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PubMedDate not supplied

Virulence of raptor-origin Pasteurella multocida in domestic chickens.

Pasteurella multocida belonging to somatic serotype 1 and capsular type A has been known to cause avian cholera in domestic poultry. Pasteurella multocida serotype 1 has also been isolated from raptorial birds. However, the capsular type for these raptorial isolates remains unknown. Moreover, the virulence of these raptorial isolates for domestic poultry has not been determined. The objectives of this study were to determine the capsular type of raptorial P. multocida serotype 1 isolates and to determine if these isolates were virulent for domestic chickens. Study chickens were inoculated with one of three P. multocida isolates. Isolate WESO-1 was obtained from a western screech owl (Otus kennicottii) and isolates RTHA-2 and RTHA-4 were isolated from two red-tailed hawks (Buteo jamaicensis). These isolates were given by either the oral, intravenous, or intraocular route. Control birds were given brain-heart infusion broth. The capsular serotypes of three isolates were also determined. The RTHA-2 and RTHA-4 isolates belonged to P. multocida capsular type A. The WESO-1 isolate belonged to capsular type F. Results also demonstrated that, for the isolates examined, the intraocular route did not cause mortality in chickens. There was mortality in all groups for the intravenous route. However, various mortality patterns were observed when P. multocida was given orally for the three different isolates. The RTHA-4 isolate (serotype 1:A) was the most virulent for domestic chickens. The WESO-1 isolate (serotype 1:F) was the least virulent for chickens among the raptorial isolates examined.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

[Domestic pollution (other than tobacco)].

Pollution of the air of the interior of premises are generally less understood than exterior town atmospheric pollution. Now the time spent at home is considerable, around 80%. Aerocontaminants are of chemical, biological or particulate nature. Amongst asthmatics, internal NO2 is capable of producing an asthmatic crisis, perhaps by a direct effect of the pollutant and perhaps by potentiation of the bronchial response to the allergen. COV and formaldehyde may have a bronchial effect on asthmatics, at significant levels that are rarely found in a domestic environment. Endotoxins present in domestic dust may also be a serious co-factor in asthmatics who are allergic to mites. Concerning allergens, identification and quantification of immunodominant proteins of the principal pneumoallergens of the internal environment has emphasized the great diversity of levels, and given a comparison of the link between the level of allergen in the air and dust, and the development of the sensitization of a predisposed subject. Measurement of the aerodynamic behaviour of pneumoallergens has led to a better understanding of the physiology of allergic asthma. Nevertheless it is appropriate to follow the work that tries to assess the relative importance of each of these factors, both in allergic sensitization and in the clinical response to the allergen. Understanding the respective roles played by the different domestic pollutants should allow an improvement in diagnosis and treatment of pathologies that are linked to the domestic environment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

[Principals of construction in the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat (Felis catus). III: Musculature].

With regard to muscular mass and inner structure, the muscles of the forepaw and hindpaw of the domestic cat are grouped functionally, compared and evaluated. A high degree of functional adaptation is present in these muscles, for example in the passive locomotion apparatus of the paws. The domestic cat is not a 'running animal' like other domestic mammals. Also, in domestication it has preserved a strongly individual way of life and has remained a quick, ambushing hunter and climber on the run. Hence its forepaw is a flexible guiding and gripping apparatus, while its hindpaw provides stability for sprinting and non-skid pushing. The partly re-interpreted functions of the muscles are described and listed in four tables.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Toxicology of intrahepatic arterial administration of interventional phosphorus-32 glass microspheres to domestic pigs.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the toxic response to intrahepatic arterial administration of radioactive phosphorus-32 glass microspheres (32P-GMS) in domestic pigs. METHODS: Through selective catheterization of hepatic artery, 32P-GMS was infused to 5 healthy domestic pigs in a dosage equivalent to the therapeutic dose for human being, and 31P-GMS was infused to other 5 healthy domestic pigs. Two pigs served as the whole course blank controls. One pig from each group was surrendered to euthanasia at week 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16, respectively, and liver biopsies were performed on the rest of pigs at the corresponding time points. Liver tissues from different sites were taken for light and electron microscopy. The ultrastructural histopathological changes were evaluated semiquantitatively. RESULTS: The accumulative amount of 32P-GMS in the target tissue attained more than 90% of the total dose administrated. Histologically, abnormal hepatocytes were easily found at week 1 or 2. At week 4 they were less than at week 1 or 2, and endothelium of the sinuses were damaged prominently. At week 8 they were scarcely seen, and liver tissue recovered gradually. The histological features of liver tissue restored to normal at week 16. Semiquantitative analysis of ultrastructural morphology in the experimental group showed no statistical difference (P > 0.50) between the nuclear abnormality (Nabn) and mitochrondrial variability (Mvar) at week 1 or 2, but revealed prominent difference (P < 0.01, P < 0.001) as compared with those in other groups. In the experimental group the Nabn in tissues showed no significant difference (P > 0.20) between week 8 and week 16. CONCLUSION: 32P-GMS internal irradiation at the dosage equivalent to human therapeutic dosage exerts reversible injury to domestic pig liver tissue, and it takes more than 8 weeks for the injured liver tissue to recover.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Availability of irrigation water for domestic use in Pakistan: its impact on prevalence of diarrhoea and nutritional status of children.

This study assessed whether availability of water for domestic use had any impact on nutritional status of children in an area where people depend on irrigation water for all their domestic water needs. During May 1998-April 1999, data on the occurrence of diarrhoea among 167 children aged less than five years were collected from 10 villages in the command area of the Hakra 6R canal in southern Punjab, Pakistan. Anthropometric measurements were taken at the end of the study period. Additional surveys were conducted to collect information on the availability of water, sanitary facilities, hygiene, and socioeconomic status. Height-for-age and longitudinal prevalence of diarrhoea were used as outcome measures. Quantity of water available in households was a strong predictor of height-for-age and prevalence of diarrhoea. Children from households with a large storage capacity for water in the house had a much lower prevalence of diarrhoea and stunting than children from families without this facility. Having a toilet was protective for diarrhoea and stunting. Increased quantity of water for domestic use and provision of toilet facilities were the most important interventions to reduce burden of diarrhoea and malnutrition in this area. An integrated approach to water management is needed in irrigation schemes, so that supply of domestic water is given priority when allocating water in time and space within the systems.

Body Height↗

PubMed2002

[Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of domestic fixed-dose combination of antituberculosis drugs].

OBJECTIVE To study the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of domestic fixed-dose of antituberculosis drugs and to evaluate its quality and activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS The MIC was determined by the tube doubling dilution method, and the effect of the drugs was assessed by half survival time of the mice. A single oral dose of domestic and imported fixed-dose combination of antituberculosis drugs was given to healthy volunteers, and the drug concentration in serum was determined by HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters and the relative bioavailability were calculated. RESULTS The MIC of each composition in the compound (INH, RFP, PZA) against Mycobacterium tuberculosis was lower than that of each composition used by single-dose. In a murine tuberculosis model, the antituberculosis activity of this compound drug was superior to that of each agent used alone with the same dose. No significant difference was found as compared to the imported drug, Refater; The major pharmacokinetic parameters of the domestic and the imported drugs, t (1/2), C (max), AUC, and t(max), were not significantly different. Statistical analysis showed the two formulations were bioequivalent. CONCLUSION The three compositions in the combination had synergistic effect, and the domestic and the imported drugs were bioequivalent.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Support and education: the role of the domestic violence coordinator.

The domestic violence coordinator is a relatively new role that has evolved due to increased awareness of the long-term health issues that result from domestic abuse. Health professionals have a vital role in the identification, assessment and response to domestic violence. In order to provide this support the professionals themselves require the appropriate knowledge and skills. The domestic violence coordinator's role is multifaceted; it incorporates effective education and training, and provides the essential link between clinical and community environments.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Treatment of domestic sewage in a combined UASB/RBC system. Process optimization for irrigation purposes.

A Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) was fed with raw domestic wastewater or anaerobic effluents. The experiments were conducted at increasing operational temperatures viz. 11, 20 and 30 degrees C to assess the potential increase in removal efficiencies for the different COD fractions (COD(total), COD(suspended), COD(colloidal) and COD(soluble)), E. coli and in the nitrification rate. The results clearly show that, the RBC at HRT of 2.5 h and OLR of 47 g COD/m2 x d provided a very high residual COD(total) value of 228 mg/l when treating domestic wastewater. This was not the case as compared to the results obtained for the system when operated at the same HRT but at lower OLR's of 27, 20 and 14.5 g COD/m2 x d with a UASB effluent at operational temperatures of 11, 20 and 30 degrees C respectively. The residual COD(total) values amounted to 100, 85 and 72 mg/l in the final effluents. Moreover, a high removal of ammonia and low residual values of E. coli was found for the RBC when treating a UASB effluent at operational temperature of 30 degrees C as compared to the situation for treatment of domestic wastewater and UASB effluent at lower temperatures of 11 and 20 degrees C. It can be concluded that an efficient pre-treatment of sewage implies a substantial reduction of OLR applied to the RBC and consequently improves the residual of COD(total) ammonia and E. coli in the final effluent. Therefore, this study supports using a combined system UASB/RBC for treatment of domestic wastewater for reuse in irrigation.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1992

A review of spontaneous ulcer disease in domestic animals: chickens, cattle, horses, and swine.

The human species is perhaps unique for its high incidence of spontaneous, chronic ulcer of the glandular mucosa of the stomach and duodenum. Nevertheless, spontaneous ulcers, usually of the stomach, commonly occur in many domestic animals. Some of these lesions are chronic and they may occur in either the glandular or squamous-lined regions of the stomach. As with the human disease(s) the pathogenesis in domestic animals is multifactorial, poorly understood, and variable between and within species. Some parallelisms exist in aggressive and defensive factors, but parasitic factors, via gastrinemia, and a histaminic factor via diet may occur in some animal ulcers. Underlying environmental stresses, of debated importance with the human disease but of proven importance in several rat ulcer models, may play a key role in some spontaneous gastric ulcer situations in swine and cattle. This is manifest in crowding and transporting situations. Seasonal, age, and weaning factors also alter the incidence of ulcer in cattle. Psychologic/environmental stress-related factors, as well as drug and physiologic stress factors appear to upset the balance in the horse between resistance and aggressive mucosal factors. Dietary factors which are highly important in ulcer disease in swine and chickens, have not yet been incriminated in spontaneous, equine ulcer disease. More investigation of the pathogenesis of domestic animal ulcers will prove useful for both human and veterinary medicine in terms of a) elucidating pathogenetic mechanisms for all species, b) may provide new animal models for study, and c) may enhance prevention of such lesions in domestic animals for economic and humanitarian reasons.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Performance evaluation of an UASB reactor used for combined treatment of domestic sewage and excess aerobic sludge from a trickling filter.

This work aimed at evaluating the influence of the excess sludge produced in a trickling filter (TF) on the performance of a UASB reactor used for the combined treatment of domestic sewage and aerobic sludge. During phase 1 of the research, the UASB reactor/TF system was fed with domestic sewage pumped directly from the sewer collector of Arrudas stream, in Belo Horizonte-Brazil. During phase 2, besides feeding the reactor with domestic sewage, the UASB reactor was also fed with the aerobic sludge from the trickling filter. The UASB reactor, with a volume of 420 litres, was operated at a mean hydraulic detention time of 5.6 hours in both operational phases. After 133 days of continuous monitoring, no detrimental effect was noticed on the performance of the UASB reactor regarding the return of the aerobic sludge produced in the TF. On the contrary, the COD results indicated a higher percentage of compliance with the discharge standards set forth by the Brazilian environmental legislation. During phase 2 of the research, when the UASB reactor was used for combined treatment of domestic sewage and excess aerobic sludge from the TF, the anaerobic effluent presented mean concentrations of 108 mgCOD x L(-1), 57 mgBOD x L(-1) and 18 mgTSS x L(-1).

Bacteria, Aerobic↗

PubMed2002

[Histological evaluation of domestic poly-DL-lactic acid membranes for periodontal guided tissue regeneration].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the possibility of domestic poly-DL-lactic acid membranes as barriers during periodontal guided tissue regeneration. METHODS: Two-wall intrabony defects were made by artificially removing buccal and distal alveolar bone from the distal roots of the second, third and fourth mandibular premolars as well as the first mandibular molars of dogs. These experiment defects received four membranes (PDLLA, ePTFE, COL, Vicryl ) respectively for GTR, the control treated without membrane. Animals were sacrificed for histological evaluation and histometric analysis 2,4,8 weeks after surgery. RESULTS: Domestic poly-DL-lactic acid membranes for periodontal guided tissue regeneration only induce a non-specific inflammation, which began its bioresorption at 4 weeks after surgery. Just like the other GTR materials including Vicryl mesh,domestic poly-DL-lactic acid membrane acts as barrier preventing the apical downgrowth of gingival epithelium and prompting periodontal tissue regeneration. As compared with the control, PDLLA exhibited its more effects 4 weeks after surgery, there is statistically difference between them. CONCLUSION: Domestic poly-DL-lactic acid membranes exhibit excellent biocompatibility, as a guided tissue regenerative materials, it may have beneficial effects in the treatment of 2-wall periodontal intrabony defects.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1999

[Observation in vivo histological response induced by imlplanted domestic poly-DL-lactic acid plates]

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the histological response and biocompatibility to implanted domestic PDLLA plates in vivo METHODS:Bilateral artificial fractures were created in mandibular bodies in dog and internal fixed with domestic PDLLA plate,TM plate respectively;meanwhile,a domestic PDLLA plate was imlplanted in femur.The interfacial soft tissue around the plates were collected and performed histological study RESULTS:All the skin wound healed well without abscess and fistula formation. From 2 to 4 weeks after the operation,the inflmmatory granulomatous response around the intenal fixation PDLLA plates was more serious than that of the control,in which more macrophages,plasmocytes and less lymphocytes,mononuclear cells infiltrated CONCLUSION:Domestic PDLLA plate is an inert internal fixation material with good biocompatibility, which induced a non-speciflc foreign reaction

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

[Observation of the biodegradation of domestic poly-DL-lactic acid plates in vivo]

OBJECTIVE:To analyze the degradation and related factors of domestic poly-DL-lactic acid(PDLLA) plates in vivo. METHODS: The artifical transverse fractures in mandibular bodies of dogs were created and internal fixed with domestic PDLLA plates as experimental group,the implanted PDLLA plates in femurs as control.A certain time after the operation,the plates in fractured and implanted regions were collected and undertaken macroscopy and scanning electromicroscopy(SEM),meanwhile the fracture-healing status was evaluated. RESULTS: With time going on,the surface of domestic PDLLA plates y and density of micro-holes among poly-DL-lactic acid molecules in the PDLLA plates increased gradually.16-20 weeks Domestic PDLLA plates can be gradually biodegradation in vivo,in which it is correspondent with and accelerative the fracture-healing process.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2004

Assessment of microbial infection risks posed by ingestion of water during domestic water use and full-contact recreation in a mid-southern African region.

A customised Water-related Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (WRQMRA) process was used to determine risk of infection to water ingested by users in the south-eastern Free State, South Africa. The WRQMRA consisted of an observed-adverse-effect-level approach (OAELA) and a quantitative microbial risk assessment (QMRA). The OAELA was based on the occurrence of E. coli in the study waters to determine the possible risk of infection and the QMRA probable risk of infection by salmonellae. The WRQMRA was applied to recreational surface resource waters as well as waters from an unprotected spring and waters from the treated municipal supply that were stored in containers for domestic purposes. E. coli numbers were measured against expected infection levels expressed in water quality guidelines, while Salmonella counts were calculated to give the probable infection risk (Pi). Ingestion was based on intake volumes compiled for the various water uses. E. coli occurred in numbers <10(6) in the surface waters, while the untreated spring and treated supply water contained E. coli of <10(2) and <10(1) respectively. Salmonella occurred in numbers of <10(3) in recreational waters, and <10(-1) in water used for domestic purposes. A single exposure to the mean (as well as 95th percentile) risk was calculated using a beta-Poisson dose-response model at ingestion volumes of 100 mL (for full-contact recreation) and 1,318 mL (for domestic water use). Both the OAELA and the QMRA approaches indicated a risk of infection to recreational and domestic water users, even for a single exposure event, with the OAELA either over- or under-estimating the risk of infection for singular exposure events. This indicated that this method, used on its own, could not reliably predict a realistic risk of infection. It is recommended that the full WRQMRA process be used, and further developed to address several uncertainties that became evident during this study.

Drinking↗

PubMed2004

[Determination of octreotide in human plasma by HPLC-MS with solid-phase extraction and study on the relative bioavailability of domestic and imported octreotide injections].

AIM: To establish an HPLC-MS method for determination of octreotide in plasma and study the relative bioavailability of domestic and imported octreotide injections. METHODS: Octreotide in plasma samples were extracted with a Waters solid-phase extraction mini column. HPLC-MS was carried out using a Waters Xetrra C18 column and a mobile phase consisting of CH3 OH-1% HAc (80 : 20), the flow rate was 0.2 mL x min(-1), and the internal standard was 6, 7, 4'-OH-isoflavone, the SIR ions for quantification were m/z 1 014.4 for octreotide and m/z 317.6 for internal standard. A single dose of 200 microg of domestic or imported preparations was intramuscularly given to 18 healthy volunteers in a randomized crossover study. Octreotide concentration in plasma was determined by LC-MS method. The pharmacokinetics and bioavailability were studied. RESULTS: The regressive curve was linear (r = 0.9997) within the range of 0.5 - 40 microg x L(-1) for octreotide. The pharmacokinetics parameters of domestic and imported injection were reply to one compartment model. The mean C(max) were (19 +/- 10) microg x L(-1) and (19 +/- 11) microg x L(-1), T(max) were (0.50 +/- 0.15) h and (0.52 +/- 0.20) h, T1/2 were (1.5 +/- 0.8) h and (1.5 +/- 0.8) h, AUC(0-7 h) were (50 +/- 25) h x microg x L(-1) and (50 +/- 25) h x microg x L(-1), respectively. The relative bioavailability of domestic to imported injection was 101% +/- 10%. CONCLUSION: The method is accurat and sensible for assay of plasma octreotide concentration. The results of statistics showed the two preparations were bioequivalent.

Area Under Curve↗

PubMed2004

[Prevalence of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus in domestic pigs: an epidemiological investigation in Shandong province].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the epidemiological significance of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome virus (HFRSV) infection in domestic pigs in Shandong province, and study the role of domestic pigs in the prevalence of HFRS. METHODS: Epidemiological investigation was performed in 4 cities of Shandong province. Reversed passive hemagglutination assay (RPHA), reversed passive hemagglutination inhibition (RPHI), HPR-SPA, immunofluorescent antibody (IFA), and reverse transcriptional PCR (RT-PCR) were used to detect antigen and antibody of HFRSV. RESULTS: HFRSV antigen and antibody were detected in the heart, liver, lung, spleen, kidney, blood, urine, and stool of domestic pigs as well as in the sewage of the pigpen facilities. The positivity rate of HFRSV antigen ranged from 3.33% to 5.00% in the organ of pigs, and HFRSV positivity rate in the blood, urine, stool, and sewage was 3.67%, 7.04%, 2.51%, and 5.56%, respectively, with a total serum antibody positivity rate of 1.96%. The virus was isolated from the HFRSV antigen-positive samples, and could infect many organs after artificial infection of the pigs. HFRSV antigen can be detected in suckling rat brain and histopathological examination suggested transient pathological changes in such organs as the liver, lung and kidney. HFRSV may proliferate in pigs and was discharged through multiple routes. CONCLUSION: Domestic pigs can be the host of HFRSV for the viral transmission.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

An STR forensic typing system for genetic individualization of domestic cat (Felis catus) samples.

A forensic genotyping panel of 11 tetranucleotide STR loci from the domestic cat was characterized and evaluated for genetic individualization of cat tissues. We first examined 49 candidate STR loci and their frequency assessment in domestic cat populations. The STR loci (3-4 base pair repeat motifs), mapped in the cat genome relative to 579 coding loci and 255 STR loci, are well distributed across the 18 feline autosomes. All loci exhibit Mendelian inheritance in a multi-generation pedigree. Eleven loci that were unlinked and were highly heterozygous in cat breeds were selected for a forensic panel. Heterozygosity values obtained for the independent loci, ranged from 0.60-0.82, while the average cat breed heterozygosity obtained for the 11 locus panel was 0.71 (range of 0.57-0.83). A small sample set of outbred domestic cats displayed a heterozygosity of 0.86 for the 11 locus panel. The power of discrimination of the panel is moderate to high in the cat breeds examined, with an average P(m) of 3.7E-06. The panel shows good potential for genetic individualization within outbred domestic cats with a P(m) of 5.31E-08. A multiplex protocol, designed for the co-amplification of the 11 loci and a gender-identifying locus, is species specific and robust, generating a product profile with as little as 0.125 nanograms of genomic DNA.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Domestic health expenditure in Hong Kong: 1989/90 to 2001/02.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the total domestic health expenditure in Hong Kong between fiscal years 1989/90 and 2001/02, with breakdown by financing source, provider, and function over time. METHODS: The standard health accounting methods as per the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development System of Health Accounts guidelines of 2000 were adopted. RESULTS: Total domestic health expenditure was $68,620 million in the fiscal year 2001/02. In real terms, expenditure grew at an average rate of 7% while gross domestic product increased by 4% during the same period. This indicates a growing share of health spending relative to gross domestic product, from 3.8% in 1989/90 to 5.5% in 2001/02. This upward trend was largely driven by increased public spending that rose 208% in real terms over the period, compared with 76% for private spending. Out-of-pocket payments by households accounted for about 70% of private spending while employers and insurance accounted for 28%. Private insurance plays an increasingly important role in financing private spending whereas household expenditure has shown a corresponding decrease during the period. Expenditure incurred at providers of ambulatory services and hospitals accounted for more than 70% of total health expenditure during the observed period. Hospitals' share of total spending increased by 18%, reaching 45% of total expenditure in 2001/02, whilst the share of providers of ambulatory services reduced to 30% in 2001/02. The two largest functional components of total health expenditure were ambulatory care (35-41%) and in-patient curative care (20-27%). Public spending generally financed in-patient curative care and ambulatory services; private spending was concentrated on ambulatory services and medical goods outside the patient care setting. CONCLUSION: These data provide important information for the public, policymakers, and researchers to assess the performance of the health care system longitudinally, and to evaluate health expenditure-related policies.

Ambulatory Care↗