature phenotypes and no differences were detected between patients who received marrow purged or unpurged of T cells. Macrophage numbers appeared normal. Extramedullary haemopoiesis (EMH) was predominantly in the red pulp greater than 30 days after transplantation but more commonly in the white pulp before then. Pyknotic cells were common in seven cases and appeared to be associated with EMH rather than GvHD. Chimaeric studies demonstrated small numbers of donor cells in the PALS at 26 days and larger numbers at 56 days.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Biosynthetic profiles of neutrophil serine proteases in a human bone marrow-derived cellular myeloid differentiation model.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human leukocyte elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G are neutrophil granule proteins belonging to the hematopoietic serine protease superfamily. In addition to their established roles in inflammation, they have recently been implicated as regulators of granulopoiesis and mediators of apoptosis. We set out to characterize the individual biosynthetic profiles of these proteins in a neutrophil differentiation model. DESIGN AND METHODS: CD34+CD38+ hematopoietic progenitor cells from 21 healthy human bone marrow donors were cultured in vitro in the presence of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). Biosynthetic radiolabeling was performed in cells from 13 subjects after various periods of differentiation induction. Following protein extraction, the proteins were specifically immunoprecipitated from cell lysates and media and run in gel electrophoresis. Biosynthetic profiles of azurophil granule proteins, in particular members of the neutrophil serine protease family, were examined during myeloid differentiation. RESULTS: The onset of synthesis of myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, leukocyte elastase, and proteinase 3 occurred early after differentiation induction with G-CSF, while synthesis of cathepsin G, azurocidin, and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein was detected somewhat later. Cathepsin G and proteinase 3 were retained intracellularly relatively efficiently, while leukocyte elastase and lysozyme were secreted to a greater extent. Cell morphology and positive immunocytochemistry for lactoferrin as well as flow cytometric analysis of selected surface antigens confirmed neutrophil-like maturation. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate that azurophil granule proteins, including proforms of human leukocyte elastase, proteinase 3 and cathepsin G, are constitutively secreted to various degrees during in vitro myeloid differentiation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells, in addition to being stored intracellularly in active forms. These findings suggest protein-specific sorting mechanisms and may have implications for the regulation of granulopoiesis.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase 1↗
PubMed1980

Selective hypoplasia of pelvic bone marrow.

6 patients with thrombocytopenia and anaemia had fatty marrow replacement at the site of an iliac crest. 52Fe scans showed marked abnormalities of bone marrow distribution. Particularly, the uptake of radioiron into the pelvis was almost absent. The sternal marrow was cellular. Studies of the bone marrow which included cytology, histology and electron microscopy failed to reveal why the pelvic marrow was aplastic. Occasional vascular lesions could not seen in the iliac crest bone marrow sections. The cellular morphology showed slight maturation abnormalities. Ferrokinetics were consistent with erythroid marrow hypoplasia. The pelvic and sternal marrow cellularity in patients with pancytopenia may not be representative of the cellularity of the whole marrow, and the pelvic marrow especially may be prone to aplasia.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

An evaluation of cellularity in various types of bone marrow specimens.

Comparisons of marrow cellularity determinations in needle biopsy sections, aspirated smears of marrow particles, and aspirated clot sections were made using the point-counting and standard visual methods of measurement. Good correlations of cellularity between biopsies and smears were obtained with the point-counting method. This occurred with either single- or multiple-observer measurements, and differed from the wide observer-to-observer variation obtained in the other comparisons. Although the optimal method for cellularity measurements is point counting by biopsy sections, the findings indicate that aspirated smears of marrow particles can be a suitable substitute for needle biopsy sections when point counting is used. This would be particularly useful in clinical settings necessitating frequent cellularity assessments. The results also show that the standard visual method of cellularity measurement is satisfactory when specimens are evaluated by one observer. The point-counting method of measurement, although the most accurate, is not as reproducible among observers as previously considered.

Biopsy, Needle↗
PubMed1990

Therapeutic administration of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor accelerates hemopoietic regeneration and enhances survival in a murine model of radiation-induced myelosuppression.

The primary cause of death after radiation exposure is infection resulting from myelosuppression. Because granulocytes play a critical role in host defense against infection and because granulocyte proliferation and differentiation are enhanced by granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), this agent was evaluated for the ability to accelerate hemopoietic regeneration and to enhance survival in irradiated mice. C3H/HeN mice were irradiated and G-CSF (2.5 micrograms/day, s.c.) or saline was administered on days 3-12, 1-12 or 0-12 post-irradiation. Bone marrow, splenic and peripheral blood cellularity, and bone marrow and splenic granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cell recoveries were evaluated in mice exposed to 6.5 Gy. Mice exposed to 8 Gy were evaluated for multipotent hemopoietic stem cell recovery (using endogenous spleen colony-forming units) and enhanced survival. Results demonstrated that therapeutic G-CSF 1) accelerates hemopoietic regeneration after radiation-induced myelosuppression, 2) enhances survival after potentially lethal irradiation and 3) is most effective when initiated 1 h following exposure.

Agranulocytosis↗
PubMed1982

Polyclonal antibody synthesis by bone marrow cells of New Zealand Black mice. II. Cellular basis of PAS activity of NZB bone marrow cells.

In the preceding report, enhanced polyclonal antibody synthesis (PAS) activity of bone marrow cells (BMC) of NZB mice was shown. Cells involved in its activity among BMC population were explored in this report. Antibody-forming cells (AFC) already existing in the bone marrow were not responsible for this activity since depletion of AFC by passage through a Sephadex G-10 column did not affect the numbers of anti-TNP AFC and immunoglobulin-secreting cells (IgSC) in the spleen of BMC-reconstituted mice when assayed 7 days after the transfer. Thy-1-positive cells among BMC population and host thymus were not relevant to PAS. Suppressor cells seemed to play little role as observed in transfer of mixed BMC population from NZB and BALB/c mice. PAS activity was prominently observed in surface immunoglobulin-positive cells. Significance of enhanced PAS activity was discussed with reference to autoantibody production.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Relationship between differing volumes of bone marrow aspirates and their cellular composition.

We compared the cellular composition of the first 1.0 ml volume bone marrow aspirate with that of an aliquot from the total bone marrow harvest at the end of the procedure in 17 healthy bone marrow donors. Each sample was assayed for its content of red blood cells, nucleated cells, CD2+, CD4+, CD8+, CD19+, HLA-DR+, CD56+, CD13+, CD33+, CD34+ and KiM8+ cells and CFU-GM. On the basis of data obtained, we estimated that the first 1.0 ml samples had 8.0 +/- 5.2% (SD) and the transplant samples 20.8 +/- 8.5% contamination with nucleated blood cells. The calculation revealed that both types of bone marrow samples had 100% volume contamination with peripheral blood, i.e. that bone marrow cells were aspirated within blood fluid volume. Nucleated cell concentration was 3-fold, and CFU-GM concentration 10-fold lower in the transplant than in the first-puncture 1.0 ml bone marrow samples. Various marker-positive cells appeared in transplant samples in concentrations that depended on their abundance in the first-puncture 1.0 ml and blood samples. Taken together, our data suggest that bone marrow harvesting would be substantially improved if individual aspirates were small in volume and taken from bone puncture sites as distant as possible.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

In vivo imaging with cellular resolution of bone marrow cells transplanted into the ischemic brain of a mouse.

The aim of the study was to monitor in vivo and noninvasively the fate of single bone marrow cells (BMCs) transplanted into the ischemic brain of unirradiated mice. In vivo imaging was performed through a closed cranial window, throughout the 2 weeks following cell transplantation, using laser-scanning confocal fluorescence microscopy. The window was chronically implanted above the left parieto-occipital cortex in C57BL/6J adult mice. BMC (3 x 10(5) nucleated cells in 0.5 microL medium) from 5-week-old transgenic mice, ubiquitously expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP), was transplanted into the ipsilateral cortex 24 h after the induction of focal ischemia by coagulation of the left middle cerebral artery (n = 15). Three nonischemic mice served as controls. Repeated in vivo imaging, up to a depth of 200 microm, revealed that BMCs survived within the ischemic and peri-ischemic cortex, migrated significantly towards the lesion, proliferated and adopted a microglia-like morphology over 2 weeks. These results were confirmed using ex vivo imaging after appropriate immunocytochemical treatments. This study indicates that confocal fluorescence microscopy is a reliable and unique tool to repeatedly assess with cellular resolution the in vivo dynamic fate of fluorescent cells transplanted into a mouse brain. These results also provide the first in vivo findings on the fate of single BMCs transplanted into the ischemic brain of unirradiated mice.

Animals↗