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PubMed1991

Relationships of dietary fat consumption to serum total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in hispanic preschool children.

BACKGROUND: Studies of the relationship between dietary fat intake and serum lipids in young children have yielded inconclusive results. We studied this relationship in 108 Hispanic children ages 4-5 years. METHODS: Four 24-hr recalls approximately 3 months apart and two Willett semiquantitative food frequency questionnaires approximately 6 months apart were obtained by interviewing the children's mothers. Diet measures were averaged for the multiple administrations of each of these instruments. RESULTS: Based on the 24-hr recalls, children in the highest tertile of total fat consumption (36.2% of total calories) compared with the lowest tertile (30.2% of total calories) had mean total serum cholesterol of 4.32 mmol/liter (167 mg/dl) vs 3.91 mmol/liter (151 mg/d) (test for linear trend across tertiles, P less than 0.05) and mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 2.74 mmol/liter (106 mg/dl) vs 2.29 mmol/liter (89 mg/dl) (test for linear trend, P less than 0.01). Children in the highest tertile of saturated fat consumption (14.6% of total calories) compared with the lowest tertile (11.2% of total calories) had mean total serum cholesterol of 4.39 mmol/liter (170 mg/dl) vs 3.97 mmol/liter (154 mg/dl) (test for linear trend, P less than 0.05) and mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol of 2.80 mmol/liter (108 mg/dl) vs 2.35 mmol/liter (91 mg/dl) (test for linear trend, P less than 0.01). These relationships remained significant when calorie-adjusted nutrient intakes were examined and after adjustment in multiple linear regression models for age, sex, and body mass index, with the exception of the association of calorie-adjusted total fat with total serum cholesterol level (P = 0.07). Similar results were obtained using the Willett questionnaires. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that dietary fat, particularly saturated fat consumption, is an important correlate of blood lipid levels in preschool children. These are also the first reported data indicating that the Willett questionnaire, as a method for measuring the atherogenic components of diet, has criterion-related validity in young children.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed1992

Effect of dietary fat on the in vitro hepatotoxicity of paracetamol.

In the present study, we have examined the effect of dietary fat on paracetamol-induced liver injury in an in vitro rat liver slice model. Rats were fed, for 7-10 days, diets containing either butter or polyunsaturated vegetable margarine, two fat sources commonly consumed in the human diet. Liver slices were then exposed to paracetamol for 2 hr and further incubated for 4 hr without paracetamol. Cell damage in the slices was quantified at 6 hr by measuring leakage of lactate dehydrogenase, increase in water content and potassium loss. Covalent binding of radioactive paracetamol to liver and the membrane fatty acid composition of the liver were also measured. Liver slices from rats fed butter diets were significantly more sensitive to the toxic effects of paracetamol than those from margarine fed rats. The membrane lipid composition of the livers also reflected the differing fatty acid content of the two diets.

Acetaminophen↗

PubMed1991

Dietary fat saturation affects glucose metabolism without affecting insulin receptor number and affinity in adipocytes from BHE rats.

The effects of dietary fat source on epididymal fat cell insulin receptor binding and affinity and on glucose transport and use by genetically diabetic rats were studied. Male BHE rats were fed 6% fat/64% sucrose diets. The fat consisted of 1% corn oil plus 5% beef tallow, menhaden oil or corn oil. Glucose tolerance was assessed at 100, 300 and 600 d of age. At 100 d of age the fat pads were excised, isolated adipocytes prepared and insulin receptor number, receptor affinity, 3-O-methyl glucose uptake and glucose use determined. Insulin receptor number and binding affinity were not affected by dietary fat type. The transport and subsequent use of glucose were greater in fat cells from rats fed beef tallow compared with those from rats fed corn oil or menhaden oil. All three groups exhibited a deterioration in glucose tolerance with age. Although we observed greater glucose transport, oxidation and conversion to fatty acids in beef tallow-fed rats, we saw no differences in these measurements between cells from corn or menhaden oil-fed rats. Thus, we conclude that the effects of these dietary lipids are attributable to effects of saturated fatty acids on intracellular events rather than on the insulin receptor per se, and that the type of unsaturated fatty acid [(n-3) vs. (n-6)] is of little importance to the regulation of glucose metabolism by isolated adipocytes.

Adipose Tissue↗

PubMed1969

The effect of dietary fat on lipogenesis in mammary gland and liver from lactating and virgin mice.

1. Virgin and lactating C(3)H mice maintained on laboratory chow were transferred to a high-fat (15% corn oil) or a fat-free diet 3 days before being killed. 2. The linoleate content of liver, mammary gland and milk was decreased in lactating mice given the fat-free diet but was increased in those fed on the high-fat diet. Changes in linoleate content and mammary gland followed a similar but much less marked trend in virgin animals. 3. Hepatic fatty acid synthesis in lactating and virgin mice fed on the fat-free diet was higher than in corresponding animals fed on either the chow or the high-fat diet. The lipogenic capacity of livers from mice fed on either the chow or the high-fat diet was greater in lactating than in virgin animals. These changes in hepatic lipogenic capacity were accompanied by alterations in the specific activities of certain enzymes involved in fat synthesis. 4. Mammary gland from virgin and lactating animals showed no such adaptation to dietary fat. Results indicate that fatty acid synthesis in neither mammary-gland parenchymal cells nor mammary-gland adipose cells can be influenced by dietary fat in the same way as in the hepatocyte.

Acetates↗

PubMed2000

The effect of different dietary fats on gastrin levels in the pyloric antrum and plasma of weaner and adult Wistar rats.

The effect of dietary fats on gastrin in the pyloric antrum and plasma of Wistar rat was examined. Two different age groups of rats were fed 3 different diets in which fat was in the form of menhaden oil (MO), hydrogenated coconut oil (CO) and safflower oil (SO) respectively. Control groups were fed on normal laboratory diet. Each diet was isoenergetic and no group showed significant differences in either food intake or weight gain during the experiment. Weaner rats fed on MO diet exhibited significant reduction in both antral (P = 0.047) and plasma (P = 0.002) gastrin concentrations when compared with age-matched controls. Likewise, adult rats fed the MO diet exhibited significant reduction in both antral (P = 0.008) and plasma (P = 0.002) gastrin concentrations. In addition, adult rats fed the CO diet exhibited significant reduction in both antral (P = 0.047) and plasma gastrin (P = 0.002) concentrations. Rats from both age groups fed the SO diet exhibited no significant differences in gastrin concentration when compared with their respective control groups. These data indicate that the composition of dietary fat can have profound effects on both tissue and plasma concentrations of gastrin in rats.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1986

Influence of dietary fat on the promotion of diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in female rats.

The effect of varying the amount and type of dietary fat on the promotion of gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT)-positive foci and hepatocarcinomas in female rats was studied. In the first study, two-thirds of the rats were first intubated with diethylnitrosamine (DEN, 10 mg/kg) 20 hr after partial hepatectomy; 1 week later, rats were fed one of three purified diets (a low-fat diet similar to the AIN-76 diet, a high saturated fat diet, or a high polyunsaturated fat diet) with or without 0.05% phenobarbital in the diet for 10 months. Increasing the fat level of the diet did not increase the number of GGT-positive foci arising spontaneously or induced by DEN alone. When phenobarbital was present in the diet, feeding the high polyunsaturated fat diet slightly increased the number of GGT-positive foci and the incidence of tumors. The low-fat diet, however, increased the incidence of fatty liver. We therefore reexamined the effect of diet on promotion by phenobarbital, using an additional low-fat diet with cornstarch rather than sucrose as the carbohydrate source. In this experiment, both high-fat diets slightly enhanced the induction of GGT-positive foci; the carbohydrate source had no effect. The incidence of tumors was not affected by diet in this experiment, but the incidence of fatty liver was again enhanced by feeding a diet high in sucrose. We conclude that increasing the fat level of the diet does not promote the development of DEN-initiated GGT-positive foci or carcinomas in female rats. Increasing the dietary fat level, however, may enhance promotion of liver foci by phenobarbital. Finally, increasing the sucrose content of the diet increases the incidence of fatty liver.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1984

Effect of dietary fat upon ethanol metabolism in rats.

The effect of dietary fat upon ethanol metabolism was studied in rats. Wistar strain male rats were divided into four groups according to diet, namely alcohol-high fat, alcohol-low fat, control-high fat, and control-low fat. After 4 weeks of feeding, blood ethanol levels following an intraperitoneal injection of 0.2 g ethanol/100 g of body weight were measured. The disappearance rate of blood ethanol was faster and the metabolic rate of ethanol was significantly greater in the alcohol-high fat group compared to the alcohol-low fat or non-alcoholic groups. Microsomal enzymes, such as the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system, aniline hydroxylase, and glucose-6-phosphatase, were significantly higher in the alcohol-high fat group than in the alcohol-low fat or non-alcoholic groups. The ethanol uptake rate of the isolated perfused liver was increased significantly in the alcoholic groups. In the alcoholic rats, the high fat group showed significantly higher uptake than the low fat group. Although the ethanol uptake rate after 4-methylpyrazole treatment was not significantly different among the four groups, its fraction of the total ethanol uptake was increased significantly in the alcohol-high fat group. These results suggest that high fat diets accelerate ethanol metabolism through the microsomal ethanol-oxidizing system.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Dietary fats, fatty acids and insulin resistance: short review of a multifaceted connection.

Insulin resistance is a growing worldwide phenomenon, which progressively develops over years, and finally, if unchecked, predisposes to cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus type 2. Insulin resistance is a generalized metabolic disorder characterized by inefficient insulin function in skeletal muscle, liver and adipocytes. There is growing evidence that an increased free fatty acid level, and more importantly, the relative amounts of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids contributing to it, plays an important role in the development of insulin resistance. In turn, this is a reflection of the composition of dietary fat. Ultimately both the dietary intake and plasma levels determine the fatty acid composition of cell membranes. Higher levels of membrane saturated fatty acids seem to greatly impair the action of insulin, whereas the presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially of the omega-3 and -6 families, in contrast, improves insulin sensitivity. In vitro studies, however, have not always corroborated the clinical evidence. Possible roles played by the various saturated and unsaturated fatty acids in the insulin-signaling pathway are discussed in light of recent evidence. Fatty acids have also been shown to alter gene expression in cells, in particular the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma2 gene, adding to this multifaceted connection. As man has moved over the centuries from a hunter-gatherer diet to greater intakes of saturated and trans-fatty acids, insulin resistance has appeared with its related pathology. Greater understanding of the role played by dietary fat and plasma fatty acids in pathogenesis of insulin resistance, will allow for more timely prevention and improved treatment in the future.

Dietary Fats↗

PubMed1977

Influence of dietary fat on fatty livers of choline-deficient rats.

Our purpose was to evaluate the influence of type of dietary fat on nature and severity of liver lipid changes induced in male weanling rats by low choline diets. Beef tallow, a blend of tallow and safflower oil (SO) each provided 48% of total energy value of a control diet and a low choline diet. Livers from choline-deficient rats fed tallow, blend, or SO diets contained approximately 4.5, 5, and 2.5 times as much lipid, respectively, as livers from corresponding control groups. Liver lipids from rats fed SO diets as compared with those from rats fed tallow diets contained lower percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids, and higher percentages of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Values for groups fed blend diets were intermediate, except for 18:0 and 20:4 in the control group. Choline deficiency resulted in significant increases in proportions of the predominant fatty acid(s) of the dietary fat in liver lipids (but not in fat pad lipids) at the expense of 18:0 and 20:4. Ratios of 16:0 to 18:0 in both liver and fat pad lipids were greater in choline-deficient than in corresponding control groups, probably reflecting greater fatty acid synthesis.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Effect of dietary fat and vitamin E on alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene in blood of peripartum cows.

Nonlactating cows were fed diets containing 88% grass forage and 12% concentrate (DM basis). Starting 14 d prior to anticipated calving, the concentrate was changed to provide 0 or 200 g of supplemental fat and 0 or 890 IU of supplemental vitamin E daily. Following parturition, cows were fed for 14 d a 50% concentrate diet that provided the same amounts of supplemental fat and vitamin E that were fed during the dry period. Plasma was sampled and analyzed for alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene. Supplemental dietary fat elevated plasma concentrations of both nutrients during the peripartum period. Supplemental dietary vitamin E elevated concentrations of alpha-tocopherol during that period. Dietary fat also increased concentrations of plasma cholesterol. When alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene were expressed per unit of plasma cholesterol, fat supplementation did not affect concentrations. Dietary treatments did not influence concentrations of alpha-tocopherol in blood neutrophils and did not affect intracellular kill of bacteria by neutrophils. Essentially no beta-carotene was found in the neutrophils. For colostrum, dietary vitamin E increased concentrations of alpha-tocopherol and decreased concentrations of beta-carotene.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1992

A randomized controlled trial of dietary fat reduction: the retention of subjects and characteristics of drop outs.

We have examined the feasibility of carrying out a randomized controlled trial of dietary fat reduction in women at increased risk for breast cancer. The randomization was either to a control group who were taught the principles of balanced nutrition, but were not counselled to change their fat intake, or to an intervention group who were taught to reduce their dietary fat intake to 15% of total calories from a baseline average of 35% of calories. Potentially eligible subjects were women attending a breast diagnostic clinic who had the mammographic pattern of dysplasia. Subjects were recruited by letter from their referring surgeon followed by a telephone call. Subjects interested in participating in the study then entered by one of two phases. In Phase I, the study was explained, informed consent sought and willing subjects randomized to the intervention or control group. Using this procedure 227 subjects were randomized and 48 (21%) dropped out of the study in the 12 months following randomization. (A drop out was defined as a subject who persistently failed to keep appointments and provide nutrient data.) Of these drop outs, 30 (63%) occurred at or soon after randomization. A modified procedure of entry was then adopted in which subjects interested in the study were first taught the procedures involved, including keeping food records and clinic appointments, and were then asked to provide consent and randomized. Two hundred and eighty subjects were enrolled using this modified procedure and 25 (9%) have dropped out in the 12 months following randomization.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1993

The effect of different dietary fats on gastrin levels in the pyloric antrum and plasma of weaner and adult Wistar rats.

The effect of dietary fats on gastrin in the pyloric antrum and plasma of Wistar rats was examined. Two different age-groups of rats were fed on three different diets in which fat was in the form of menhaden oil (MO), hydrogenated coconut oil (CO) and safflower oil (SO) respectively. Control groups were fed on normal laboratory diet. Each diet was isoenergetic and no group showed significant differences in either food intake or weight gain during the experiment. Weaner rats fed on the MO diet exhibited significant reductions in both antral (P = 0.047) and plasma (P = 0.002) gastrin concentrations when compared with age-matched controls. Likewise, adult rats fed on the MO diet exhibited significant reductions in both antral (P = 0.008) and plasma (P = 0.002) gastrin concentrations. In addition, adult rats fed on the CO diet exhibited significant reductions in both antral (P = 0.047) and plasma gastrin (P = 0.002) concentrations. Rats from both age-groups fed on the SO diet exhibited no significant differences in gastrin concentrations when compared with their respective control groups. These findings indicate that the composition of dietary fat can have profound effects on both tissue and plasma concentrations of gastrin in rats.

Aging↗

PubMed1989

Effect of dietary fats on linoleic acid metabolism. A radiolabel study in rats.

Effects on the linoleic acid metabolism in vivo of three dietary fats, rich in either oleic acid, trans fatty acids or alpha-linolenic acid, and all with the same linoleic acid content, were investigated in male Wistar rats. After 6 weeks of feeding, the rats were intubated with [1-14C]linoleic acid and [3H]oleic acid. The incorporation of these radiolabels into liver, heart and serum was investigated 2, 4, 8, 24 and 48 h after intubation. The amount of 14C-labelled arachidonic acid incorporated into the liver phospholipid of the group fed the oleic acid-rich diet was significantly higher than that of the other groups. However, compared to the trans fatty acids-containing diet, the oleic acid-rich diet induced only a slightly higher arachidonic acid level in the phospholipid fraction of the tissues as determined by GLC. Dietary alpha-linolenic acid more than halved the arachidonic acid levels. Our results do not support the hypothesis that the delta 6-desaturase system actually determines the polyunsaturated fatty acid levels in tissue lipids by regulating the amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids (e.g., arachidonic acid) synthesized. The biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids only is not sufficient to explain the complicated changes in fatty acid compositions as observed after feeding different dietary fats.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Dietary fat and risk of breast cancer.

The relationship between dietary fat and subsequent risk of breast cancer was studied in 3988 initially cancer-free Finnish women aged 20-69 y. During a follow-up period of 20 y, 54 breast-cancer cases were diagnosed. Risk of breast cancer was significantly inversely related to energy intake and nonsignificantly inversely related to absolute fat intake. A positive association between energy-adjusted total fat intake and occurrence of breast cancer was also observed. The relative risk in the highest tertile as compared with the lowest tertile was 1.7 (95% confidence limits 0.6-4.8). The corresponding relative risks were 1.4 (0.5-3.7) for saturated fatty acids, 2.7 (1.0-7.4) for monounsaturated fatty acids, 1.2 (0.6-2.8) for polyunsaturated fatty acids, and 2.2 (1.0-5.0) for cholesterol intake. Adjustment for different potential confounding factors did not alter the results. The present data suggest that breast cancer is associated inversely with energy intake and weakly positively with energy-adjusted fat intake.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Desire to eat high- and low-fat foods following a low-fat dietary intervention.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined changes in desires to eat high-fat and low-fat foods across an obesity treatment program. The hypotheses under examination were (1) preferences for low-fat foods would increase across time and (2) preferences for high-fat foods would decrease across time. DESIGN: Single-group, prospective examination of desires to eat 48 foods, categorized according to fat content, before and after the 16-week treatment program. SETTING: University clinic, Memphis, Tennessee. PARTICIPANTS: 118 obese (mean weight = 194.4 lbs) women (mean age = 45.24 years) participating in an obesity treatment program. INTERVENTION: A 16-week cognitive-behavioral program for obesity. VARIABLES MEASURED: Desires to eat 48 foods varying in fat content and whether or not participants actually ate these foods. ANALYSIS: Analysis of variance, multiple regression, and paired t tests. RESULTS: The results indicate that during the program, preferences for low-fat foods increased, whereas preferences for high-fat foods decreased. These changes mirrored the changes in consumption of both low-fat and high-fat foods. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Within a behavioral economic perspective, the reinforcement value of low-fat foods may increase following a low-fat dietary intervention, whereas the reinforcing properties of high-fat foods may decline. This is desirable as low-fat foods hold many advantages over high-fat foods in terms of weight maintenance.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Dietary fat composition alters pulmonary function in pigs.

OBJECTIVES: We investigated the effect of various dietary fats on pulmonary surfactant composition and lung function changes that occur before and after endotoxin infusion in pigs. METHODS: Eighteen pigs were assigned to three groups (n = 6 per group) to receive a diet of protein (20% of calories), carbohydrate (20% of calories), and fat (40% of calories). In one group the fat content consisted entirely of palmitic acid. In the second group, fat came from Intralipid, which provided predominantly linoleic acid. The third group was fed fish oil. Pigs were maintained on these diets for 21 d before the experiment. Cardiovascular and pulmonary functions were determined on day 22. Pigs then were infused with endotoxin (80 mg. kg(-1). min(-1)) until the pulmonary arterial pressure reached a pressure similar to that found in trauma victims (45 to 50 mmHg). Cardiovascular and pulmonary function tests were then repeated, the animals killed, and the lungs removed for study. RESULTS: Compliance was reduced in the linoleate and fish-oil groups compared with the palmitate group before and after endotoxin. Compliance changes in pigs fed the linoleate and fish-oil diets were consistent with significant increases in lung wet:dry weight ratios, increased CO(2) retention, histologic evidence of vascular congestion, intra-alveolar edema, and alveolar septa thickening. Changes in surfactant phosphatidylcholine composition between groups were consistent with the notion that increased unsaturated fatty acids could affect surfactant function. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that the common practice of providing calories in the form of polyunsaturated fatty acids to critically ill patients carries the risk of being detrimental to lung function.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Effects of dietary fat on the urinary risk factors of calcium stone disease.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association between dietary fat and various urinary risk factors of calcium stone disease in a group of calcium stoneformers attending an outpatient stone clinic. METHODS: Mean daily fat intake from self-recorded 4-day dietary food records and mean 24-hour urinary risk factors from two separate collections were evaluated in 476 patients selected randomly from an adult population attending an outpatient stone clinic for the first time. RESULTS: Mean daily total fat intake for men and women was significantly different at 105.6 and 78.1 g, respectively. Examination of the relationship between total fat intake and 24-hour urinary volume, pH, and excretions of magnesium, citrate, oxalate, calcium, and uric acid revealed no significant regressions in men and only a weak association between fat intake and urinary uric acid in women. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary fat does not have a significant effect on the urinary risk factors of calcium stone disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Influences of dietary fats on the coronary flow and oxygen consumption of the isolated rat heart.

The influence of various diets on the coronary flow (Qcor) and oxygen consumption (VO2m) of Langendorff-perfused rat hearts was studied. The diets contained 23 percent of the total amount of calories as proteins and sufficient amounts of minerals and vitamins, while the amounts of starch and type of fat were varied. In the Langendorff set-up, the perfusion pressure (Pp), and/or the developed left ventricular pressure (PD) were varied to change Qcor and VO2m. At Pp = 50 and 90 mm Hg, Qcor and VO2m of the isolated hearts of rats fed 50 percent of the total number of calories (cal%) as sunflower seed oil (50 SSO) or 50 cal% palm oil (50 PO) for 3 days were 10--20 percent higher than those of the hearts of rats fed pellets (11 cal% fat). At Pp = 80 mm Hg and at various levels of PD, Qcor of the isolated hearts of rats fed 50 SSO or 45 PO + 5 SSO for 3 months was about 20 percent higher than that of the isolated hearts of rats fed a high carbohydrate diet. No differences were found in VO2m or in the maximum obtainable value of PD. When rats were fed mixtures (total amount of fat 50 cal%) of SSO and hardened coconut oil (CO) for 3 days, Qcor increased with increasing dietary SSO. The value of Qcor of the isolated hearts of rats fed a high carbohydrate diet containing 5 cal% SSO was in between the values of the groups fed 50 SSO and 45 CO + 5 SSO. Perfusion of the latter two groups of hearts with substrate-free medium increased Qcor by about 35 percent. The total hypoxanthine + inosine output in these two groups of hearts was about 4.0 nmoles-min-1, and remained contstant during perfusion with substrate-free medium. We conclude that the composition of the diet influences the coronary flow of isolated perfused rat hearts. The amount and the type of dietary fat influence both the magnitude and the direction of the effects. The relationship between the type of dietary fat and its effects on coronary flow is complex.

Animals↗