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PubMed2004

Effect of life-style factors on incidence of erectile dysfunction.

We estimated the incidence of erectile dysfunction (ED) in a population-based sample during 5-y follow-up and determined how the rate was affected by sociodemographic and life-style factors. The target population comprised all men aged 50, 60 or 70 y residing in the city of Tampere or 11 surrounding municipalities in Finland at the start of follow-up. A questionnaire was mailed to 3143 men in 1994 and to 2864 in 1999. The follow-up sample consisted of 1442 men who responded to both baseline and follow-up questionnaires. We estimated the effect of sociodemographic and life-style factors on the incidence of ED among the 1130 men free of ED at baseline. We found no differences in the incidence of ED by the level of education, marital status, urban/rural place of residence, amount of alcohol and coffee consumption. Obesity (rate ratio (RR)=1.7, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1-2.5) and current smoking (RR=1.5, 95% CI: 0.9-2.2) increased the incidence of ED. Current smokers free of comorbidity were also at higher risk of ED (RR=1.3, 95% CI: 0.8-2.1), but no effect was observed among past smokers. Our results indicate that sociodemographic and life-style factors, except age and obesity, have little influence on ED.

Aged↗
PubMed1998

The treatment choice of elderly patients with erectile dysfunction.

The aim of this study was to determine treatment preference, commitment to choice of therapy, and the influence of physical disability on treatment choice in a geriatric group of males with erectile dysfunction (E.D.) of various etiologies. Eighty-nine patients aged 65 to 83 years (mean 69.5 years) were assessed and followed at our erectile dysfunction clinic from July 1991 to September 1996. Etiology of ED was based on clinical assessment. Available treatment options included oral medications, vacuum devices, injection therapy, penile prostheses, sex counseling and testosterone when indicated. Median follow-up since initial consultation was 9 months (range 1 to 63 months). Data was retrieved in a retrospective fashion from chart review and selective telephone follow-up. Clinical assessment yielded the following distribution of etiologies: vasculogenic (57.2%), neurogenic (7.9%), hormonal (1.1%), psychogenic (2.2%), and multifactorial (32.6%). The most popular initial treatment choices were injection therapy (30.3%), vacuum device (27.0%), and oral medication (20.2%). Of the 84 patients who chose to be treated, 34 (40.5%) elected to switch to a different form of therapy after a median time of 7.5 months (range 1 week to 63 months). Five patients tried a third form of therapy and two proceeded to a fourth. The remaining patients have continued with their original choice for a median time of 7 months (range 1 to 63 months). A greater drop-out rate (78%) amongst those who initially chose oral medication was statistically significant when compared to drop-out rates for injection therapy (48%) and vacuum devices (29%), p = 0.044 and p = 0.005, respectively. Significant physical disabilities in eight patients did not appear to influence their treatment selection. In conclusion, the elderly are a unique group of patients who are more likely to have an organic etiology to their erectile dysfunction. When they do present with erectile dysfunction, they are inclined to pursue treatment. The choices made by this group of men did not differ from impotent men in general. When unsatisfied with one form of therapy they were inclined to pursue an alternative treatment. A significant physical disability did not preclude a therapeutic choice.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Early experience with sildenafil for the treatment of erectile dysfunction in renal transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is common in men with renal failure, but is not always alleviated following kidney transplant. The objective of the present study was to assess the feasibility in renal transplant patients of sildenafil citrate treatment, an agent with proven efficacy in the management of ED. METHODS: This was a phase IV, open, multicentre, 3 month, dose-escalation study. All patients meeting the inclusion criteria were prescribed a dose of 50 mg sildenafil at the first visit. Thereafter the dose could be increased to 100 mg or reduced to 25 mg based on efficacy or tolerability. The primary efficacy parameter assessed the ability of patients to achieve erections sufficient for intercourse and to maintain erections after penetration. Secondary endpoints assessed patient satisfaction with sildenafil and the effect of sildenafil on their quality of life. Patients were carefully monitored throughout the study for adverse events, interactions with immunosuppressive therapy and effect on graft function. RESULTS: The study included 50 patients in the intent-to-treat population. Sildenafil significantly improved patient's erection ability and the frequency of their erection maintenance. Analysis of the secondary efficacy parameters revealed that 66% of patients believed treatment had improved their erections. Patients reported improvements in their sexual life and partner relationships and a high level of satisfaction with treatment. There were no interactions between sildenafil and the immunosuppressive drugs and there was no significant adverse effect of sildenafil on graft function. CONCLUSIONS: Sildenafil is an effective and well-tolerated agent for the treatment of ED in renal transplant recipients.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗
PubMed2006

Relationship between chronic tadalafil administration and improvement of endothelial function in men with erectile dysfunction: a pilot study.

Men with erectile dysfunction (ED) frequently have a disproportionate burden of comorbid vascular disorders including atherosclerotic disease. We investigated whether scheduled tadalafil is better than on-demand (OD) in improving endothelium-dependent vasodilatation of cavernous arteries in men with ED and whether this effect is also exerted on markers of endothelial function. We did an open-label, randomized, crossover study including 20 male outclinic patients aged 18 years or older (mean age 54 years) who had at least a 3-month history of ED of any severity or etiology. Tadalafil (20 mg) on alternate days (ADs) or OD was administered for 4 weeks. Primary end points were variations of basal inflow (peak systolic velocity (PSV)) and flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) of cavernous arteries compared with baseline at penile Duplex ultrasound. Secondary end points were variations of Q13-SIEDY scores regarding morning erections and of markers of endothelial function, that is, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM), intercellular cell adhesion molecule, endothelin-1 (ET-1), insulin and C-reactive protein (CRP). PSVs and FMD were higher after AD treatment when compared with OD and baseline, respectively (P=0.0001), and improvements were maintained from 2 weeks after discontinuation (P<0.005). Patients receiving tadalafil AD experienced a significant improvement of morning erections as compared to AD treatment (P<0.0001); ET1, VCAM and CRP showed a robust decrease after chronic vs OD regimes (P<0.05), with concomitant increase in insulin levels (P<0.05), without any variation in blood pressure and other laboratory parameters. Chronic but not OD tadalafil improves endothelial function with sustained effects from its discontinuation. Chronic treatment also produces a dramatic increase in morning erections, which determines better oxygenation to the penis, thus providing a rationale for vascular rehabilitation.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed2001

Treatment with sildenafil citrate in renal transplant patients with erectile dysfunction.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the safety and efficacy of sildenafil citrate in renal transplant patients with erectile dysfunction, as up to half of men with renal failure may be affected and only 60-75% recover potency after transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Fifty patients with erectile dysfunction and a functioning renal transplant were treated using sildenafil (mean age 54 years, mean time on dialysis 35 months, mean time from transplantation 20 months). The hypogastric artery was not used during transplantation in any patient. Sildenafil citrate was prescribed at doses of 25 or 50 mg depending on baseline creatinine values and on the response, and plasma levels of cyclosporin/FK506 were monitored. RESULTS: Thirty patients (60%) had a satisfactory response, with a mean time on dialysis of 23 months. Six patients (12%) did not take the sildenafil and in 14 (28%) the drug was ineffective. The mean time on dialysis in this group was 43 months. Six patients (12%) had side-effects that in no case led to withdrawal of treatment. Plasma levels of cyclosporin/FK506 remained within the safety and efficacy limits in all patients. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment with sildenafil citrate in renal transplant patients with erectile dysfunction is an effective and safe option, with few side-effects. Plasma levels of immunosuppressants are unchanged. The response was more effective in patients with a shorter time on dialysis, as penile vascular disease is less advanced.

Erectile Dysfunction↗
PubMed1996

Induratio penis plastica--a factor of erectile dysfunction?

There are still diverse management options in Peyronie's disease and diverse opinions about the coincidence of Peyronie's disease and erectile dysfunction as well. The connection between Peyronie's disease and ED has been proved by some papers but on the other hand authors have refused to accept this claim. We have found erectile dysfunction in about 30% of our patients. We investigated 61 patients with Peyronie's disease. As diagnostic criteria assessment of angulation and erectile dysfunction are proposed. The tunica albuginea plication technique was used in 35 patients with good results. In our investigation we did not find any coincidence of Peyronie's disease with erectile dysfunction.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

The lowest effective dose of prostaglandin E1 as treatment for erectile dysfunction.

The recommended dose of prostaglandin E1 as treatment for erectile dysfunction has been reported to be 10 to 40 micrograms. However, adverse effects probably increase with increasing doses. We conducted a prospective, single-blind, dose-escalating study of prostaglandin E1 on 20 men with erectile dysfunction of various etiologies. The response to prostaglandin E1 was assessed by penile palpation and RigiScan rigidity monitoring. A total of 17 patients completed the study: 1 achieved rigidity with 1 microgram., 2 with 2 micrograms. and 4 with 3 micrograms. prostaglandin E1, while more than 70% achieved rigidity with 5 micrograms. or less and more than 80% had a full erection with 20 micrograms. Of 138 injections there were 2 episodes of pain after injection. We conclude that the often recommended starting dose of 20 micrograms. is too high. A more appropriate starting dose is 2.5 micrograms. with increments of 2.5 micrograms. until the lowest effective dose is achieved. This approach may lessen the major impediments to prostaglandin E1 use, that is burning and pain.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of DA-8159, a novel PDE5 inhibitor, on erectile function in the rat model of hypercholesterolemic erectile dysfunction.

This study examined the effects of a new phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor, DA-8159, on erectile function associated with hypercholesterolemia. First of all, in order to investigate whether chronic administration of DA-8159 prevents the development of erectile dysfunction associated with hypercholesterolemia, male SD rats were divided into four groups (normal control, hypercholesterolemic control, DA-8159 5 or 20 mg/kg/day). Over a 5-month period, the animals were fed a 2% cholesterol diet and administered DA-8159 orally once a day. After 5 months, the electrostimulation-induced penile erection and the vascular function using acetylcholine-induced vasodilation with endothelium-intact aortic rings were examined. Furthermore, the plasma lipid profiles, endothelin and N(G),N(G)-dimethylarginine (asymmetrical dimethylarginine, ADMA) concentrations were measured. In order to investigate the acute treatment effect of DA-8159 on the erectile function in an established hypercholesterolemic model, additional animals were given a 2% cholesterol diet for 5 months without DA-8159. At the end of 5 months, the rats were divided into three groups (hypercholesterolemic control, DA-8159 0.3 or 1 mg/kg). DA-8159 was administered intravenously 1 min prior to the intracavernous pressure (ICP) measurement. In a chronic treatment study, while the hypercholesterolemic control showed a significantly lower erectile function, vascular reactivity, and increased plasma cholesterol, endothelin and ADMA concentration, the chronic DA-8159 treatment clearly restored the erectile responses by electric stimulation, preserved the potential of thoracic aortic relaxation in a dose-dependent manner, and significantly decreased the plasma endothelin and ADMA concentrations. In an acute treatment study, DA-8159 induced a dose- and frequency-dependent increase in ICP. The ICP/BP ratio and the corresponding AUC values, and the detumescence time were also significantly increased compared to the hypercholesterolemic control. These results suggest that DA-8159 is beneficial for erectile dysfunction in a rat hypercholesterolemic model and provided a rationale for the potential use of DA-8159 for treating erectile dysfunction secondary to hypercholesterolemia.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1997

Endocrine screening in 1,022 men with erectile dysfunction: clinical significance and cost-effective strategy.

PURPOSE: We reviewed the results of serum testosterone and prolactin determination in 1,022 patients referred because of erectile dysfunction and compared the data with history, results of physical examination, other etiological investigations and effects of endocrine therapy to refine the rules of cost-effective endocrine screening and to pinpoint actual responsibility for hormonal abnormalities. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Testosterone and prolactin were determined by radioimmunoassay. Every patient was screened for testosterone and 451 were screened for prolactin on the basis of low sexual desire, gynecomastia or testosterone less than 4 ng./ml. Determination was repeated in case of abnormal first results. Prolactin results were compared with those of a previous personal cohort of 1,340 patients with erectile dysfunction and systematic prolactin determination. Main clinical criteria tested regarding efficiency in hormone determination were low sexual desire, small testes and gynecomastia. Endocrine therapy consisted of testosterone heptylate or human chorionic gonadotropin for hypogonadism and bromocriptine for hyperprolactinemia. RESULTS: Testosterone was less than 3 ng./ml. in 107 patients but normal in 40% at repeat determination. The prevalence of repeatedly low testosterone increased with age (4% before age 50 years and 9% 50 years or older). Two pituitary tumors were discovered after testosterone determination. Most of the other low testosterone levels seemed to result from nonorganic hypothalamic dysfunction because of normal serum luteinizing hormone and prolactin and to have only a small role in erectile dysfunction (definite improvement in only 16 of 44 [36%] after androgen therapy, normal morning or nocturnal erections in 30% and definite vasculogenic contributions in 42%). Determining testosterone only in cases of low sexual desire or abnormal physical examination would have missed 40% of the cases with low testosterone, including 37% of those subsequently improved by androgen therapy. Prolactin exceeded 20 ng./ml. in 5 men and was normal in 2 at repeat determination. Only 1 prolactinoma was discovered. These data are lower than those we found during the last 2 decades (overall prolactin greater than 20 ng./ml. in 1.86% of 1,821 patients, prolactinomas in 7, 0.38%). Bromocriptine was definitely effective in cases with prolactin greater than 35 ng./ml. (8 of 12 compared to only 9 of 22 cases with prolactin between 20 and 35 ng./ml.). Testosterone was low in less than 50% of cases with prolactin greater than 35 ng./ml. CONCLUSIONS: Low prevalences and effects of low testosterone and high prolactin in erectile dysfunction cannot justify their routine determination. However, cost-effective screening strategies recommended so far missed 40 to 50% of cases improved with endocrine therapy and the pituitary tumors. We now advocate that before age 50 years testosterone be determined only in cases of low sexual desire and abnormal physical examination but that it be measured in all men older than 50 years. Prolactin should be determined only in cases of low sexual desire, gynecomastia and/or testosterone less than 4 ng./ml.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed2000

Sildenafil (Viagra) in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction in Nairobi.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness of sildenafil (Viagra) in the treatment of male erectile dysfunction in Nairobi. DESIGN: Prospective open label extension study. SETTING: Urology clinics at the Nairobi Hospital, Kenyatta National Hospital and the author's private clinic in Hurlingham, Nairobi. PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred and nineteen adult male patients with erectile dysfunction. RESULTS: The age range was 33-80 years with a mean of 62.5 years and a peak incidence in the 60-69 year age group. One hundred and nineteen patients (54.34%) had organic causes, 85 patients (38.81%) had psychogenic causes and 15 patients had mixed causes. Two hundred patients (91.32%) had improved sexual function after treatment with viagra. This improvement was sustained during the study period of sixteen weeks and included improved erectile and orgasmic functions and overall sexual satisfaction. One hundred and fifty seven of these patients responded to therapy with 50 mg of viagra; 40 patients with 25 mg and three patients with 100 mg of therapy. Nineteen patients (8.68%) had no improvement in sexual function after viagra administration. Seven patients (3.2%) had adverse effects which were mild and transient. They included mild headaches in three patients, mild dyspepsia in two patients and facial flushing and nausea and vomiting in one patient, respectively. CONCLUSION: Oral sildenafil (Viagra) is an effective well tolerated and simple treatment for male erectile dysfunction in the majority of cases. The cost of treatment at about ten United States dollars for the 50 mg tablet is prohibitive and may limit its wide use by many deserving patients in this locality.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗
PubMed1990

[Erectile dysfunction of male spinal cord injury patients].

Different problems regarding erectile dysfunction in men with spinal cord-injury are outlined. Neuroanatomical and neurophysiological aspects of erection and ejaculation are outlined and brought into relation with the different clinical pictures of such lesions. Different therapeutical possibilities are presented, particularly the new treatments like intracavernous papaverine (autoinjection), prostaglandin E1 and transcutaneous nitroglycerin; action, advantages and indications are discussed. The experience in ten para- or tetraplegic patients are discussed. It seems that even in spite of the higher price of PGE1 this treatment of the erectile dysfunction in spinal cord-injured men should be preferred, since it shows more advantages and less complications than other treatments.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Nitric oxide and penile erection: is erectile dysfunction another manifestation of vascular disease?

There is convincing evidence that the prevalence of erectile dysfunction is increased among men with ischaemic heart disease. This association may be attributed to the fact that both erectile dysfunction and ischaemic heart disease share similar risk factors (e.g. hypertension, dyslipidaemia, diabetes and smoking). Nitric oxide (NO) activity is adversely affected, in penile and vascular tissue, by these risk factors. It is therefore not surprising that a defect in NO activity is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of both erectile dysfunction and ischaemic heart disease. We consider this evidence and propose that defective NO activity provides a unifying explanation for the association between these two conditions. Further research in this area may improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases as a whole.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1999

[Erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy: value of preoperative programming of intracavernous injections].

OBJECTIVES: Vasoactive drugs used for self-administered intracavernous injections are currently the reference treatments for erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy. The acceptability of and compliance with this treatment often limit their use. This study analysed these two parameters as a function of the type of andrological management decided before radical prostatectomy. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January 1996 to January 1997, 45 sexually active patients, aged 52 to 69 years, requiring radical prostatectomy without preservation of the nervi erigentes, for localized prostate cancer, were included in this prospective study. Before the operation all 45 patients were informed about the high risk of erectile dysfunction following radical prostatectomy. Fifteen patients (group 1) did not receive any particular advice concerning the management of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy, but were possibly referred for an andrology consultation depending on their complaints. Fifteen patients (group 2) were systematically referred for an andrology consultation three months after radical prostatectomy for information about the available treatment options. For 15 patients (group 3), the andrology consultation (3 months after the operation) had been planned before radical prostatectomy to perform a test injection of prostaglandin E1. The injections, started before the operation in this group 3, therefore constituted an integral part of the global management of prostate cancer. All these patients were followed for at least 1 year in the urology department. RESULTS: Only 7 of the 15 patients of group 1 consulted an andrologist. Five of these patients received a test intracavernous injection versus 14 in group 2 and 15 in group 3. The 5 patients of group 1 who received an intracavernous injection accepted this modality as treatment versus 8 in group 2 and 12 in group 3. After one year, 4, 5 and 9 patients in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively, continued intracavernous injections. CONCLUSION: The management of erectile dysfunction after radical prostatectomy must start with the decision to operate. Systematic encouragement to use intracavernous injections after radical prostatectomy helps to improve access to this treatment for impotence. The acceptability, and especially the compliance, appear to be better in patients in whom intracavernous injections were integrated into the global management of their prostate cancer.

Aged↗
PubMed2004

Increasing incidence and importance of HIV/AIDS and gonorrhea among men aged >/= 50 years in the US in the era of erectile dysfunction therapy.

OBJECTIVE: With the advent of effective pharmacotherapy for erectile dysfunction, the risk of sexually transmitted diseases is a possible consequence, especially in the older population. We wanted to review the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases in the older population in an attempt to correlate this with the advent of these new drugs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Publicly available information on the incidence of HIV, AIDS and gonorrhea was retrieved from the websites of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the State of Florida Department of Health, the Senior HIV Intervention Project and the National Association on HIV Over Fifty. National case incidences of HIV and AIDS in men between 1996 and 2000 were examined for trends. National and Florida state trends were compared and, in Florida, Palm Beach, Broward and Dade counties in particular were selected because of their traditionally large retiree population. In addition, the national and Florida state incidences of gonorrheal infection were examined for trends. Statistics on national sildenafil (Viagra) prescriptions were obtained via a personal communication with a regional healthcare representative from Pfizer. RESULTS: According to the CDC, at the end of 1998 >10% of new AIDS cases nationally were in individuals aged >50 years. In the late 1990s, new AIDS cases rose faster in middle-aged and older adults than in people aged >40 years. Many of the newly diagnosed cases of AIDS may have contracted HIV before the age of 50 years; however, many individuals are newly becoming infected above the age of 50 years. Of the reported AIDS cases in 1996 in individuals aged >/= 50 years, 48% were aged 50-54 years, 26% were aged 55-59 years, 14% were aged 60-64 years and 12% were aged >/= 65 years; 84% of these cases were male, and blacks accounted for the greatest proportion of cases (43%). In the US, 7.5 million prescriptions for sildenafil were written in 1998, 9.5 million in 1999, 12 million in 2000 and 15.5 million in 2001. The age breakdown for these prescriptions was as follows: 40-49 years, 23%; 50-59 years, 35%; and 60-69 years, 25%. CONCLUSIONS: The past decade saw rises in heterosexual transmission of HIV and i.v. drug use, especially in the population aged >50 years. The CDC reports that the incidence of new HIV infection is stabilizing in men aged 30-39 years and even falling in men aged 20-29 years. Gonorrhea is well known to increase infectivity for HIV and other STDs. Although the rates of gonorrhea infection fell throughout the early 1990s, they increased by 9% between 1997 and 1999. The number of sildenafil prescriptions has increased by almost 80% over the last few years. Although there may be multiple contributory factors for these findings, to our knowledge this is the first paper in the urologic literature to examine such trends in the older male population, especially in the light of newly available medications for erectile dysfunction.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Pudendal versus limb nerve electrophysiological abnormalities in diabetics with erectile dysfunction.

It is of some interest to diagnose polyneuropathy and/or sacral neuropathy in diabetic males with erectile dysfunction. Non-invasive electrophysiological measurements with surface electrodes, which are widely available, have been applied to determine the diagnostic yield of several electrophysiologic parameters for assessing polyneuropathy including the pudendal nerve in impotent diabetics. Latencies of the bulbocavernosus reflex and the pudendal somatosensory evoked potentials were measured in a group of 28 diabetic patients with an erectile dysfunction as their main complaint, as well as in a group of 20 potent males without systemic disease. In diabetic patients motor conduction measurements of one median and peroneal nerve and sensory conduction measurements of one median and sural nerve were also performed. In 15 patients abnormalities of the peripheral nerve conduction were demonstrated whereas abnormalities of the bulbocavernosus reflex and/or cortical somatosensory evoked potentials were demonstrated in eight. Five patients had both types of abnormalities. In the patient group no differences could be demonstrated between those with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes. The only significant clinical/neurophysiological correlation was found between the absence of the bulbocavernosus reflex on clinical examination and its prolonged latencies on electrophysiological measurement. The study showed that a bigger yield of abnormal results was obtained when pudendal nerve function parameters were included in the evaluation of diabetics with erectile dysfunction. Considered separately, however, the battery of electrophysiological tests evaluating limb nerve function seems more sensitive in diagnosing neuropathy than electrophysiological assessment of pudendal nerve function alone.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

DA-8159 reverses selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor-induced erectile dysfunction in rats.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the efficacy of the phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor, DA-8159, in selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI)-induced rat erectile dysfunction model by measuring intracavernous pressure (ICP). METHODS: Erectile dysfunction was induced by oral administration of either paroxetine or fluoxetine in rats. The changes in ICP and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were simultaneously recorded throughout electrostimulation of the cavernous nerve with 2 or 10 Hz after intravenous injection of DA-8159 (1 mg/kg). Statistical analysis was performed on the ICP/MAP ratio and the area under the curve of the ICP/MAP ratio. RESULTS: Although the reduction in the ICP responses after acute paroxetine or fluoxetine administration was statistically significant, the electrical stimulation of the cavernous nerve induced a statistically significant, frequency-dependent increase in the ICP/MAP ratio after DA-8159 administration. The differences in the ICP/MAP ratio and corresponding area under the curve values from the SSRI-treated group were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The results of the present study have demonstrated that DA-8159 reverses the decrease in ICP induced by SSRI treatment, suggesting that DA-8159 may be a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of erectile dysfunction associated with the use of SSRIs.

3',5'-Cyclic-GMP Phosphodiesterases↗