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PubMed1997

Interactions between promazine and antidepressants at the level of cellular distribution.

The pharmacokinetic interactions in clinical combinations of a phenothiazine neuroleptic and antidepressants at the level of cellular distribution were investigated. Uptake experiments were performed on slices of various rat tissues as a system with intact lysosomes. Promazine and antidepressants (imipramine, amitriptyline, sertraline, fluoxetine) were incubated separately or jointly with tissue slices for 1 hr. Initial concentration of each drug was 5 microM. The interaction studies were carried out in the absence and presence of ammonium chloride (20 mM), a lysosomotropic compound which increases the internal pH value of lysosomes. All the tissues known for their abundance of lysosomes (the lungs, liver, kidneys) were the site of an interaction between promazine and antidepressants. The neuroleptic and antidepressants mutually inhibited their tissue uptake. The potency of interference of each antidepressant with the lysosomal uptake of promazine was similar. The interactions did not occur in the presence of ammonium chloride, which indicates involvement of the lysosomal trapping. Carbamazepine, a lipophilic but non-lysosomotropic drug, did not interfere with the promazine uptake, and the adipose tissue containing very few lysosomes was never the site of interaction in our experiment. Distribution interactions were also observed in the brain and in some cases in muscles (the tissues less abundant of lysosomes), the effect of the inhibitory drug being usually more potent than that of ammonium chloride. Most of the interactions occurring in these two tissues were also observed in the presence of ammonium chloride. Most of the interactions occurring in these two tissues were also observed in the presence of ammonium chloride, which suggests involvement, at least partially, of a non-lysosomal trapping mechanism. The consequences of the observed distributive interactions at the level of lysosomal trapping in vitro are diminished intralysosomal concentration of the basic lipophilic psychotropic and its increase in cell membranes and fluids. In vivo, a shift from the organs or tissues rich in lysosomes to those less abundant in these organella, and an increase in the free drug concentration in body fluids may be expected. In conclusion, the obtained results show that, regardless of the previously known metabolic interactions between psychotropics, interactions at the levels of cellular and body distribution are also feasible.

1-Naphthylamine↗

PubMed2005

Chemotaxis of Caenorhabditis elegans during simultaneous presentation of two water-soluble attractants, l-lysine and chloride ions.

Lysine and chloride ions are water-soluble attractants for Caenorhabditis elegans. When chemotaxis behavior to either of these attractants was assayed separately, the radial concentration gradients of 3 M lysine and 0.1 M ammonium chloride had similar potencies for attracting worms. However, when the concentration gradients of lysine and ammonium chloride at these concentrations were presented simultaneously, worms preferred lysine to ammonium chloride more than expected from the results obtained in separate experiments, suggesting the presence of an interaction between these two sensory information pathways within the nervous system. Chemotaxis behavior toward the radial concentration gradient of one of these attractants superimposed on a uniform concentration of the other attractant showed that the chemotaxis was augmented or attenuated by the ammonium chloride background depending on the background concentration, and attenuated by the lysine background, further supporting the interaction between the two sensory information pathways.

Ammonium Chloride↗

PubMed2004

Self-limiting supplements fed to cattle grazing native mixed-grass prairie in the northern Great Plains.

Objectives of this research were to compare animal performance with or without supplementation, compare effectiveness of three intake limiters, and to examine seasonal changes in nutritive value of native range in south-central North Dakota. Treatments included 1) control (CONT; no supplement); 2) hand-fed (HF) supplement, with no chemical limiter; 3) 16% salt (NACL); 4) 5.25% ammonium chloride and ammonium sulfate (AS); and 5) 7% calcium hydroxide (CAOH). Supplements were based on wheat middlings, barley malt sprouts, and soybean hulls and were formulated to provide 40% of the CP intake and 32% of the NEm intake of 350-kg steers. Trials 1 and 2 each used 70 yearling steers (370.8 +/- 0.04 and 327.9 +/- 0.76 kg initial BW for Trials 1 and 2, respectively). In each year, four 28-d periods from the latter half of June through mid-October were used. Steers were stratified by weight and allotted randomly to treatments in 1 of 10 16-ha pastures (two pastures per treatment for each trial). In Trial 1, diet sampling began in the first 28-d period, but supplementation did not begin until the second 28-d period. In Trial 2, supplementation and diet collection began in the first 28-d period. Cation-anion differences (DCAD; Na + K - Cl - S) for NACL, AS, CAOH, and HF supplements were 151, -735, 160, and 166 mEq/ kg, respectively. In Trial 1, no treatment, period, or treatment x period effects for supplement intake were detected (P > or = 0.29). In Trial 2, a treatment x period interaction for supplement intake occurred (P = 0.005) because HF steers were offered a constant amount of supplement daily, whereas steers fed AS, CAOH, and NACL were allowed to consume ad libitum quantities of supplement. Average daily gain in Trial 1 was not affected (P = 0.21) by supplementation. In Trial 2, NACL, AS, and HF treatments had higher (P < or = 0.07) ADG than CONT. In Trial 1, final weights were not affected by supplementation (P = 0.23). In Trial 2, final weights of NACL- and HF-fed steers were greater than for CONT and CAOH steers (P < 0.10). In Trial 2, CONT steer final weights were lower than all supplemented treatments (P < 0.10). For yearling steers grazing native range, use of NACL as a limiter resulted in increased weight gains compared with using either CAOH or AS; however, no limiter that was tested restricted supplement intake as effectively as HF. More research is necessary to determine the optimum limiter level and the effect of forage quality on supplement intake.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1976

Pancreatitis and severe metabolic abnormalities due to phenformin therapy.

Two elderly diabetic patients with abdominal pain were demonstrated to have complications of phenformin hydrochloride therapy. The first developed severe lactic acidosis treated with sodium bicarbonate given intravenously and followed by rebound alkalosis. The second showed severe acidosis (specimens for lactate determination were unfortunately unsatisfactory for analysis) and similar alkalotic rebound after therapy. She then developed severe pancreatitis, proved at operation, no cause for which other than phenformin was apparent. Poor renal and hepatic function predispose to these conditions by increasing serum phenformin levels and by decreasing urinary excretion of its metabolites. The acidosis should be treated judiciously with sodium bicarbonate administered intravenously. A rebound alkalosis, ensuring as the accumulated lactate is metabolized, is best treated by potassium chloride and ammonium chloride given intravenously. The mechanism by which phenformin causes pancreatitis is unknown, but termination of therapy causes cessation of the pancreatitis.

Acidosis↗

PubMed1975

Liquid chromatography in pharmaceutical analysis III: separation of diuretic-antihypertensive mixtures.

High-pressure liquid chromatography was used to optimize the resolution of therapeutic agents commonly found in antihypertensive preparations. Seven widely prescribed drugs were investigated. The compounds were chromatographed on reversed-phase octadecyltrichlorosilane (C18) or diphenyldichlorosilane (phenyl) columns, using mixtures of acetonitrile or absolute methanol and distilled water buffered with ammonium acetate, ammonium chloride, or ammonium carbonate. By calculating approximate resolution values, the separation of selected drug mixtures can be predicted.

Antihypertensive Agents↗

PubMed1998

Application of a benthic euryhaline amphipod, Corophium sp., as a sediment toxicity testing organism for both freshwater and estuarine systems.

The use of an as-yet-undescribed euryhaline Corophium sp. amphipod as a sediment toxicity testing organism was assessed. The species was found to be ubiquitous in many tidal areas of the Hawkesbury River catchment. The salinity of habitat sites ranged from 0.1 to 24 ppt, sediment total organic carbon (TOC) ranged from 0.4% to 3.5%, and the fines content (< 63 micron particle size) of the sediment ranged from 4.3% to 47.6%. Monitored populations ranged from a density of 59 to 6622 individuals per m2, with freshwater sites with a sediment fines content greater than 20% having the highest population densities. The sensitivity of the Corophium sp. was assessed by using copper chloride and ammonium chloride as reference toxicants in a 96-h static water-only test and a 10-day static sediment test. The LC50 for copper in freshwater-only exposures was 80 to 86 microg/L, using adult animals collected from the field. In contrast, the LC50 for copper in freshwater sediment and the sediment pore water were 840 mg/kg (dry weight) and 99 microg/L, respectively. The LC50 for ammonia (total) in freshwater-only at pH 7 was 5.5 mg/L. In contrast, the LC50 for ammonia (total) in freshwater sediment and the sediment pore water were 110 mg/kg (dry weight) and 6 mg/L, respectively. Laboratory cultures of 5 per thousand to 15 per thousand salinity were optimal for supporting the release of juveniles. Juveniles collected from laboratory cultures had a LC50 for copper in 5 per thousand and 10 per thousand salinity of 9 microg/L and 28.5 microg/L, respectively, in water-only exposures. The juveniles would be suitable for use in the development of a chronic sediment toxicity test with growth as the endpoint.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1986

Differentiation of the Ca2+-stimulated binding from the Cl- -dependent binding of [3H]glutamate in synaptic membranes from rat brain.

The effect of Ca2+ as well as Cl- ions on [3H]glutamate (Glu) binding was re-examined using rat brain synaptic membranes frozen at -80 degrees C in 0.32 M sucrose. The inclusion of 20 mM ammonium chloride or 20 mM ammonium chloride plus 2.5 mM calcium acetate disclosed the Cl- -dependent binding or Ca2+-stimulated binding even at 2 min after the initiation of incubation at 30 degrees C and each binding reached a plateau within 30 min. In contrast, the binding reached its maximal value within 10 min followed by a progressive decline up to 60 min in the presence of 100 mM sodium acetate. Scatchard analysis revealed that Cl- as well as Cl-/Ca2+ ions invariably caused a significant increment of the number of binding sites without altering their affinity, whereas Na+ ions induced a prominent increment of the density of binding sites with a concomitant lowering of their affinity. DL-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid selectively abolished the Cl- -dependent and Ca2+-stimulated bindings without significantly affecting the basal or Na+-dependent binding. Quisqualic acid induced a profound inhibition of both Cl- -dependent and Ca2+-stimulated bindings, to a significantly greater extent than that of the basal and Na+-dependent bindings. D-Aspartic acid exhibited a potent inhibition of the Na+-dependent binding with a significantly less potent displacement of the basal, Cl- -dependent and Ca2+-stimulated bindings. An inhibitor of anion transport, 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS), not only eliminated the Cl- -dependent binding, but also completely abolished the Ca2+-stimulated binding. Scatchard analysis revealed that DIDS (0.1 mM) prevented the Cl- - and Cl-/Ca2+-induced increment of the density of binding sites with no significant change of their affinity. Pretreatment of the membranes with hydrophilic SH-reactive agents such as N-ethylmaleimide and 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) invariably resulted in a more sensitive inhibition of the Ca2+-stimulated binding than that of the Cl- -dependent binding, while hydrophobic reagent p-chloromercuribenzoic acid produced a similarly potent elimination of the Cl- -dependent and Ca2+-stimulated bindings. Calcium-stimulated binding was also found to be sensitively diminished by dithiothreitol and dithioerythritol as compared with the Cl- -dependent binding. In vitro addition of L-ascorbic acid (10(-6)-10(-3) M) attenuated the Ca2+-stimulated binding to a significantly greater extent than the inhibition of the Cl- -dependent binding.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1998

Direct determination of biogenic amines in wine by integrating continuous flow clean-up and capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection.

A flow-injection manifold for automating the determination of biogenic amines in wine using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with indirect UV detection was developed. The ensuing method involves clean-up and solid-phase extraction (SPE) of the target analytes in the sample. Various treatments involving different SPE minicolumns were tested and compared. The C18 minicolumn was chosen to concentrate the amines following addition of ammonium chloride and ammonium hydroxide as buffer to neutralize them. Additions of amine standards were used to determine recoveries. Biogenic amines can be separated and detected after SPE with limits of detection in the range 0.05-0.1 microgram ml-1 by using 4 mM copper(II) sulphate, formic acid and 18-crown-6 as running buffer. All the amines studied are eluted within 15 min under the optimum conditions established. The overall process was successfully used to identify biogenic amines in various types of wine from different Spanish regions.

Biogenic Amines↗

PubMed2005

Novel deoxygenation reaction of epoxides by indium.

[reaction: see text] A novel, mild, ecofriendly protocol for the deoxygenation of epoxides to alkenes using indium metal and indium(I) chloride or ammonium chloride in alcohol has been developed. It was necessary for the presence of good radical-stabilizing groups adjacent to the oxirane ring for the deoxygenation reaction to occur. It is proposed that this reaction occurs through an SET process with indium as an electron donor.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Cationic amphiphilic polyelectrolytes and oppositely charged surfactants at the silica-aqueous interface.

The influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) on the interfacial behavior of two amphiphilic polyelectrolytes, which are copolymers of the cationic monomers triethyl(vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride and dimethyldodecyl(vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride, at the silica-aqueous interface was studied. The fraction of amphiphilic monomers was varied, where 0DT, 40DT, and 80DT contained 0, 40, and 80 mol % monomers with dodecyl side chains, respectively. We used in situ ellipsometry to follow the kinetics of adsorption, in terms of adsorbed amount and adsorbed layer thickness, as well as the response of the adsorbed layers to changes in ionic strength and surfactant concentration. Different results were obtained when surfactant was added to the preadsorbed layers compared to the cases when complexes were preformed in the solution prior to the adsorption. In the whole range of concentrations studied, SDS interacts with 40DT and 80DT noncooperatively, whereas for 0DT cooperativity of binding is observed. The amount adsorbed increased significantly as the SDS concentration was close to the cmc. At high SDS concentrations, a lowering of the layer density was observed. For the amphiphilic polyelectrolytes, 40 DT and 80DT, no desorption from the interface was detected for the range of SDS concentrations studied, while 0DT features a maximum in adsorbed amount at concentrations close to the cmc of SDS. Adsorption of 40DT and 80DT from their mixtures with SDS is found to be path dependent with respect to the variation in SDS concentration, where the reversibility decreases with increasing SDS concentration above the expected charge neutralization point. The coadsorption of 80DT and SDS is highly irreversible with respect to changes in the ionic strength within the time scale of the experiment. In this study, we attempt to illustrate both general mechanisms and specific effects. With regard to the general behavior, it is important to note the charge regulation of both the silica surfaces and the polyion/surfactant complexes; an interplay between the two charge-regulating effects is the key to understanding our observations.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Adsorption and aggregation of cationic amphiphilic polyelectrolytes on silica.

The adsorption of two cationic amphiphilic polyelectrolytes, which are copolymers of two charged monomers, triethyl(vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride and dimethyldodecyl(vinylbenzyl)ammonium chloride (which is the amphiphilic one) with different contents of amphiphilic groups (40% (40DT) and 80% (80DT)), onto the hydrophilic silica-aqueous solution interface has been studied by in situ null ellipsometry and tapping mode atomic force microscopy (AFM). Adsorption isotherms for both polyelectrolytes were obtained at 25 degrees C and at different ionic strengths, and the adsorption kinetics was also investigated. At low ionic strength, thin adsorbed layers were observed for both polyelectrolytes. The adsorption increases with polymer concentration and reaches, in most cases, a plateau at a concentration below 50 ppm. For the 80DT polymer, at higher ionic strength, an association into aggregates occurs at concentrations at and above 50 ppm. The aggregates were observed directly by AFM at the surface, and by dynamic light scattering in the solution. The adsorption data for this case demonstrated multilayer formation, which correlates well with the increase in viscosity with the ionic strength observed for 80DT.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1985

Cell-mediated extracellular acidification and bone resorption: evidence for a low pH in resorbing lacunae and localization of a 100-kD lysosomal membrane protein at the osteoclast ruffled border.

The extracellular compartment where bone resorption occurs, between the osteoclast and bone matrix, is shown in this report to be actively acidified. The weak base acridine orange accumulates within this compartment but dissipates after incubation with ammonium chloride. Upon removal of ammonium chloride, the cells are able to rapidly reacidify this compartment. The highly convoluted plasma membrane of the osteoclast facing this acidic compartment (ruffled border) is shown to contain a 100-kD integral membrane protein otherwise present in limiting membranes of lysosomes and other related acidified organelles (Reggio, H., D. Bainton, E. Harms, E. Coudrier, and D. Louvard, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 99:1511-1526; Tougard, C., D. Louvard, R. Picart, and A. Tixier-Vidal, 1985, J. Cell Biol. 100:786-793). Antibodies recognizing this 100-kD lysosomal membrane protein cross-react with a proton-pump ATPase from pig gastric mucosae (Reggio, H., D. Bainton, E. Harms, E. Coudrier, and D. Louvard, 1984, J. Cell Biol., 99:1511-1526), therefore raising the possibility that it plays a role in the acidification of both intracellular organelles and extracellular compartments. Lysosomal enzymes are also directionally secreted by the osteoclast into the acidified extracellular compartment which can therefore be considered as the functional equivalent of a secondary lysosome with a low pH, acid hydrolases, the substrate, and a limiting membrane containing the 100-kD antigen.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Ammonia Inhibition of Plasmid pRmeGR4a Conjugal Transfer between Rhizobium meliloti Strains.

We have examined nutritional factors influencing conjugal transfer of the two nonsymbiotic large plasmids, pRmeGR4a and pRmeGR4b, of Rhizobium meliloti GR4. To monitor transfer, each plasmid was tagged with a different antibiotic resistance marker. Transfer of plasmid pRmeGR4b was dependent upon the presence of plasmid pRmeGR4a on the same donor cell. Transconjugants for pRmeGR4b were obtained at frequencies 5-to 10-fold higher than transconjugants carrying both plasmids, indicating that mobilization of pRmeGR4b by pRmeGR4a probably occurred in trans. Conjugal transfer of the tagged plasmids between R. meliloti strains was tested on minimal medium supplemented with single amino acids, nitrate, or ammonium as the single nitrogen source. A higher number of transconjugants was obtained when glutamate was the only nitrogen source, whereas conjugation was virtually undetectable on ammonium. No relationship was found between donor or recipient growth rate and plasmid transfer rate on a given nitrogen source. Furthermore, in media containing both glutamate and ammonium as nitrogen sources, transfer was reduced almost 100-fold compared with that in media containing glutamate alone. Inhibition was readily detected at 2.5 mM or higher concentrations of either ammonium chloride or ammonium sulfate and appeared to be specific for exogenously supplied ammonium. Inhibition of conjugal transfer between R. meliloti strains by ammonium was only observed for rhizobial plasmids, not for a heterologous plasmid such as RP4. Apparently, ammonium did not affect the plasmid-encoded transfer machinery, as it had no influence on rhizobial plasmid transfer from R. meliloti to Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The effect of ammonium seemed to take place on R. meliloti recipient cells, thereby reducing the efficiency of plasmid conjugation, probably by affecting mating pair formation or stabilization.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Xylanase production by Penicillium canescens 10-10c in solid-state fermentation.

Filamentous fungi have been widely used to produce hydrolytic enzymes for industrial applications, including xylanases, whose levels in fungi are generally much higher than those in yeast and bacteria. We evaluated the influence of carbon sources, nitrogen sources, and moisture content on xylanase production by Penicillium canescens 10-10c in solid-state fermentation. Among agricultural wastes tested (wheat bran, untreated wheat straw, treated wheat straw, beet pulp, and soja meal), untreated wheat straw gave the highest production of xylanase. Optimal initial moisture content for xylanase production was 83%. The addition of 0.4 g of xylan or easily metabolizable sugar, such as glucose and xylose, at a concentration of 2 % to wheat straw enhanced xylanase production. In solid-state fermentation, even at high concentrations of glucose or xylose (10%), catabolic repression was minimized compared to the effect observed in liquid culture. Yeast extract was the best nitrogen source among the nitrogen sources investigated: peptone, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate, ammonium chloride, and ammonium sulfate. A combination of yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen sources led to the best xylanase production.

Agriculture↗

PubMed2006

Contribution of ammonium ions to the lethality and antimetamorphic effects of ammonium perchlorate.

Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is a widespread military waste product in the United States and is a potent thyroid function disruptor in all vertebrates tested thus far. To determine the relative contribution of ammonium ions to the toxicity of AP, we exposed embryonic and larval Xenopus laevis to various concentrations of sodium perchlorate (SP) or ammonium chloride (AC). Ammonium perchlorate was significantly more lethal than SP; 5-d LC50s were 83 and 2,780 mg/L, respectively. To determine whether ammonium ions contribute to the antithyroid effects of AP, we exposed embryonic and larval X. laevis to two sublethal, environmentally relevant concentrations of AP or identical concentrations of AC or SP. At the smaller concentration, only AP delayed metamorphosis and reduced hindlimb growth. Sodium perchlorate and AP, but not AC, prevented metamorphosis and reduced hindlimb growth at the greater concentration. Although AP was slightly more effective in reducing outward manifestations of thyroid disruption, both perchlorate salts, unlike AC, caused profound histopathologic changes in the thyroid. Exposure to the higher concentration of either perchlorate salt produced a feminizing effect, resulting in a skewed sex ratio. We conclude that ammonium ions contribute significantly to the toxicity of AP but not to the direct antithyroid effects of perchlorate.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Air movement visualization in the workplace: current methods and new approaches.

Airflow visualization in the workplace to assess containment, ventilation, or general air movements is often carried out using smoke tracers. The most prevalent method uses a disposable smoke tube that generates a plume of concentrated sulfuric acid fume. However, use of the smoke tube exposes occupational hygienists to the risk of sulfuric acid exposure through inhalation or dermal contact, as well as injury from sharps. Following concern over the potential health hazard associated with smoke tube usage, alternative flow visualization methods and technologies have been reviewed. Methods of generating smoke or bubbles other than using smoke tubes suitable for visualizing air movements include heated element smoke generators, combustion generators, generation of metallic chlorides and ammonium chloride, generation of neutral density bubbles, and water fog generation. Some of these methods are applicable in specific workplace situations. However, there is no commercially available smoke or bubble generator currently available that matches the smoke tube for cost effectiveness, ease of use, and wide applicability, while also reducing the potential health risks associated with smoke tube usage. Despite this, certain technologies, in particular water/glycerol smoke generation using heated element generators, have the potential to be developed into viable alternatives to the smoke tube. Thus, with further development, an air movement visualization method that poses a significantly lower health hazard than the smoke tube is feasible.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1992

[Analysis of steroids. Part 45: Analytical investigation of pipecuronium bromide (Arduan)].

The following methods are described for the analytical investigation of pipecuronium bromide. 1. HPLC method. Of the several systems tried for the separation and quantification of impurities and degradation products the best results were obtained using silica as the stationary phase and 43:43:14 mixture of methanol, acetonitrile and concentrated aqueous ammonia containing 0.1 mole/l each of ammonium chloride and ammonium carbonate as the eluent. The validation of this method is presented. The above described aggressive eluent can be successfully replaced by an ion-pairing system using silica as the stationary phase and 96:4 mixture of acetonitrile and water containing 0.1 mole/l sodium perchlorate as the eluent. 2. Thin-layer chromatography. TLC systems are described for the separation and densitometric quantification of the impurities and degradation products of pipecuronium bromide. 3. Spectrophotometry. Two methods are described. The ester groups of the molecule can be determined by the iron(III)-hydroxamate method while for the ion-pair extraction of the quaternary ammonium steroid picric acid or bromthymol blue are used as the reagents. 4. Titrimetry. In addition to the titration with acetous perchloric acid for the assay of the bulk material a microtitration method is described for the determination of pipecuronium bromide in individual lyophylized ampoules (potentiometric titration with 0.1 M silver nitrate).

Androstane-3,17-diol↗

PubMed1992

Anthraquinone pigments production by brown mutant Trichoderma viride M-108 under various nutrition conditions.

In this work the influence of 12 carbon and 9 nitrogen sources on pigment production of brown mutant Trichoderma viride M-108 was tested. There were two concentrations of nutrient sources used and the tests were carried out in three light regimes. The pigmentation was good only on media containing sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite, sucrose, starch and glycerol and there was no pigment production on media with adenine, ammonium chloride and ammonium sulphate. In mixtures of pigments, individual compounds were determined by using thin-layer chromatography and UV spectra of colour fractions.

Anthraquinones↗