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Results for “Conditioning, Operant”

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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Influence of operating conditions and vessel size on oxygen transfer during cellulase production.

The production of low-cost cellulase enzyme is a key step in the development of an enzymatic-based process for conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to ethanol. Although abundant information is available on cellulase production, little of this work has examined oxygen transfer. We investigated oxygen transfer during the growth of Trichoderma reesei, a cellulase-producing microorganism, on soluble and insoluble substrates in vessel sizes from 7 to 9000 L. Oxygen uptake rates and volumetric mass transfer coefficients (kLa) were determined using mass spectroscopy to measure off gas composition. Experimentally measured kLa values were found to compare favorably with a kLa correlation available in the literature for a non-Newtonian fermentation broth during the period of heavy cell growth.

Biomass↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Evaluation of operational conditions in the Adolescent Health Care Program, Rio de Janeiro].

This study focuses on conditions in the public health centers providing comprehensive care to the adolescent population in the city of Rio de Janeiro. A structured questionnaire was administered to the coordinators of 70 public health centers (70/78). Based on the data, the public health centers were stratified according to basic conditions for providing full care to adolescents. The authors developed a spatial study of the demographic concentration and main problems, producing thematic maps. Of the 49 public health centers that participate in the Adolescent Health Program, 12% were classified in "good" condition and 45% were considered "fair". Among the administrative regions with the highest concentration of adolescents, only six (6/17) were in good or fair condition. The authors conclude that to increase the effectiveness of the city's Adolescent Health Program it is necessary to improve the working conditions of their health staff, taking local health problems, the concentration of adolescents, and their demands for services into account.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1969

The application of operant conditioning techniques in a secondary school classroom.

The effects of teacher praise and disapproval on two target behaviors, inappropriate talking and turning around, were investigated in a high school English class of 25 students. The contingencies were applied to all students in the experimental class utilizing a multiple baseline experimental design in which the contingencies were aimed first at decreasing inappropriate talking behavior and then at decreasing inappropriate turning behavior. Observations were made of both student and teacher behavior. The results demonstrated that the combination of disapproval for the target behaviors and praise for appropriate, incompatible behaviors substantially reduced the incidence of the target behaviors in the experimental class. Observations of these behaviors in a control class of 26 students taught by the same teacher revealed no particular changes. The findings emphasize the importance of teacher-supplied social contingencies at the secondary school level.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1973

Operant conditioning of human anal sphincter pressure.

Anal sphincter pressure in a 13-yr-old encopretic boy was modified by reinforcing increases in pressure exerted on a fluid-filled balloon inserted into the rectum. It was found that pressure changes were a function of the reinforcement schedule and that baseline levels (resting pressure) during extinction conditions tended to increase throughout the experiment.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1969

Behavioral contrast in one component of a multiple schedule as a function of the reinforcement conditions operating in the following component.

The key pecks of four pigeons were reinforced on a variable-interval 5-min schedule which operated in each of the four components of a multiple schedule, indicated by red, green, yellow, and blue stimuli and presented in such an order that the red stimulus always preceded the yellow and the green stimulus always preceded the blue. After establishing baseline rates, the reinforcement schedule associated with the blue and yellow components was altered so that one was now an extinction schedule and the other was a variable-interval 1-min schedule. In a second experimental stage, the blue stimulus was interchanged with the yellow so that the red stimulus preceded the blue and the green stimulus preceded the yellow. In both experimental stages the response rate in the variable-interval 5-min component that preceded the extinction component was higher than the response rate in the variable-interval 5-min component that preceded the variable-interval 1-min component. The results were discussed in relation to the importance of stimulus ordering in experiments concerned with investigating behavioral contrast.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Pressure sores: an operant conditioning approach to prevention.

A training system for the prevention of pressure sores has been designed to teach the paralytic person to relieve pressure intermittently from his ischium while sitting in a wheelchair. The system automates the training of wheelchair pushups, and conditions the person into exercising, based upon modified avoidance learning procedures. Results indicate that the paralytic person can be trained to pushup intermittently and efficiently using this system, thus reducing the incidence of pressure sore formation. Further long-term study is needed to assess the effectiveness of the training system as a preventative program for pressure sores.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Politics, operant conditioning, Galileo, and the American Psychological Association's response to Rind et al. (1998).

The controversy surrounding B. Rind, P. Tromovitch, and R. Bauserman (1998) provides valuable lessons into scientific independence, politics, and organizational decision making. In an unprecedented action, the U.S. Congress officially condemned findings of Rind et al. Meanwhile, the American Psychological Association took similarly unprecedented measures in an effort to assuage its Congressional critics. This article, written from the perspective of a psychologist serving in Congress, discusses the various political and organizational dynamics that developed during the controversy. Understanding and learning from this incident can help psychologists and their professional associations better prepare for and respond to potential controversies arising from research or other publications.

Decision Making↗