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PubMed1976

Artificial insemination donor: clinical and psychologic aspects.

Forty-four sterile sterile couples in whom the main cause of infertility was the male factor were investigated. Artificial insemination donor (AID) was performed, timed according to the basal body temperature chart. It was found that it is important to match not only the physical appearance of the couple to that of the donor but also the blood group of at least one of the future parents. Patients were interviewed by a psychologist in order to define their marital relationship, their attitude toward the infertility, their feelings about AID in comparison to adoption, their attitude toward the donor and pregnancy, and their attitude toward their physician. The role of the psycholgist in AID treatment was found to be important for careful selection of cases. He can also guide and prepare these couples to face family life in the future.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunological usefulness of semen manipulation for artificial insemination homologous (AIH) in subjects with antisperm antibodies bound to sperm surface.

The authors report trials carried out in the preparation of semen for homologous artificial insemination in subjects with antisperm autoantibodies. The tests have demonstrated that swim-up is not able to select spermatozoa free of antibodies bound to the sperm surface. All the experiments of migration, dilution, antigenic competition and cryoconservation, carried out to evaluate the theoretical possibility of a better recovery of non "immunologically compromised" spermatozoa, have confirmed such negative results both with the Immunobead Test and Cytofluorimetric analysis.

Autoantibodies↗
PubMed1985

Systematic environmental, direct, and service sire effects on conception rate in artificially inseminated Holstein cows.

Result of insemination was verified for 329,314 artificial inseminations by 882 service sires to 97,245 Holstein cows in 1,075 herds between May 1970 and December 1983. Estimates of systematic environmental and genetic components of cow and service sire components of conception rate were obtained preliminary to development of a fertility monitoring system. Conception rate was 2.9% higher in stanchion than loose housed herds and 2.3% higher in grade than registered cows. Fall months were superior to winter months, the greatest difference being 6.1% between October and January. Conception rate increased with herd milk production, decreased with both increased cow age, and increased herd size in mature and old cows. Regions and inseminators within regions were highly variable. Conception may be influenced by semen price; however, week day of insemination and duration of semen storage had no effect. Conception rate decreased for semen by bulls 8 yr and older, was lowest for semen harvested in June, but no season of collection effect was detected. No genetic trends for cow and service sire conception rate were found; heritability and repeatability were .08 and .06, respectively. Genetic correlations between cow and service sire conception rate and these components with first lactation production and semen output measures were all near zero. Therefore, the relationship between sire fertility and daughter fertility is near zero.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Artificial insemination with frozen sperm: protocol, method of analysis and results for 1188 women.

The experience of a sperm bank during a five year period is reported. Artificial insemination by donor (AID) was carried out on 1188 women using frozen sperm prepared in doses of 0.25 ml. A single insemination was called for during each of the first two cycles. The patients were classified in 4 categories: lost to follow-up, successes, dropouts and open cases. The success rate per cycle was about 10 per cent and was very stable for each of the first 12 cycles. The cumulative success rate was calculated by the life table technique adapted for AID analysis. A theoretical success rate (without dropouts) and an effective success rate (with dropouts) were calculated. These two rates were 68 and 55 per cent respectively after 12 cycles. The median delay to conception was 7 and 9 cycles, respectively, under theoretical and effective conditions. The spontaneous abortion rate (17 per cent) and sex-ratio (106 males for 100 females) resemble those for natural reproduction but the success rat per cycle was markedly lower even after adjusting for age.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Degelification of alpaca semen and the effect of dilution rates on artificial insemination outcome.

Degelification of highly viscous alpaca semen was attempted using two enzymes: trypsin and collagenase. Dilution effect on artificial insemination was determined in alpacas. Semen from 4 male alpacas was collected, degelified, diluted, and inseminated into 80 female alpacas. Degelification was achieved adding trypsin and collagenase enzymes to fresh semen samples. Semen was diluted with egg-yolk glucose citrate to give concentrations of 4, 8, and 12 million spermatozoa/mL. Females were induced to ovulate with human chorionic gonadotropin and then inseminated deep into the uterine horns. Analysis of variance was used to determine differences in the effect of trypsin and collagenase on sperm acrosome and on motility and live spermatozoa. The chi-square test was used to determine differences in pregnancy of artificially inseminated females. Semen was degelified with different concentrations of trypsin and collagenase. There were differences (p < .05) in the pregnancy rate of female alpacas inseminated with 4 million (53.3%), 8 million (66.7%), and 12 million sperm/mL (61.5%). Alpaca semen may be degelified using trypsin and/or collagenase. It seems that 8 million sperm/mL is adequate for artificial insemination in alpacas.

Acrosome↗
PubMed1990

Artificial insemination with fresh donor semen.

A review is given of the use of fresh donor semen for therapeutic artificial insemination. This includes a section on the legal, ethical, and psychological aspects as seen from the point of view of various cultures. Topics covered are the indications for donor insemination, the selection of donors, and the techniques in common use. The success rate is described together with the sex ratio of the neonates. Short mention is made of short-term office semen preservation and the obsolete technique of mixed husband-donor insemination.

Ethics↗
PubMed1984

Swine diseases transmissible with artificial insemination.

The transport of fresh and frozen semen to be used for artificial insemination creates a mode of disease transmission between farms. Normally, semen contains a number of nonpathogenic bacterial contaminants; however, excessive bacterial contamination can result in infertile matings. Contamination with a known pathogen, eg, Brucella suis, could initiate a serious outbreak of disease in a recipient herd. Methods to minimize bacterial contamination of semen include sanitary collecting and processing of semen, isolation of boards from certain pathogens, and the addition of appropriate broad spectrum or combination antibiotics to the semen. Mycoplasmas also have been isolated from semen, although transmission by this route is unlikely. The addition of an appropriate antimycoplasmal antibiotic to semen may be warranted in some situations. Numerous viruses have been detected in semen. Their exclusion from semen is especially critical because of their ability to survive in frozen semen. These viruses include pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus, enterovirus, adenovirus, vesicular disease virus, and African swine fever virus. The likelihood of disease transmission is greater with the introduction of a boar into a herd than through the use of fresh or frozen semen. We believe that artificial insemination allows for the introduction of new genetics into a breeding program, with minimal risk of disease transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Successful gamete intrafallopian transfer following failed artificial insemination by donor: evidence for a defect in gamete transport?

Gamete intrafallopian transfer (GIFT) was offered as an alternative treatment to 48 women who failed to conceive after artificial insemination with donor semen (AID) in numerous attempts (9 to 24 cycles). The evaluation of these women showed no major cause of infertility as evidenced by normal endocrine, cervical, uterine, and tubal factor studies. Their partners were either azoospermic or severely oligoasthenospermic. During the GIFT cycle, follicular development was induced with (1) clomiphene citrate (days 3 to 7) plus human menopausal gonadotropins (hMG) from day 6 on or (2) human follicle-stimulating hormone (days 3 to 4) plus hMG (day 5 on), until ultrasound revealed 2 follicles 16 mm and serum estradiol (E2) was greater than 700 pg/ml. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) 10,000 IU was administered, and 36 hours later follicular aspiration was performed. One to three oocytes and 100,000 motile sperm were transferred to each fallopian tube through the fimbria via laparoscopy or minilaparotomy. Twenty-seven clinical pregnancies were achieved (56%) per GIFT cycle. Eight miscarriages occurred during the first trimester (29% of all pregnancies), whereas no ectopic pregnancies were observed. These data conclusively show the value of the GIFT procedure in the treatment of cases with failed AID.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Hybridization between wapiti (Cervus elephus manitobensis) and sika deer (Cervus nippon): a comparison of two artificial insemination techniques.

The present study compared pregnancy rates of sika deer (Cervus nippon) hinds artificially inseminated with frozen-thawed wapiti (Cervus elephus manitobensis) semen by laparoscopic intrauterine or transvaginal/cervical artificial insemination (AI) techniques. Estrous cycles of 59 sika hinds were synchronized with one-half of a norgestomet ear implant. Fourteen days after implant insertion, norgestomet ear implants were removed and hinds received 50 IU of PG-600 intramuscularly, a combination of 50 IU PMSG and 25 IU hCG. Hinds were then randomly allotted for laparoscopic (n = 25) or transvaginal/cervical (n = 34) AI. AI of the hinds with frozen-thawed wapiti semen (40 x 10(6) spermatozoa) was time-fixed to occur at 55 hr for transvaginal/cervical AI and 65 hr for laparoscopic AI postnorgestomet implant removal. Semen deposition for hinds inseminated by transvaginal/cervical AI occurred as follows: vagina. 8.8% (3/34); os cervix, 67.6% (23/34); intracervical, 20.5% (7/34); and uterus, 2.9% (1/34). On day 42 post-AI, transrectal ultrasonography was performed to determine pregnancy rates. Pregnancy rates were not significantly different (P > 0.10) between laparoscopic (8/25, 32.0%) and transvaginal/cervical AI (9/34, 26.4%), with an overall conception rate of 28.8% (17/59). These results indicate that transvaginal/cervical AI techniques can be as effective as laparoscopic AI under some circumstances. Further refinement of the transvaginal/cervical AI technique to improve pregnancy rates might lead to more widespread use of this technique when laparoscopic AI is not possible.

Administration, Intravaginal↗
PubMed1985

Artificial insemination by donor results in relation to husband's semen.

A retrospective analysis was undertaken to determine whether there was any difference in conception and abortion rate in an artificial insemination by donor program between couples whose husbands were azoospermic (group A) and couples whose husbands were severely subfertile (group O). The pregnancy rate was significantly higher in group A (64%) than in group O (47%) (p less than 0.05). The abortion rate was significantly lower in group A (10%) than in group O (23%) (p less than 0.05). This study confirms the opinion of other authors [4, 9] that pregnancy may occur despite severely abnormal semen. In fact, the difference in pregnancy and abortion rate between the two groups could be explained by assuming that the average fertility of the women in group O is lower than that in group A.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗
PubMed1981

Homologous artificial insemination after long-term semen cryopreservation.

Although there are sporadic reports of pregnancies using semen after long-term cryopreservation, there are no data on the success rate of this procedure and its clinical feasibility. Between 1969 and 1980, 475 men deposited semen specimens prior to vasectomy or therapeutic sterilization. Prefreeze sperm counts and motility were significantly higher in the prevasectomy group. Later, 5 wives of 177 vasectomized men and 16 wives of 183 therapeutically sterilized men returned for artificial insemination with their husbands' semen. Only 1 conception resulted among the 21 women. This occurred after a single insemination of a 7-year-old specimen obtained prevasectomy. The post-thaw motility of this specimen (45%) was better than that of most other thawed specimens. Post-thaw motilities were unpredictable despite comparable prefreeze motilities. Because of this unpredictability, semen cryopreservation is clearly no guarantee of "fertility insurance".

Female↗
PubMed2000

Use of bovine somatotropin in lactating dairy cows receiving timed artificial insemination.

Objectives of the research were to examine the effect of bovine somatotropin (bST) on pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol and to test a resynchronization system with two consecutive synchronized services. Lactating Holstein cows (n = 403) were assigned to the following treatments: bST treatment (500 mg) was initiated at 63 +/- 3 d postpartum concomitantly with initiation of the timed artificial insemination protocol or bST treatment was initiated at 105 +/- 3 d postpartum. At 63 +/- 3 d postpartum, all cows received GnRH (100 microg), an injection of PGF2alpha (25 mg) 7 d later, and a GnRH injection at 48 h after PGF2alpha and were inseminated 16 to 20 h later. Cows were reinseminated at detected estrus or resynchronized with a GnRH injection at 20 d after insemination. At 27 d after insemination, cows were examined for pregnancy. Resynchronized cows diagnosed nonpregnant received an injection of PGF2alpha and were inseminated at detected estrus or received an injection of GnRH at 48 h after PGF2alpha and inseminated 16 to 20 h later. Cows pregnant at d 27 were reexamined for pregnancy at 45 d after insemination. First-service pregnancy rates at d 45 were increased in cows not resynchronized that initiated bST treatment at 63 +/- 3 d postpartum, compared with cows initiating bST treatment at 105 +/- 3 d postpartum (37.7 +/- 5.8% and 22.1 +/- 4.2%, respectively), but the effect of bST treatment was not observed when cows were resynchronized (25.6 +/- 4.3% and 25.8 +/- 5.5%, respectively). Thus, bST increased pregnancy rates to a timed artificial insemination protocol.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed2006

Artificial insemination in black-handed spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi).

Artificial insemination (AI) was performed in spider monkeys; these primates are vulnerable to extinction and usually do not reproduce spontaneously in captivity. Uterine cycles were followed by daily assessment of vaginal cytology, and corroborated a posteriori by concentrations of 17-beta estradiol and progesterone, measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA), in fecal samples collected once daily. Five females between 13 to 27 years old were inseminated intravaginally (with fresh semen) twice each during the periovulatory phase (Days 9-12 of the menstrual cycle; Day 0, first day of menstrual bleeding), from September to the first 3 weeks of November (most fertile months). Transcervical AI was not useful in this primate because the liquid portion of the semen completely solidified instead of liquefying as in other primates. Pregnancies were apparently achieved in 5 of 14 attempts. One female became pregnant after the first round of inseminations, delivered a healthy infant, was inseminated and got pregnant again (subsequently aborted). One female aborted, apparently due to an intramural uterine leiomyoma. Another two females stopped menstruating for a few months, then restarted menstruating (these females may have been pregnant and aborted). In conclusion, in spider monkeys: (1) captivity-induced stress did not inhibit reproduction; (2) fecal steroid hormones were useful to assess cyclicity; (3) the semen coagulum, which apparently is a tightly packed and large reservoir of spermatozoa, must not be discarded but used in AI; (4) old female spider monkeys did not have cessation of reproductive function.

Abortion, Veterinary↗