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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1981

Human body fluid ribonucleases: detection, interrelationships and significance.

Study of the RNases of human body fluids has been facilitated by use of activity staining following SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Commercial SDS preparations contain minor lipophilic contaminants (less than 0.1%) which interfere with enzyme renaturation and prevent activity staining unless gels are washed after electrophoresis in 25% isopropanol. Partial characterization of the RNases of serum, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is described, including evidence that the RNases comprising bands A-C of urine and 1-3 of CSF are glycoproteins. Evidence is presented that the major RNase activities of serum (RNases 1-5) and urine (band A) do not originate in pancreas, and that leukocytes are the source of band D RNase of urine, as well as of minor RNase activities of serum and CSF. Results are summarized suggesting that elevated plasma RNase levels may be of dubious utility in the diagnosis of most malignant diseases. Some elevated levels reported in the literature may reflect the advanced age of cancer patients, negative nitrogen balance, and other secondary effects of diseases, particularly kidney dysfunction.

Clinical Enzyme Tests↗
PubMed1998

Morphology and microstructure of electrochemically deposited calcium phosphates in a modified simulated body fluid.

Calcium phosphates were deposited on a pure titanium plate for various loading times under 1.3 and 12.9 mA/cm2 in a modified simulated body fluid at 52-92 degrees C. The plate-like crystals formed under 1.3 mA/cm2 were identified to be octacalcium phosphate (OCP) and/or carbonate-containing apatite. OCP converted to carbonate-containing apatite with the elapsing time of the loading current. The needle-like precipitates formed under 12.9 mA/cm2 were identified to be carbonate-containing apatite crystals elongated parallel to the c-axis direction. The degrees of crystallinity of the deposits formed under 1.3 mA/cm2 showed the highest value around 72 degrees C, whereas those under 12.9 mA/cm2 increased with the electrolyte temperature. The carbonate content of the deposits decreased with the electrolyte temperature and the flow current. The degree of crystallinity of the electrochemically deposited calcium phosphates decreased with the carbonate content.

Apatites↗
PubMed2001

HIV in body fluids during primary HIV infection: implications for pathogenesis, treatment and public health.

OBJECTIVE: To describe initial viral dissemination to peripheral tissues and infectious body fluids during human primary HIV infection. DESIGN: Observational cohort study. METHODS: Blood plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), seminal plasma, cervicovaginal lavage fluid and/or saliva were sampled from 17 individuals with primary HIV infection (range of time from symptoms onset to sampling, 8--70 days) and one individual with early infection (168 days). Subjects' HIV-1 RNA levels in each fluid were compared with levels from antiretroviral-naive controls with established HIV infection. For study subjects, correlations were assessed between HIV-1 RNA levels and time from symptoms onset. Responses to antiretroviral therapy with didanosine + stavudine + nevirapine +/- hydroxyurea were assessed in each compartment. RESULTS: HIV-1 RNA levels were highest closest to symptoms onset in blood plasma (18 patients) and saliva (11 patients). CSF HIV-1 RNA levels (five patients) appeared lower closer to symptoms onset, although they were higher overall in primary versus established infection. Shedding into seminal plasma (eight patients) and cervicovaginal fluid (two patients) was established at levels observed in chronic infection within 3--5 weeks of symptoms onset. High-level seminal plasma shedding was associated with coinfection with other sexually transmitted pathogens. Virus replication was suppressed in all compartments by antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Peak level HIV replication is established in blood, oropharyngeal tissues and genital tract, but potentially not in CSF, by the time patients are commonly diagnosed with primary HIV infection. Antiretroviral therapy is unlikely to limit initial virus spread to most tissue compartments, but may control genital tract shedding and central nervous system expansion in primary infection.

Anti-HIV Agents↗
PubMed2004

Bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy for the assessment of body fluid volumes of term neonates.

The assessment of fluid volume in neonates by a noninvasive, inexpensive, and fast method can contribute significantly to increase the quality of neonatal care. The objective of the present study was to calibrate an acquisition system and software to estimate the bioelectrical impedance parameters obtained by a method of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy based on step response and to develop specific equations for the neonatal population to determine body fluid compartments. Bioelectric impedance measurements were performed by a laboratory homemade instrument. The volumes were estimated in a clinical study on 30 full-term neonates at four different times during the first month of life. During the first 24 hours of life the total body water, extracellular water and intracellular water were 2.09 +/- 0.25, 1.20 +/- 0.19, and 0.90 +/- 0.25 liters, respectively. By the 48th hour they were 1.87 +/- 0.27, 1.08 +/- 0.17, and 0.79 +/- 0.21 liters, respectively. On the 10th day they were 2.02 +/- 0.25, 1.29 +/- 0.21, and 0.72 +/- 0.14 liters, respectively, and after 1 month they were 2.34 +/- 0.27, 1.62 +/- 0.20, and 0.72 +/- 0.13 liters, respectively. The behavior of the estimated volume was correlated with neonatal body weight changes, leading to a better interpretation of such changes. In conclusion, this study indicates the feasibility of bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy as a method to help fluid administration in intensive care neonatal units, and also contribute to the development of new equations to estimate neonatal body fluid contents.

Body Composition↗
PubMed1998

A new specific method to detect cyanide in body fluids, especially whole blood, by fluorimetry.

This study shows a simple, rapid, and specific method for the quantitative determination of cyanide ion in body fluids, especially blood, by fluorimetry. It is based upon the transformation of cyanide ion into hydrocyanic acid, which then reacts with 2,3-naphthalenedialdehyde and taurine in a self-contained system. The 1-cyano-2-benzoisoindole derivate thus formed is suitable for fluorimetric measurement (lambdaEX = 418 nm; lambdaEM = 460 nm). The fluorescence intensity can be determined by spectrophotometry or by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The detection limit is 0.002 microg/mL. Linearity was excellent from 0.002 to 1 microg/mL for spectrophotometry and from 0.002 to 5 microg/mL for HPLC with fluorescence detection. The coefficient of variation for repeatability was 8% or less. Thiocyanate and sulfide did not interfere, even at high concentrations (200 microg/mL). The method was applicable to whole blood, so it should be suitable for both clinical and forensic purposes.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed2004

Electrooxidation of peroxynitrite in simulated body fluid at platinum electrode.

Peroxynitrite, a potent albeit deleterious biological oxidant, was electrooxidized at a bare platinum electrode in a medium of simulated body fluid (SBF) to nitrite anion and molecular oxygen. The SBF, prepared in accordance with literature procedure, has a pH of 7.4 and an ionic strength of 0.16. In this medium, peroxynitrite was observed to undergo a diffusion-controlled (D=1.63 x 10(-5) cm2/s) oxidation process at a bare platinum electrode with a heterogeneous rate constant, k(s), of 0.029 cm/sec. The formal redox potential, Eo', of this biological oxidant was determined as 1.18 V with respect to saturated calomel electrode (SCE) in a 2e- oxidation process. The electrochemical response of the oxidation process, measured in unit of current, is observed to be concentration dependent with a limit of detection of 1.6 x 10(-7) M. The linear dynamic range of the observed current-concentration plot extends over the entire concentration range studied. These observations make this electrochemical method a feasible technique for quantitative determination of peroxynitrite in vivo and in vitro.

Body Fluids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stability of two new anticonvulsants in body fluids and tissues.

Stability of two compounds with established anticonvulsant activity, picolinic acid benzylamide (Pic-BZA) and nicotinic acid benzylamide (Nic-BZA), incubated in homogenates of body organs and in body fluids was determined at different time points. Pic-BZA was found to decompose fairly rapidly in the liver and the kidney, while Nic-BZA demonstrated stability against enzymes present in these organs and fluids.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Biochemical changes in the body fluids after lschaemic tissue injury.

Lymphatic and tissue fluid LDH activity increases significantly after 2 hr limb ischaemia but LDH content in tissue fluid invariably higher than in lymph. The differences increase further after 4 hr ischaemia. The change of GOT concentration in the body fluids is a less sensitive indicator of tissue damage than the increase of LDH activity. A 2 or 4 hour ischaemia does not lead to rupture of lysosomes and to a marked activity increase of the lysosomal enzymes acid phosphatase and beta glucuronidase in tissue fluid and lymph. The earliest biochemical signs of cellular injury can be detected in the interstitial fluid of the damaged tissue.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Blood pressure control--special role of the kidneys and body fluids.

The arterial pressure of the adult human rarely deviates from normal by more than 10 to 15 percent during each day. To achieve such constancy, the body has a network of pressure control systems. Several are based on neural receptors that respond within seconds to help correct any abnormal pressure. The activities of these systems are followed within minutes by activation of hormonal controllers. Within hours or days, a kidney pressure control system is induced that increases body fluid volume when the pressure falls (or decreases the volume when the pressure rises). This kidney-fluid system is the dominant method of establishing long-term pressure control.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Variation in blood and body fluids exposure when small-gauge needles or peripheral venous catheters were implicated: results of a 4-year surveillance in France.

The blood and body fluids exposure (BBFE) risk for health care workers varies according to numerous factors. Based on a needlestick surveillance in 13 French hospitals from 1997 to 2000, we evaluated incidence and temporal trends of BBFE according to medical devices causing needlestick injuries. We observed that the BBFE incidence per 100,000 peripheral venous catheters purchased decreased from 12.9 to 4.9, whereas incidence per 100,000 subcutaneous needles purchased increased from 8.7 to 14.3.

Blood-Borne Pathogens↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical utility of body fluid analyses: an overview.

OBJECTIVE: To assess new laboratory procedures for testing body cavity fluids from minor sites such as amniotic fluid, saliva, and synovial fluids, as well as major sites such as pleural, pericardial, peritoneal, and cerebrospinal fluids. DATA SOURCES: Recent professional literature. STUDY SELECTION: Not specified. DATA EXTRACTION: Survey of literature. DATA SYNTHESIS: Normal values for fluids in major body sites are given; causes of abnormalities include inflammation, infection, and neoplastic conditions. Clinical value of newer amniotic fluid tests for fetal lung material and other ancillary tests using synovial fluid, saliva, and cerebrospinal fluid in the diagnosis of metabolic disorders is assessed. CONCLUSION: Clinical laboratories will require a clear demonstration of that value before putting the tests into widespread use; data must show that tests are less expensive, more informative, and safer than the old ones.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed1988

Radioimmunoassay of laminin P1 in body fluids of pregnant women, patients with gynaecological cancer and controls.

Laminin P1, a pepsin-resistant fragment of the glycoprotein laminin, was determined in body fluids using a double-antibody radioimmunoassay. The median serum concentrations found were: men 1.32, premenopausal women 1.22, postmenopausal women 1.38 and pregnant women (35th gestational week) 2.18 U/ml. The median concentration in amniotic fluid was 1.90, in urine 0.28 and in follicle cyst fluid 1.74 U/ml. During gestation, rising serum levels of up to 5 U/ml were observed which decreased within a few days after delivery. The cut-off value of laminin P1 for 95% specificity of the normal female control group was found to be 1.8 U/ml. The frequencies of elevated serum concentrations were 11, 18, 23 and 33% in patients with primary malignant lesions of the breast, endometrium, cervix and ovary, respectively, and rose up to 50-51% in patients with recurrent or metastatic gynaecological cancer. Laminin P1 was found in high concentrations in the cytosol fractions of breast cancer biopsies. Long-term sequential determinations of serum levels in 10 individual patients with progressive cancer reflected the course of the disease in 8 cases. Although laminin P1 can be considered as a tumour-associated protein, low sensitivity to primary cancer and insufficient specificity limit its application as a tumour marker and its usefulness in monitoring of patients with gynaecological cancer.

Body Fluids↗
PubMed2005

Effectiveness of protocols for preventing occupational exposure to blood and body fluids in Dutch hospitals.

Compliance of different healthcare workers (HCWs) (nurses, physicians, laboratory technicians and cleaners) with protocols to prevent exposure to blood and body fluids (BBF) was studied. Questionnaires were used to assess perception of risks, familiarity with protocols, motivation and actual behaviour. Performance of the protocols in practice was also tested. The practical test provided more reliable results than the questionnaire. HCWs overestimated their knowledge and skills, and compliance was influenced by risk perception. HCWs encountered problems with comprehension, acceptability and applicability of protocols, especially for post-exposure precautions. Protocols are not tailored to the differences in knowledge, risk perception and practical needs of different professional groups, probably because HCWs have rarely been involved in writing them and they are governed more by legal considerations than applicability. Most HCWs experienced a lack of organizational support to aid compliance. To improve compliance, we recommend information and training on risk management and individual responsibilities regarding the safety of coworkers and patients, participation of HCWs in protocol development, and support of management to avoid reversion to previous habitual behaviour.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1995

Apatite formation on (2-x)CaO.x/3 M2O3 x 2SiO2 glasses (M = La, Y; 0 < or = x < or = 0.6) in a simulated body fluid.

Glasses were prepared by substituting La2O3 or Y2O3 for CaO in glassy wollastonite composition (CaO.SiO2). Their behaviour when they are soaked in a simulated body fluid (SBF) was studied by means of an electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive system for elemental analysis, and by means of IR spectroscopy. Electron microscopy and energy dispersive microanalysis were performed on samples soaked as polished bulk samples, and IR analysis was on samples soaked as fine powders. A carbonate-containing hydroxyapatite layer is formed when glasses of low La2O3 content are soaked in SBF. When Y2O3-containing glasses are considered, even in the case of small substitution for CaO, the same layer forms only on fracture surfaces. The experimental results agree with the mechanism reported in the literature.

Apatites↗
PubMed1975

Immunoglobulin concentrations in ovine body fluids.

Ovine IgG, IgM and IgA and antisera specific for these immunoglobulins were prepared. The specific antisera were used to estimate the immunoglobulin concentrations in certain sheep body fluids. IgA was shown to be the major immunoglobulin in saliva, lung and lachrymal fluid, tracheobronchial and nasal secretions while IgG was the predominant immunoglobulin in colostrum, milk, bile and serum.

Animals↗