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How to protect your eyes from solar retinopathy.
On August 11, in Belgium a solar eclipse will occur which will be total in the Southern area of the country. Although the observation of a solar eclipse is an intriguing phenomenon, inappropriate shielding from the sunlight can cause irreversible ocular lesions. Besides good absolute absorption of visible light, a blocking of ultraviolet and infrared light is equally important. In this study, four homemade sun filters were tested: a soot-blackened piece of glass, a black unexposed developed slide film, an audio-CD and a recordable CD-ROM. Also two commercially available filters were investigated: eclipse-shades and mylar foil. The soot-blackened glass and black slide film slip were highly transparent for infrared light, making them dangerous for solar observation. The recordable CD-ROM was too transparent for visible light to serve as solar filter, while the audio-CD tested absorbed enough visible, ultraviolet and infrared light to make it suitable for eclipse viewing. However, many types of audio-CD's are available making it impossible for the observer to know if a given CD is safe to use for solar viewing. Both commercially available solar filters tested had a good absolute visible light absorption, as well as an equally good absorption of ultraviolet and infrared light, making them safe for eclipse observation.
Eye mask for phototherapy.
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Over-the-counter yellow ultraviolet light protective lenses: any benefit for individuals with diabetes mellitus?
The use of yellow UV protective lenses did improve some individual's ability to see even under artificial and controlled circumstances. Each test, although given in random order, cannot be interpreted to demonstrate the full range of benefit. The improvement for most was modest. Any improvement was most likely due to increased contrast. Light of a short wavelength is scattered more than long wavelength light. The yellow UV protective lenses block light of a short wavelength, thus reducing scatter and increasing contrast. Therefore, patients with visual problems of increased scatter would be expected to demonstrate the greatest improvement. We did not test for the duration of benefit. Subjective reports, from other patients, who have routinely used these lenses (only yellow lens-naive patients were included in the trial) suggest that the benefit increased with duration of use. Patients who routinely use the yellow UV protective lenses state that due to the increased contrast, they squint less. This seems to be most true at dusk. These regular users note that both their eyes are less tired and driving, in particular, is less stressful with the use of yellow lenses. The small benefit might conceivably be magnified in a real world setting. Given that the lenses cost only $10 to $15 and can be purchased in any sporting goods store, even our small measured improvement is likely to be worthwhile. Finally, patients were tested with "off-the-shelf" yellow lenses. To benefit patients the study was designed for their convenience and the low purchase price. The color of the lenses can be chosen to maximize the desired effect. We did not test various wavelength yellow lenses. Consequently, there may be better, albeit more expensive, yellow/orange lenses which might be designed explicitly for this purpose. In summary, the use of these yellow "sunglasses" might provide some improvement in sight for diabetic patients while keeping expense to a minimum.
Injury prevention: where do we go from here?
BACKGROUND: Most eye injuries are preventable. Military personnel, workers, athletes, and other spectacle wearers--especially children and the functionally one-eyed--who require protection from impact, should expect that safety eye-wear actually protects. PURPOSE: To present to eye care professionals the current state-of-the-art in eye injury prevention. METHODS: A review of the current eye protection standards, guidelines, and warnings for the activities of daily living, work, hobbies, education, and sports with emphasis on the importance of standards and the role of the recently organized Protective Eyewear Certification Council (PECC). CONCLUSIONS: The prescriber and dispenser are obliged to prescribe, fabricate, and dispense safe and effective eyewear. PECC will help the eye care professional fulfill this obligation.
[Special glasses].
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Blinded by the light: eye risks and the eclipse.
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[Eye protection for servicemen under battle conditions by the use of special glasses].
The paper substantiates a possibility of eye protection for military men in combat with special glasses and corrective spectacles. It shows that explosive shrapnel wounds dominate over the gunshot ones of visual organs. In the overwhelming majority of cases they are produced by small splinters with kinetic energy less than 18 J. It is found that the high-impact resistant polymeric optical material can be used for effective eye protection, which should result in a considerable reduction of eye wounds.
[Incidence and risk factors for eye injuries sustained at fairs: metal particles in the eye after a ride of dodg'em cars].
OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of fair eye and its determinants. DESIGN: Inventory and case referent study. METHOD: All general practices (370) in the middle and south of Limburg, the Netherlands, were asked to report patients with a 'faireye' after having visited a fair in this region (population approximately 866,000) in a 6-week period during the late summer of 1997. Personal data of these patients were obtained by telephone interview. A case referent study was performed to establish the potential protectiveness of wearing glasses, lenses or a cap. RESULTS: 88% of the general practices responded. These reported a total of 40 patients with a fair eye. There were 41 fairs with dodgem cars during the observation period (a relation between dodgem cars and faireyes has been suggested). In the study area the incidence of fair eye was 5 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. Of the 36 responding patients 26 (72%) were male, 97% were 10-19 years old, and 69% had had 11-20 rides in dodgem cars. Glasses (3%), lenses (0%), or a cap (6%) were rarely worn during the rides. The complaints related to the fair eye were: pain in the eye (64%), an irritated eye (42%), a red eye (41%), an inflamed eye (17%), tears (11%) and photophobia (8%). The odds ratio for wearing glasses or lenses in comparison with a sample of the general Dutch population, standardised for age and sex, was 0.1 (95% confidence interval: 0.01-0.69). CONCLUSION: With 5 per 100,000 inhabitants per year fair eye is a regular complaint in general practice in South and Middle Limburg. The metal particles involved probably come from dodgem attractions, which usually move weekly to another town or village between March and November. Wearing glasses or lenses is rare in patients with fair eyes. It is advisable to wear protective goggles when riding dodgem cars.
Penetrating eye injury in war.
The percentage of penetrating eye injuries in war has increased significantly in this century compared with the total number of combat injuries. With the increasing use of fragmentation weapons and possibly laser weapons on the battle-field in the future, the rate of eye injuries may exceed the 13% of the total military injuries found in Operations Desert Storm/Shield. During the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), eye injuries revealed that retained foreign bodies and posterior segment injuries have an improved prognosis in future military ophthalmic surgery as a result of modern diagnostic and treatment modalities. Compared with the increasing penetrating eye injuries on the battlefield, advances in ophthalmic surgery are insignificant. Eye armor, such as visors that flip up and down and protect the eyes from laser injury, needs to be developed. Similar eye protection is being developed in civilian sportswear. Penetrating eye injury in the civilian sector is becoming much closer to the military model and is now comparable for several reasons.
[Corneal abrasion after general anesthesia despite application of eye patches].
A 37-year-old man with exophthalmos underwent resection of the left apical peridontal cyst under general anesthesia. Eye patches (Opticlude) without adherence to epibulbar area were used during anesthesia and surgery. At the end of the surgery, his left eyelid was noted to be incompletely closed. His left bulbar conjunctiva showed marked conjestion with severe pain. Staining with fluorescein dye demonstrated corneal abrasion in the lower third of the left eye. The corneal abrasion healed in two days after topical treatment.
Blood safety survey shows room for improvement.
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Much ado about nothing.
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The unseen risk in your office.
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Task-dependent constraints in motor control: pinhole goggles make the head move like an eye.
In the 19th century, Donders observed that only one three-dimensional eye orientation is used for each gaze direction. Listing's law further specifies that the full set of eye orientation vectors forms a plane, whereas the equivalent Donders' law for the head, the Fick strategy, specifies a twisted two-dimensional range. Surprisingly, despite considerable research and speculation, the biological reasons for choosing one such range over another remain obscure. In the current study, human subjects performed head-free gaze shifts between visual targets while wearing pinhole goggles. During fixations, the head orientation range still obeyed Donders' law, but in most subjects, it immediately changed from the twisted Fick-like range to a flattened Listing-like range. Further controls showed that this was not attributable to loss of binocular vision or increased range of head motion, nor was it attributable to blocked peripheral vision; when subjects pointed a helmet-mounted laser toward targets (a task with goggle-like motor demands but normal vision), the head followed Listing's law even more closely. Donders' law of the head only broke down (in favor of a "minimum-rotation strategy") when head motion was dissociated from gaze. These behaviors could not be modeled using current "Donders' operators" but were readily simulated nonholonomically, i.e., by modulating head velocity commands as a function of position and task. We conclude that the gaze control system uses such velocity rules to shape Donders' law on a moment-to-moment basis, not primarily to satisfy perceptual or anatomic demands, but rather for motor optimization; the Fick strategy optimizes the role of the head as a platform for eye movement, whereas Listing's law optimizes rapid control of the eye (or head) as a gaze pointer.
Sports-related ocular injuries.
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Eyewear saves a welder's sight.
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[Solarium: bilateral epithelial keratitis of the nasal half of the cornea].
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