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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources

PubMed1993

Two tropinone reductases with different stereospecificities are short-chain dehydrogenases evolved from a common ancestor.

In the biosynthetic pathway of tropane alkaloids, tropinone reductase (EC 1.1.1.236) (TR)-I and TR-II, respectively, reduce a common substrate, tropinone, stereospecifically to the stereoisomeric alkamines tropine and pseudotropine (psi-tropine). cDNA clones coding for TR-I and TR-II, as well as a structurally related cDNA clone with an unknown function, were isolated from the solanaceous plant Datura stramonium. The cDNA clones for TR-I and TR-II encode polypeptides containing 273 and 260 amino acids, respectively, and when these clones were expressed in Escherichia coli, the recombinant TRs showed the same strict stereospecificity as that observed for the native TRs that had been isolated from plants. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two clones showed an overall identity of 64% in 260-amino acid residues and also shared significant similarities with enzymes in the short-chain, nonmetal dehydrogenase family. Genomic DNA-blot analysis detected the TR-encoding genes in three tropane alkaloid-producing solanaceous species but did not detect them in tobacco. We discuss how the two TRs may have evolved to catalyze the opposite stereospecific reductions.

Alcohol Oxidoreductases↗

PubMed1995

LEC18, a dominant Chinese hamster ovary glycosylation mutant synthesizes N-linked carbohydrates with a novel core structure.

The dominant Chinese hamster ovary cell glycosylation mutant, LEC18, was selected for resistance to pea lectin (Pisum sativum agglutinin (PSA)). Lectin binding studies show that LEC18 cells express altered cell surface carbohydrates with markedly reduced binding to 125I-PSA and increased binding to 125I-labeled Datura stramonium agglutinin (DSA) compared with parental cells. Desialylated [3H]Glc-labeled LEC18 cellular glycopeptides that did not bind to concanavalin A-Sepharose exhibited an increased proportion of species that were bound to DSA-agarose. Most of these glycopeptides bound to ricin-agarose and were unique to LEC18 cells. This fraction was purified from approximately 10(10) cells and shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy and methylation linkage analysis to contain novel N-linked structures. Digestion of these glycopeptides with mixtures of beta-D-galactosidases and N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidases gave core glycopeptides that, in contrast to cores from parental cells, were mainly not bound to concanavalin A-Sepharose or to PSA-agarose. 1H NMR spectroscopy, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry, electrospray mass spectrometry, and collision-activated dissociation mass spectrometry showed that the LEC18 core glycopeptides contained a new GlcNAc residue that substitutes the core GlcNAc residues. Methylation linkage analysis of the parent compound provided evidence that the GlcNAc is linked at O-6 to give the following novel, N-linked core structure. [formula: see text]

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Developmental changes in the glycosylation of glycoprotein hormone free alpha subunit during pregnancy.

Glycoprotein hormone alpha subunit, in its free form (free alpha), is a major placental product. Its glycosylation was found to change dramatically during the advancement of pregnancy. In this study, we have analyzed these glycosylation changes in five normal pregnancies. Binding to Lens culinaris lectin increased dramatically in all subjects between weeks 14 and 17 from the last menstrual period, indicating more core fucosylation as well as possible changes in branching of glycans. Studies using Datura stramonium agglutinin confirmed that the type of triantennary branching changed in this period of pregnancy. The precise structural nature of these changes was determined by high-pH anion-exchange chromatography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Amounts of core fucosylation and of triantennary glycans increased substantially from early to late second trimester, and a shift was observed from 1-->4/1-->3- toward predominantly 1-->6/1-->6-branched triantennary structures. The glycosylation changes occurred in all five individuals at the same time period in gestation, suggesting developmental regulation of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferases IV and V and alpha6-fucosyltransferase during normal pregnancy. These enzymatic activities also appear to be affected in malignant transformation of the trophoblast. Our findings have important implications for the proposed use of specific forms of glycosylation as markers for cancer, as the relative amounts of these glycans in normal pregnancy will be determined by gestational age.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗

PubMed2003

Carbohydrate-mediated phagocytic recognition of early apoptotic cells undergoing transient capping of CD43 glycoprotein.

A novel mechanism of phagocytic recognition of apoptotic cells was found and characterized. Jurkat cells incubated with appropriate concentrations of etoposide or anti-Fas antibody transiently became susceptible to binding and phagocytosis by THP-1 cell-derived macrophages at 2 h. The bound Jurkat cells showed no chromatin condensation, but the binding was prevented by a caspase inhibitor, indicating that they were recognized at an early stage of apoptosis. The ligands recognized on the apoptotic cells were sialylpolylactosaminyl sugar chains because 1) the binding was inhibited by an oligosaccharide preparation of erythrocyte membrane, and its inhibitory activity was destroyed by polylactosaminoglycan-specific endo-beta-galactosidase or neuraminidase; 2) Jurkat cells pretreated with endo-beta-galactosidase or neuraminidase failed to be recognized; and 3) treatment of the apoptotic cells with polylactosaminoglycan-binding Datura stramonium agglutinin prevented recognition. The sialylpolylactosaminyl chains involved were most likely those of a major sialoglycoprotein CD43 because anti-CD43 antibody inhibited recognition. CD43 on apoptotic Jurkat cells was found to form a cap at 2 h, and the cap disappeared at 4 h. This transient capping of CD43 coincided with the transient increase in the susceptibility of the cells to macrophage recognition, suggesting that CD43 capping is responsible for generation of the carbohydrate ligands for recognition. Furthermore, microscopic observation suggested that the apoptotic cells were recognized at the CD43 cap. Taken together, we conclude that apoptotic Jurkat cells transiently undergo CD43 capping at an early stage of apoptosis and are recognized by macrophages through the cluster of sialylpolylactosaminyl chains of the capped CD43.

Antigens, CD↗

PubMed2006

Respiratory distress and neonatal lethality in mice lacking Golgi alpha1,2-mannosidase IB involved in N-glycan maturation.

There are three mammalian Golgi alpha1,2-mannosidases, encoded by different genes, that form Man5GlcNAc2 from Man(8-9)GlcNAc2 for the biosynthesis of hybrid and complex N-glycans. Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization indicate that the three paralogs display distinct developmental and tissue-specific expression. The physiological role of Golgi alpha1,2-mannosidase IB was investigated by targeted gene ablation. The null mice have normal gross appearance at birth, but they display respiratory distress and die within a few hours. Histology of fetal lungs the day before birth indicate some delay in development, whereas neonatal lungs show extensive pulmonary hemorrhage in the alveolar region. No significant histopathological changes occur in other tissues. No remarkable ultrastructural differences are detected between wild type and null lungs. The membranes of a subset of bronchiolar epithelial cells are stained with lectins from Phaseolus vulgaris (leukoagglutinin and erythroagglutinin) and Datura stramonium in wild type lungs, but this staining disappears in lungs from null mice. Mass spectrometry of N-glycans from different tissues shows no significant changes in global N-glycans of null mice. Therefore, only a few glycoproteins required for normal lung function depend on alpha1,2-mannosidase IB for maturation. There are no apparent differences in the expression of several lung epithelial cell and endothelial cell markers between null and wild type mice. The alpha1,2-mannosidase IB null phenotype differs from phenotypes caused by ablation of other enzymes in N-glycan biosynthesis and from other mouse gene disruptions that affect pulmonary development and function.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Comparative study of the assay of Artemia salina L. and the estimate of the medium lethal dose (LD50 value) in mice, to determine oral acute toxicity of plant extracts.

Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae), the brine shrimp larva, is an invertebrate used in the alternative test to determine toxicity of chemical and natural products. In this study the Medium Lethal Concentrations (LC50 value) of 20 plant extracts, Aloe vera (L.) Burm. F. (Aloeaceae), Artemisia absinthium L. (Asteraceae); Citrus aurantium L. (Rutaceae); Cymbopogon citratus (DC. Ex Nees) Stapf (Poaceae); Datura stramonium L. (Solanaceae); Justicia pectoralis Jacq. (Acanthaceae); Musa x paradisiaca L. (Musaceae); Ocimum basilicum L.; O. gratissimum L.; O. tenuiflorum L. (Lamiaceae); Pimenta dioica (L.) Merr. (Myrtaceae); Piper auritum Kunth (Piperaceae); Plantago major L. (Plantaginaceae); Plectranthus amboinicus (Lour.) Spreng. (Lamiaceae); Ruta graveolens L. (Rutaceae); Senna alata (L.) Roxb. (Fabaceae); Stachytarpheta jamaicensis (L.) Vahl (Verbenaceae); and Thuja occidentalis L. (Cupressaceae), were determined using Artemia salina L. (Artemiidae), with the objective of relating the results to the LD50 values reported in mice (tested at three concentrations: 10, 100, and 1000 microg/mL, for each extract). We found good correlation between the in vivo and the in vitro tests (r = 0.85 p < 0.05), and this method is a useful tool for predicting oral acute toxicity in plant extracts.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Antinutritive effects of wheat-germ agglutinin and other N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectins.

Incorporation of N-acetylglucosamine-specific agglutinins from wheat germ (Triticum aestivum; WGA), thorn apple (Datura stramonium) or nettle (Urtica dioica) rhizomes in the diet at the level of 7 g/kg reduced the apparent digestibility and utilization of dietary proteins and the growth of rats, with WGA being the most damaging. As a result of their binding and endocytosis by the epithelial cells of the small intestine, all three lectins were growth factors for the gut and interfered with its metabolism and function to varying degrees. WGA was particularly effective; it induced extensive polyamine-dependent hyperplastic and hypertrophic growth of the small bowel by increasing its content of proteins, RNA and DNA. Furthermore, an appreciable portion of the endocytosed WGA was transported across the gut wall into the systemic circulation, where it was deposited in the walls of the blood and lymphatic vessels. WGA also induced the hypertrophic growth of the pancreas and caused thymus atrophy. Although the transfer of the gene of WGA into crop plants has been advocated to increase their insect resistance, as the presence of this lectin in the diet may harm higher animals at the concentrations required to be effective against most pests, its use in plants as natural insecticide is not without health risks for man.

Acetylglucosamine↗

PubMed2002

Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of a cDNA encoding ornithine decarboxylase cDNA from chilli (Capsicum annuum).

Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is an enzyme of one of the two pathways of putrescine biosynthesis in plants. The genes encoding ODC have previously been cloned from Datura stramonium and human. Using differential screening, we isolated ODC cDNA clone from a cDNA library of ripening Capsicum annuum fruit. The cDNA clone designated CUKM10 contains an insert of 1523 bp. The longest open reading frame potentially encodes a peptide of 345 amino acids with an estimated molecular mass of 47 kDa and exhibit striking similarity to other ODCs. Expression analysis showed that the capODC hybridised to a single transcript with a size of 1.7 kb. The capODC transcript was first observed in early ripening and increased steadily until it reached fully ripening stage. From the observation it is suggested that capODC is developmentally regulated especially during later stage of ripening.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1990

Nucleus-associated microtubules help determine the division plane of plant epidermal cells: avoidance of four-way junctions and the role of cell geometry.

To investigate the spatial relationship between the nucleus and the cortical division site, epidermal cells were selected in which the separation between these two areas is large. Avoiding enzyme treatment and air drying, Datura stramonium cells were labeled with antitubulin antibodies and the three-dimensional aspect of the cytoskeletons was reconstructed using computer-aided optical sectioning. In vacuolated cells preparing for division, the nucleus migrates into the center of the cell, suspended by transvacuolar strands. These strands are now shown to contain continuous bundles of microtubules which bridge the nucleus to the cortex. These nucleus-radiating microtubules adopt different configurations in cells of different shape. In elongated cells with more or less parallel side walls, oblique strands radiating from the nucleus to the long side walls are presumably unstable, for they are progressively realigned into a transverse disc (the phragmosome) as broad, cortical, preprophase bands (PPBs) become tighter. The phragmosome and the PPB are both known predictors of the division plane and our observations indicate that they align simultaneously in elongated epidermal cells. These observations suggest another hypothesis: that the PPB may contain microtubules polymerized from the nuclear surface. In elongated cells, the majority of the radiating microtubules, therefore, come to anchor the nucleus in the transverse plane, consistent with the observed tendency of such cells to divide perpendicular to the long axis. In nonrectangular isodiametric epidermal cells, which approximate regular hexagons in section, the radial microtubular strands emanating from the nucleus tend to remain associated with the middle of each subtending cell wall. The strands are not reorganized into a single dominant transverse bar, but remain as a starlike array until mitosis. PPBs in these cells are not as tight; they may only be a sparse accumulation of microtubules, even forming along non-diametrical radii. This arrangement is consistent with the irregular division patterns observed in epidermal mosaics of isodiametric D. stramonium cells. The various conformations of the radial strands can be modeled by springs held in two-dimensional hexagonal frames, and by soap bubbles in three-dimensional hexagonal frames, suggesting that the division plane may, by analogy, be selected by minimal path criteria. Such behavior offers a cytoplasmic explanation of long-standing empirically derived "rules" which state that the new cell wall tends to meet the maternal wall at right angles. The radial premitotic strands and their analogues avoid taking the longer path to the vertex of an angle where a cross wall is already present between neighboring cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Cell Division↗

PubMed1995

An alternative medicine treatment for Parkinson's disease: results of a multicenter clinical trial. HP-200 in Parkinson's Disease Study Group.

The natural occurrence of antiparkinsonian drugs in plants--anticholinergics in Datura stramonium, levodopa in Mucuna pruriens and Vicia faba, dopamine agonist activity in Claviceps purpura, and MAO inhibitor activity in Banisteria caapi-are known. Our study examined the efficacy and tolerability of HP-200, derived from Mucuna prurient, in patients with Parkinson's disease. Sixty patients with Parkinson's disease (46 male and 14 female) with a mean (+/- SD) age of 59 +/- 9 years were treated in an open study for 12 weeks. Of these, 26 patients were taking synthetic levodopa/carbidopa formulations before treatment with HP-200, and the remaining 34 were levodopa naive. HP-200, a powder (supplied as a 7.5 g sachet), was mixed with water and given orally. The Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was used at baseline and periodically during the 12-week evaluation. Statistically significant reductions in Hoehn and Yahr stage and UPDRS scores were seen from baseline to the end of the 12-week treatment (p < 0.0001, t-test). The group mean (+/- SD) dose for optimal control of symptoms was 6 +/- 3 sachets. Adverse effects were mild and were mainly gastrointestinal in nature. No adverse effects were seen in clinical laboratory reports. HP-200, developed from an alternative medicine source, Ayurveda, was found to be an effective treatment for patients with Parkinson's disease.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1993

Purification of a functional receptor for Clostridium difficile toxin A from intestinal brush border membranes of infant hamsters.

A receptor for Clostridium difficile toxin A was purified from brush border membranes (BBMs) from the small intestine of infant hamsters. The BBMs were solubilized with Triton X-114, and the solubilized receptor was purified with use of a toxin A immobilized affinity-chromatography column and differential temperature elution. SDS-PAGE and silver staining of the purified receptor revealed numerous high-molecular-weight bands. However, ligand blotting analysis with 125I-toxin A used as the probe identified a 163-kD protein as the predominate toxin A-binding molecule. Toxin A bound to the purified receptor at physiological temperature, but the amount of toxin bound increased at lower temperatures. Bovine thyroglobulin bound to toxin A and inhibited its binding to the purified receptor. Preincubation of the receptor with lectins produced by Bandeirea simplicifolia or Datura stramonium reduced specific binding by 125I-toxin A. Our data indicate that the purified toxin A receptor from small intestine BBMs of infant hamsters is a galactose- and N-acetylglucosamine-containing glycoprotein.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Scopolamine poisoning from homemade 'moon flower' wine.

LH, a 76-year-old Caucasian male, ingested 3 teaspoons (15 mL) of a homemade wine over a 1-h period and became ill. Approximately 1.5 h later, he was taken to the emergency room of a local hospital with symptoms of respiratory distress and weakness. The plant used in making the wine was Angel's trumpet (Datura suaveolens), which reportedly contains varying amounts of scopolamine and atropine. A sample of the wine was collected and analyzed for these two compounds by reversed-phase HPLC chromatography using 97% methanol-3% deionized water. The filtered wine contained an estimated 29 mg scopolamine/mL, which produced a total ingested dose of 435 mg. No atropine was detected. The scopolamine was confirmed by TLC. An oral dose of 50 mg of atropine sulfate in humans has been reported fatal, but there is no reported fatal dose for scopolamine. The alcohol content and 3.8 pH of the homemade wine may have increased the extraction of this compound from the plant material, and the wine fermentation process may have concentrated the original extract.

Aged↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Point mutations in cauliflower mosaic virus gene VI confer host-specific symptom changes.

Mutants of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) strain D4 have been characterized with regard to host-specific phenotypes that resulted from specific changes in the viral DNA sequence. Both the mutant and the wild-type viruses infect a brassicaceous host, Brassica campestris, systemically, giving indistinguishable symptoms. However, in the solanaceous host Datura stramonium, which was systemically infectible by the wild-type virus, mutants induced necrotic local lesions at 21 degrees C and above, and a veinal necrosis at lower temperatures. The mutants differed from the parental D4 strain by having single base changes in gene VI. The necrotic phenotype could be selected during serial passage of D4 in B. campestris or created by site-directed mutagenesis within the gene VI coding region. Full-length 62-kDa gene VI gene products were detected in extracts of plants infected with the mutant strains, as were two smaller proteins derived from the same coding region. The relationship of the host-specific phenotypes of the mutants to the detected gene VI-encoded proteins is discussed in the context of the natural variation found in this gene.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Mutational analysis of cauliflower mosaic virus gene VI: changes in host range, symptoms, and discovery of transactivation-positive, noninfectious mutants.

Gene VI of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) has been shown to be a determinant of host specificity of the virus as well as a factor influencing symptom development in infected plants. In addition, it plays a crucial role in viral gene expression through a process of posttranscriptional transactivation. In the present study, linker-insertion mutations within gene VI of a cloned, recombinant cauliflower mosaic virus genome were constructed and tested for infectivity, symptom development on solanaceous plants, and the ability of transactivate viral gene expression. Certain mutations in the first third of the gene resulted in changes in symptoms shown by test plants. Another mutation, also in the first third of the gene, blocked infectivity in the Nicotiana species tested and systemic movement in Datura stramonium. The mutants were also tested in protoplasts for the ability to transactivate virus gene expression. Infectious mutants were invariably positive for transactivation and mutants negative for transactivation were noninfectious. Interestingly, two mutants positive for transactivation were noninfectious, suggesting a second function for gene VI in the infection process. These results further suggest a role for gene VI, as yet not fully understood, in systemic movement of the virus in infected plants.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMedDate not supplied

A locus determining pathogenicity of Xanthomonas campestris is involved in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis.

A pathogenicity locus in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris has been shown to comprise two genes which mediate biosynthesis of the bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not extracellular polysaccharide. Mutants with Tn5 insertions in either gene showed alterations in the electrophoretic patterns of both water-soluble and phenol-soluble LPS forms, which suggested defects in the biosynthesis of the core oligosaccharide component. On gel chromatography, core oligosaccharides of the mutants were of apparently lower molecular weight than those from the wild type. Furthermore, the content of mannose and glucose, sugars characteristic of the core oligosaccharide, were significantly lower in the water-soluble LPS of the mutants. Because of their role in LPS core biosynthesis, the two genes were called rfaX and rfaY. rfaX mutants show altered behavior in a range of host and non-host plants such that the number of recoverable bacteria drop within the first 24 h after inoculation. In contrast, the behavior of rfaY mutants only differed from the wild type in Datura, a non-host plant in which the growth of the wild type is severely attenuated. The predicted protein RfaY showed significant sequence homology to a sub-family of RNA polymerase sigma factors which are involved in extracytoplasmic functions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1988

Characterization of a high molecular weight glycoprotein secreted by the peri-implantation bovine conceptus.

Cow conceptuses were flushed from uteri on Day 17 of pregnancy and cultured with [3H]glucosamine and [14C]leucine. A high molecular weight glycoprotein (HMWG) having an Mr = 765,000 was isolated by a combination of anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. Selective chemical and enzymatic degradations were performed. The HMWG was resistant to Pronase and peptide: N-glycanase F. Only endo-beta-galactosidase and harsh alkaline reducing conditions were successful in dissociating carbohydrate from the protein core, suggesting that carbohydrate chains are N-linked to Asn and contain beta-galactosidic linkages. The intact molecule could bind to an affinity column of Datura stramoniom lectin, suggesting the presence of beta(1-4)-linked oligomers of N-acetylglucosamine. The susceptibility of HMWG to endo-beta-galactosidase suggests that at least some of these oligomers are substituted with galactose to form N-acetyllactosamine. Binding of HMWG to lectin could be inhibited partially with N-acetyllactosamine or completely with a mixture of N, N'-diacetylchitobiose and N, N', N"-triacetylchitotriose. In summary, properties of the HMWG suggest it contains lactosaminoglycan components and is almost identical to an HMWG secreted by the Day 16 ovine conceptus. Thus, embryos of these two ruminant species secrete similar molecules during early pregnancy.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

A multidisciplinary approach to the toxicologic problems associated with the use of herbal medicines.

In Hong Kong, a multidisciplinary team consisting of a pharmacist, a chemical pathologist, a scientific officer, and a physician has jointly provided an advisory service on herbal safety to healthcare professionals of all public hospitals since August 2000. This paper reports the first 2 years of experience of this team to emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to herbal poisoning. Twenty referrals received from the public hospitals from August 2000 to June 2002 were reviewed. The diagnosis of herbal toxicity was made after consideration of the temporal relationship between exposure to the herb and the occurrence of the adverse event and the exclusion of other causes. The causal relationship was seen as much stronger if the herb's pharmacological effects could fully explain the adverse event, if there were similar previous reports, and if the toxicological analysis findings were supportive. In 10 patients, the adverse events were deemed unlikely to be related to the use of herbal medicines. In 3 patients, it was concluded that the adverse events were possibly related to the use of herbal medicines. In 7 patients, the causal relationship was seen to be much stronger because the adverse events in these patients simply reflected the pharmacological effects of the herbs consumed and specific toxic ingredients were isolated from herbal residues and patients' urine or serum. The clinical problems arising from the use of herbal medicines included the Aristolochia species causing acute renal failure (n = 1), aconite roots causing aconitine poisoning (n = 2), the Datura species causing anticholinergic poisoning (n = 1), and "yulan" (Stephania sinica) causing tetrahydropalmatine poisoning (n = 3). The 4 patients with acute renal failure and tetrahydropalmatine poisoning received these toxic herbs, which were not listed in the prescriptions, as a result of poor dispensing practice or for other reasons. Toxicological problems associated with the use of herbal medicines are complex and may be easily overlooked. A multidisciplinary team of experts should be made available to provide advice to frontline healthcare professionals.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed1997

Molecular characterization of a subgroup I geminivirus from a legume in South Africa.

A South African geminivirus for which we propose the name bean yellow dwarf virus (BeYDV) has been isolated from French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Bonus) showing stunting, chlorosis and leaf curl symptoms. A full-length cloned copy of the viral genome produced characteristic symptoms of the disease when reintroduced into French bean by agroinoculation, and was systemically infectious in Nicotiana benthamiana, N. tabacum, Lycopersicon esculentum, Datura stramonium and Arabidopsis thaliana. BeYDV resembles subgroup I geminiviruses which infect monocotyledonous plants in having a single DNA component, two non-overlapping virion-sense (V1 and V2) and two overlapping complementary-sense (C1 and C2) coding regions, and an intron within the complementary-sense coding regions that is excised to produce a C1C2 fusion protein. It is most closely related to tobacco yellow dwarf virus from Australia, the only subgroup I geminivirus previously known to infect dicotyledonous plants, although it is sufficiently dissimilar (65% nucleotide sequence identity) to be considered a distinct virus.

Cloning, Molecular↗