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PubMedDate not supplied

[Surveillance of health status in an agrarian environment: proposal for a method. 1. Epidemiological data].

In order to evaluate the risk of the exposure of the pesticides and N-nitroso compounds in the agricultural environment not only farm-hands have to be considered but also their families. So it is necessary to prepare survey methodologies to examine the state of health of all individuals who are exposed to same kind of risk (pesticides and nitroso compounds), even if in different ways and intensity. We have therefore chosen four farms situated on the same territory which cultivate vegetables. Three, of these farms, made wide use of pesticides and fertilizers, the fourth one was used as a "control farm" because it did not employ any chemicals. For every farm data about the neighbouring territory, the climate, the kind of cultivation, the pesticides and other employed chemicals were collected. Every subject (in all 25) residing in the farm was interviewed with a standard questionnaire about personal data, the duties performed on the farm, the way in which chemicals were used, their medical history as well as the life style. Samples of blood were drawn periodically in different seasons, over a two year period, to determine both nitrosoamine (NA) and the enzymes which reveal hepatic damage: Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Leucinoaminopeptidase (LAP), Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and Acetylcholinesterase (Ach). We have observed that: a. the most frequent pathologies concern skin (16% of the people) and liver (12% of the people), which are favourite targets for agricultural chemicals though the serum enzymes did not show any important change; b. 8% of the subjects had acute pesticide poisoning; we therefore observed neither particular precautionary safety measures, nor a particular knowledge of acute and chronic toxic effects depending on the use of pesticides. So we suggest: 1) that the Sanitary Authorities control the state of health not only of the farm-hands but also of their families, if exposed to risk; this can be realized through the strict collaboration of the Occupational Physician and the Family doctor; 2) capillary action of health education regarding agricultural risks; 3) to increase research to find more sensitive and efficient biological indicators in order to evaluate the hazards of agricultural chemicals.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiological data of Crohn's disease in Israel: etiological implications.

We have reviewed the public health aspects of Crohn's disease in Israel. Crohn's disease has increased in frequency in the Jewish population of Israel over the past twenty years, although it is still less common than ulcerative colitis. The increase has occurred in both sexes and in European- and American-born, Asian- and African-born, and Israeli-born Jews. Crohn's disease is, however, less prevalent in Israel than in Jews living abroad, with the exception of European- and American-born Jews who have a high frequency of the disease. Jews originating from middle European countries are at a particularly high risk. The peak age at onset is 20-29 years, with Israeli-born persons developing the disease at a relatively early age. Intestinal cancer is a rare complication in this country. The rate of familial involvement is apparently lower than that reported elsewhere. There are no adequate data on environmental factors causing the disease. The disease remains rare in the Arab population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1989

[Study of the incidence of single-attack course of schizophrenia based on epidemiological data].

A non-randomized sample of patients suffering from attack-like schizophrenia and registered at the PND of 3 districts of Moscow served as materials for investigation. There were altogether 3576 persons. Patients living in the Proletarsky district were subjected to a catamnestic study. By the moment of examination they had suffered one attack. In view of the fact that the occurrence of the second attack obeys the law of exponential distribution, it was determined that the mono-attack course was recorded in 26.2% of all the registered patients with attack-like schizophrenia. It was shown that the proportion of patients with mono-attack schizophrenia increased with the disease standing. The data provide an opportunity of the probability forecasting of the disease stabilization after the first attack and can be used in the solution of the problems of the further disease course and registration of this patients, group.

Cohort Studies↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic data on breast feeding in Florence and the province. Survey carried out in 1364 children born between 1985 and 1987].

We have studied the breast-feeding frequency in Florentine Area. We investigate a group of 1364 children born between January 1985 and June 1987. We collected following data: 1) Kind of feeding at birth. 2) Duration of breast-feeding related with birth-weight, kind of delivery, mother's age, mother's working activity. 3) Growth in relation to feeding practices from birth to 3rd month. The percentage of infants breast-feed in the hospital was 81.6%, 50.5% at the end of third month, 21.9% at the end of sixth month. We have found that children weighing more than 3000 g at birth had an higher frequency of breast-feeding at birth and last longer than children weighing less than 3000 g (p less than 0.01). Maternal age had a clear effect on both the incidence and the duration of breast-feeding. Mother aged 30 years or more begin to breast-feed in lower percentage but they continue breast-feeding for a longer time. One of the factors that has a negative influence on breast-feeding at birth is caesarean section since it precludes early mother-infant contact and early initiation of breast-feeding. Mother's resume working has a negative influence on breast-feeding duration. With regard to growth in first three months of life related with different kind of feeding we have found no differences between breast-feeding and artificial-fed infants.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Alzheimer-type dementia. Clinico-epidemiologic data and therapeutic outlook].

The authors discuss the diagnostic criteria in dementia of Alzheimer's type, underlining the benefits of an early diagnosis and consequently of an initiation of an adequate treatment. The importance of a detailed case history, clinical examination, laboratory investigations and behaviour ranging scales in mentioned. Effective management is based upon the administration, as early as possible, of drugs at active doses and upon structuring the environment to compensate for the cognitive limitations of the affected individual.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1989

A comparison between the findings of a routine school dental inspection and epidemiological data from the same five year old children.

This study examines the need for standardised examiners to collect data on 5-year-old children. Data collected at routine school inspections by non-standardised dental officers are compared with data collected by a standardised epidemiologist using the criteria recommended by the British Association for the Study of Community Dentistry. Both sets of data were gathered from one sample of 638 children. Comparisons between results are made for the total sample, for the three health districts concerned and at individual school level. For the total sample there was a mean difference of 0.05 dmft between the dental officers' data and the epidemiologist's data but in one district identical results were achieved. Comparisons between districts showed that both data sets identified the same statistically significant differences; for example, both showed one district to have significantly higher levels of caries than the other two. At individual school level regression analysis gave a very high level of agreement (r = +0.94) between the two data sets. If mean values of dmft continue to be reported as indicators of child dental health, data collected at routine dental inspections on large samples may be adequate for this age group.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Poliomyelitis in New Caledonia: epidemiological data, post-vaccinal seroconversion, prophylactic strategy].

After an outbreak in 1956, poliomyelitis appears to get a sporadic development. Consequently, it has not been a major medical concern. In 1982, 5 cases of paralytic manifestations due to a polio virus of type 1 underlined the relationship between this reappearance of the disease, some neglecting in mass vaccination and some deficiency in sanitary conditions of the surroundings. A serologic monitoring, complementary to that survey, has been conducted up to 1984. It has shown that, in a number of zones of the territory, a natural immunization has appeared quickly. This immunization is of the same type that in some underdeveloped tropical countries: at 6, 93,3% of the children present protective antibodies against 1 type of virus, 40% against 2 types and 6,7% against the 3 types. Vaccination with non-active vaccine, adopted because the risks of interference linked to the frequency of excretion of the enteroviruses, is efficient. After a primo-vaccination followed by a booster dose one year later, sero-conversion ranges from 95,3% to 100% for type 1, 83,3% to 96,5% for type 2, 75% to 84,9% for type 3. On the other hand, sero-conversion observed one month after the second vaccination appeared to be unsatisfactory to lighter the vaccinal time-table.

Adolescent↗