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PubMed2006

The Assessment of Basic Learning Abilities (ABLA) test predicts the relative efficacy of task preferences for persons with developmental disabilities.

BACKGROUND: Prior studies have showed that presentation methods could affect the accuracy of a choice assessment. METHODS: In the current study, high- and low-preferred work tasks were identified in nine adults with developmental disabilities. Both tasks were then introduced in pairs within a choice assessment using the actual tasks, pictures of the tasks and spoken descriptions of the tasks. Participants were also given the Assessment of Basic Learning Abilities (ABLA) test that evaluated their discrimination skills. RESULTS: For five of the participants, their consistent choice of preferred task was predicted by their discrimination skills as assessed by the ABLA. CONCLUSIONS: These findings extend that of Conyers et al. whereby the systematic assessment of discrimination skills could predict the effectiveness of different presentation methods in this population.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effects of risperidone on aberrant behavior of persons with developmental disabilities: I. A double-blind crossover study using multiple measures.

The efficacy of the atypical antipsychotic risperidone was evaluated in the treatment of aberrant behavior (e.g., aggression, self-injury) in 20 individuals with developmental disabilities. A double-blind, crossover design was used to compare risperidone with placebo in a 22-week trial with a 6-month follow-up phase. Based on a 50% reduction in mean Aberrant Behavior Checklist--Community total scores, 50% of the participants were identified as responders. Naturalistic observations of a subset of five individuals showed that for 4 out of 5 participants, risperidone was effective in reducing aberrant behavior. Side effects included weight gain (84% of participants) and sedation (40% of participants). The advantages of conducting a comprehensive analysis of the effects of medication on aberrant behavior are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Congenital malformations and developmental disabilities in ataxia-telangiectasia, Fanconi anemia, and xeroderma pigmentosum families.

Heterozygous carriers of an ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), Fanconi anemia (FA), or xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) gene may be predisposed to some of the same congenital malformations or developmental disabilities that are common among homozygotes. To test this hypothesis, medical records, death certificates, and questionnaires from 27 A-T families, 25 FA families, and 31 XP families were reviewed. Eleven XP blood relatives (out of 1,100) were found with moderate or severe unexplained mental retardation, a significant excess compared to the FA and A-T families (3/1,439). There were four microcephalic XP blood relatives and none in the FA or A-T families. In the A-T families, idiopathic scoliosis and vertebral anomalies were in excess, while genitourinary and distal limb malformations were found in the FA families. A-T, FA, or XP heterozygotes may constitute an important proportion of individuals at risk for specific malformations or developmental abnormalities.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Movement of developmentally disabled individuals among out-of-home residential facilities.

This paper reported on the movement of a large (N = 2271) probability sample of the nation's residents of public (PRF) and community (CRF) residential facilities for developmentally disabled children and adults. Estimates placed the national population at 217,410 in all facilities--73,709 in CRFs and 143,701 in PRFs--in the fall of 1978, when the sample was selected, although extrapolation from subsequent surveys suggest that the CRF numbers should be about 100,000. In the winter of 1979 direct care staff and administrators completed detailed information about each resident sampled, about themselves, and about their facilities. In 1980 they were asked if their residents had moved exactly one year later. Most residents (91%) had not moved; 1.3% had died; and about 8.5% had moved. Most moves featured greater integration into the community. Multivariate analyses indicated very little difference between moved and unmoved residents. Among moved subjects, three dimensions accounted for 62% of the common variance in placement status: (a) ability, (b) age, and (c) autonomy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Financing services for developmentally disabled people: directions for reform.

The Secretory of the Department of Health and Human Services established a working group to examine current Federal policies affecting the financing of services to persons with mental retardation and other developmental disabilities. This article summarizes the Working Group's Report to the Secretory. The working group concluded that Federal policies can act as a barrier to community and family living opportunities. Policy alternatives were identified that emphasize flexibility in order to provide appropriate services in a variety of settings, targeting services to the most severely disabled and fixing Federal costs.

Community Health Services↗
PubMed1984

Teaching developmentally disabled persons how to react to fires.

Four elements of fire reaction are delineated: investigating, reporting, suppressing, and evacuating areas in which fires are present. Important issues in the acquisition, maintenance, and generalization of fire reaction skills for developmentally disabled persons are identified and reviewed. Learning-based treatment strategies and fire safety literature relevant to the authors' concerns are reviewed. The authors suggest that behavioral research on training should be congruent with fire safety experts' recommendations on fire reaction skills.

Accident Prevention↗
PubMed1991

Training interactional behaviors of adults with developmental disabilities: a systematic replication and extension.

This study was a replication and extension of research by Foxx, McMorrow, Bittle, and Ness (1986) that assessed generalization effects of a social skills training program on the interactional behavior of adults with developmental disabilities. Target skills were a verbal action or reaction in six skill areas that specifically addressed the participants' skill deficits. In the present study, we trained 5 adult residents of a group home across these six skill areas using the "Sorry" game format and the scoring criteria described by Foxx et al. We extended the results of Foxx et al. by (a) using pretreatment assessment procedures to identify participants' specific skill deficits, (b) training all residents in the natural environment, (c) training participant-participant interactions, (d) training participants to respond to four of the six skill areas through the use of a role-play procedure, and (e) omitting rewards, criterion levels, and self-monitoring. Additionally, the trainer in the present study modeled correct responses only as an error correction procedure during training. Similar to those of Foxx et al., our results indicated that all participants increased their use of the trained interactional behaviors during the generalization assessments in the presence of other trained peers.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Tactile defensiveness in children with developmental disabilities: responsiveness and habituation.

Tactile defensiveness (TD) is characterized by behaviors such as rubbing, scratching, negative expressions, withdrawal, or avoidance in response to tactile stimulation. An inhibition deficit has been implied in the literature and is the focus of this study. School-aged children with developmental disabilities were first assessed for level of TD using three measures. Later, the children were presented with a repeated tactile stimulus while engaged in a computer game. Intensity, duration, and latency of the responses were recorded on each trial. It was hypothesized that higher levels of TD would be associated with (a) greater responsiveness and (b) slower habituation rates to the tactile stimulus. Correlations of three separate TD measures and a series of 3 x 10 (Level of TD by Responsiveness across trials) repeated measures ANOVAs were used to test the two hypotheses. Children who demonstrated higher levels of TD on some of the preliminary measures also showed higher responsiveness in the experimental situation. There was no general habituation effect, and the limited group by trials interactions were not interpretable. We conclude that there is evidence for a differential sensitivity in TD, but not an inhibition deficit. Another significant finding included a negative correlation between TD and developmental age.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Multidimensional problems and findings in developmentally disabled children.

The background factors, problems, findings, and recommendations emerging from the interdisciplinary evaluation of 301 children referred to the Duke Developmental Evaluation Center for assessment of suspected development disabilities are analyzed. The perspective on developmental disabilities gained from utilization of a problem-oriented clinical record and a functional rather than a categorical approach is discussed. Particular attention is directed toward the frequency of findings in various dimensions of functioning and the implications arising from this comprehensive analysis for the roles of pediatricians, parents, and teachers in case management.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Health-related stress, affect, and depressive symptoms experienced by caregiving mothers of adults with a developmental disability.

The interrelationships among health-related stress, positive and negative affect, and depressive symptoms patterned in the dynamic model of affect (J. Reich, A. Zautra, & M. Davis, 2003) were examined using data from 932 women having an adult child with a developmental disability. Results indicate that women experience a moderate inverse correlation between positive and negative affect under conditions of low levels of health-related stress, whereas at high levels of stress, positive and negative affect become more strongly inversely correlated. Under high-stress conditions, both negative affect and positive affect have a stronger relationship to depressive symptoms than they do under low-stress conditions.

Adolescent↗