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PubMed2000

[Prevalence of tuberculosis infection in Maghrebian immigrants].

BACKGROUND: Maghrebian immigrants are a high-risk group for tuberculosis. The special features of this group (non-familial grouping [nFG], communication difficulties, illegal status) may have a negative influence on tuberculosis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A descriptive crossover study. Maghrebian immigrants older than 14 years attended at Centro de Salud Collado-Villalba, Madrid, Spain (n = 520). SELECTION: a random, proportional, age and sex-stratified sample (n = 142). Individuals completed a questionnaire in arabic and were subjected to tuberculosis screening tests till they were assigned one of the definitive diagnostic classes of the American Thoracic Society. Data are shown for three cut points of Mantoux: 5, 10 and 15 mm. The univariate and multivariate analysis were based on logistic regression. RESULTS: 80 individuals were tested. Sex ratio 4:1. The prevalence of tuberculosis infection was: Mantoux > or = 5 mm = 76.3%, Mantoux > or = 10 mm = 72.5%, Mantoux > or = 15 mm = 66.3%. Three tuberculosis cases were diagnosed (annual incidence 1.9%). Whatever the cut point considered for Mantoux: masculine sex, age, nFG, years as immigrant living in nFG and, amongst married people, living without their partners in Spain, were identified as risk factors. The number of years as immigrant living in a familiar grouping and the number of family members per house were identified as protective factors. In the sex-adjusted multivariate analysis, age and living in nFG were associated to a higher incidence of infection, whereas the number of people per house was a protective factor. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of tuberculosis infection in Maghrebian immigrants residents in Spain is very high. The particular living conditions of this group may have a negative influence.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

[Employment of Russian immigrants in 1998: summary of research and followup findings].

This study examined trends in the employment of immigrant physicians from the former Soviet Union. We studied the changes in the proportion of immigrants employed as physicians between 1994 and 1998, job characteristics, positions, professional status, and improvement in employment characteristics, professional status, and in wages due to increased seniority. The study population consisted of 7,000 physicians who had immigrated to Israel by June 1992 and had applied to the Ministry of Health for medical licensing. Of these, 726 were interviewed in 1994 and in 1998 all 726 were again approached and 84% were interviewed by telephone. Of those interviewed in 1998, 63% were working as physicians, 21% in another occupation, and 16% were not working at all. Of those with medical licenses, 79% were working as physicians. Of those interviewed in 1994, 93% were still employed as physicians in 1998, and 88% of them had been so employed continuously. As of 1998, 85% of those interviewed had 5 or more years seniority as physicians in Israel, and half had been working for more than 5 years at their current place of employment. The best predictor-variable for employment as a physician in 1998 was employment as a physician in 1994. The proportions of those employed by a public employer, of those earning monthly salaries, and of those with a tenured position, were greater in 1998 than in 1994. In 1998, 70% reported being employed in a authorized staff position. Funding for the salaries of 75% of these physicians came from the budget of their place of employment, not from a grant, stipend, or temporary fund for the assistance of immigrants. These proportions increased with seniority. The proportions of specialists (22%) and residents (37%) had increased in 1998 relative to 1994 (when they were 8% and 23% respectively). In addition, since 1994 gross hourly wages had increased with seniority in real terms by more than 100%. These findings are evidence of work stability and improvement in employment conditions of these immigrant physicians. Further, the 1998 follow-up indicated a trend toward becoming "established" and improvement in professional status. However, it also revealed models of temporary employment, not in compliance with physicians' collective work agreements, a situation that warrants examination. It is also important to examine the implications of the absorption of so many physicians for medical manpower in Israel, and for overall expenditure on health.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Tuberculosis and other infectious diseases in the adolescent immigrant.

Adolescent medicine physicians are frequently the initial contact for adolescents newly arriving in the U.S. and it is important that they recognize the needs of their patients. The adolescent immigrant may be encountered in a school-based health setting, private practice, community health center, or other health care settings. This article begins with a review of the categories of immigrants comprising the adolescent population. It gives an extensive review of tuberculosis among Mexican-American adolescents, detailing history, epidemiology, diagnosis, social factors, and treatment modalities. It further delineates the impact of Mexican tuberculosis control strategies on the practice of medicine in the U.S., and outlines preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic strategies that should be followed in the adolescent immigrant. This article also reviews viral hepatitis in its multiple forms and its impact on the adolescent immigrant. It concludes by delineating prevention practices required for the adolescent immigrant and summarizes the interventions an initial contact physician should undertake upon encountering such adolescents.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

[The fecundity of immigrants to Argentina, the French of Tandil, 1860-1914].

Based on the reconstitution of families of French immigrants who settled in Tandil (Buenos Aires) during the great wave of immigration, this article examines the migrants' fertility. Legitimate births, descendants, proto and intergenesiacal intervals as well as the maternal ages at the final delivery are successively analyzed. The results are then compared with data gathered in the French regime from which the immigrants came. The application of the method perfected by Louis Henry makes possible a micro-discussion of certain hypotheses connecting the demographic transition in Argentina with the arrival of European immigrants. The article's main findings are that there was no voluntary birth control among the immigrants and the determination of their birthrate, which was midway between that existing in their native regions in France and that of the local population in Argentina.

Argentina↗

PubMed2001

Suicide in Croatia and in Croatian immigrant groups in Australia and Slovenia.

AIM: To compare suicide rates in Australia, Slovenia, and Croatia with suicide rates in Croatian immigrant groups in Australia and Slovenia in a 10-year period. METHOD: We analyzed records for completed suicides of the residents of Australia in a decade between 1988 and 1997 and Croatia and Slovenia in a decade between 1985 and 1994. The Croatian Catholic Centers in Australia had 31 completed suicides reported in their Parish Registries in the decade between 1985 and 1994. In Slovenia, 141 completed suicides of Croats were reported in the same decade by the Institute of Public Health of Republic of Slovenia. RESULTS: The suicide rate and method of suicide in the Croatian immigrant group in Slovenia (26.01/100,000/year; 60% of hanging) converged towards those of the host country (31.43/100,000/year; 76% of hanging), perhaps as a function of the years since migration from Croatia (22.53/100,000/year; 42% of hanging). Somewhat higher male-female ratio in this immigration group (3.55) could be explained by their lower social status. Surprisingly low suicide rate was calculated for the immigration group in Australia (3.10/100,000/year). CONCLUSION: Croat immigrants to Australia have the lowest suicide rate, but the highest male-female suicide ratio, which could be a consequence of underreporting of suicides by Croatian Catholic Centers in Australia. Different suicide data sources can be a source of significant bias in cross-cultural comparison of suicide behavior.

Australia↗

PubMed2002

[Development of a culturally sensitive psychiatric screening instrument for detecting emotional problems among Ethiopian immigrants in Israel].

BACKGROUND: Studies have demonstrated that a large percentage of patients in primary care clinics suffer from emotional problems. Many of the patients who suffer from these problems are not diagnosed properly, and do not receive appropriate treatment by the medical staff. The problem is especially severe for patients who immigrated to Israel from Ethiopia. This is mainly due to the difference between the medical belief system familiar to the Ethiopian immigrants and that of the non-Ethiopian doctors. It is also the result of the use of culturally typical idioms of distress by the Ethiopians that are not clearly understood by the doctors. The WHO developed the SRQ--Self-Reporting Questionnaire, a psychiatric screening instrument to assess populations in developing countries. Although this instrument has been widely used both in developing and developed countries, it has been found to be problematic in certain cultures. The difficulties stem partly from differences between the spontaneous idioms of distress used by the interviewees, for example the Ethiopians, and the idioms of distress that appear in the SRQ. OBJECTIVE: The goal of this research was to develop a psychiatric screening instrument, based on the SRQ, which would be valid and culturally sensitive to Ethiopian immigrants in Israel. METHODS: The sample included 161 immigrants from Ethiopia, aged 18-55 years, who were born in the Gondar region. The interviewees were divided into three groups according to their "level of treatment": healthy individuals from the general population, who were sampled, mainly using the "quota sampling" method, in those cities where a high percentage of Ethiopian immigrants reside; consecutive patients in primary care clinics and in specialist clinics in the same cities; and consecutive patients in care in psychiatric clinics throughout the country. The research instruments included an expanded version of the SRQ (the SRQ-E) and the expanded version of the BPRS--Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. The validity of each question of the SRQ-E was examined in order to create a new psychiatric screening questionnaire that is both valid and parsimonious. The internal consistency and the construct and criterion validity of this new screening questionnaire were then examined. The sensitivity and specificity of the instrument for detecting psychopathology were assessed. RESULTS: The new screening instrument was determined to be valid: a score of 7 distinguishes between those with and without psychopathology, with a sensitivity and a specificity of 87%.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Depression among immigrant Mexican women and Southeast Asian refugee women in the U. S.

Although immigrants and refugees share the experience of adapting to a new country, life experiences and circumstances surrounding leaving their homelands are vastly different. The most salient difference is their motivation for leaving. Immigrants typically leave their homeland to seek improved economic opportunities and/or to join other family members. Refugees leave their homeland under the threat of injury or loss of life due to political or religious persecution and severe deprivation of basic life necessities. Since the decision to migrate is often viewed as a positive change for immigrant women in comparison to refugee women, mental health problems may be under -detected. The researchers will describe the prevalence of depression in two of the largest groups of migrant women in the U.S., immigrant Mexican women (N=220) and refugee Southeast Asian women (N=163). The purpose of this paper is to compare and contrast life circumstances that may impact on the prevalence of depression in both groups of women. The issues presented are important for nurses internationally who assess and design interventions for immigrant and refugee populations of women.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effectiveness of the Immigration Medical Surveillance Program for tuberculosis in Ontario.

BACKGROUND: Citizenship and Immigration Canada (CIC) screens immigrants for TB and permits those with inactive pulmonary TB to enter Canada conditionally, subject to medical surveillance; we studied this program in Ontario. METHOD: This was an administrative database study with linkage of national and provincial data. RESULTS: In 1994-95, 1,341 cases of foreign-born active TB were diagnosed and a CIC record was found for 1,095. 149 (14%) were classified for surveillance and 142 were included in the analysis. A significant proportion (39/142: 27%) were diagnosed either before or as a result of immigration screening in Canada. These persons had arrived as visitors or refugees and were excluded from further analysis. Only 21 of the remaining 103 persons (20%) with immigration screening before the diagnosis of TB adhered to surveillance. Only 1 of 16 (6%) eligible persons was given therapy to prevent future episodes of active TB. Most presented with symptoms (82/103:82%) suggesting potential for TB transmission in Ontario. INTERPRETATION: The current TB surveillance system for high-risk immigrants to Ontario is not effective in identifying and treating latent infection, and thus not effective in preventing future cases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Experience of musculoskeletal pain. Comparison of immigrant and Swedish patient.

We explored differences regarding several psychosocial constructs (e.g. coping with pain) between immigrant (n = 140) and Swedish (n = 446) patients seeking treatment for pain at health and physiotherapy centres. A cross-sectional study design was used. The findings showed that, compared with Swedes, immigrants more often relied on benefits for their support and were more concerned with their financial situation. They also had longer periods of sick-leave. In addition, immigrants felt more disabled, reported more job strain and relied more on passive coping strategies for pain. Finally, they were more emotionally distressed, as they showed more symptoms of burnout, anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress reactions, and lower self-confidence. Multivariate analyses performed separately for immigrant and Swedish patients showed differential patterns of associations between sociodemographic variables, financial strain, emotional distress, perceived disability, passive coping and job strain. We conclude that immigrant patients live under more strained psychosocial conditions and experience a deeper impact of pain than do their Swedish counterparts.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1975

Mass immigration and population dynamics in Israel.

Israel, in her 25 years of existence, received an unprecedented volume of immigration, which was the major source of her high population growth. This immigration was heavily concentrated in the first five years, 1948-1952; mass immigration of 711,000 supplemented an initial population of 630;000. Subsequently, since 1952, a very peculiar age-sex structure has developed: namely, instead of a pyramid, a wide rectangle for the younger age groups "topped" with a narrow pyramid for the older age groups. The peculiar age-sex dynamics is analyzed in relation to the volume of immigration with its uneven time distribution, the age selectivity of migrants and fertility-mortality patterns of migrants. It is concluded that the uneven time distribution of immigration and the higher fertility of migrants are jointly responsible for the development of Israel's peculiar age dynamics, and that the absence of either of these two factors alone would eliminate it. The peculiar dynamics has societal implications in the short and the long run, some of which are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

[Immigrations from the perspective of demography. Impact on health].

Spain has been a crossroads, for confrontation and peaceful living-together. The problems arising from immigration as a mass phenomenon are characteristic of the present times. Variables which define the immigration phenomenon are the attraction to the economically developed countries with an active labour market, while it is inversely related to the distance from the departure countries. The phenomenon is also modified by positive influences as the common language, and by negative factors as the political or social instability. The aging of the populations in developed countries, and the need of labour market, stimulate the immigration phenomenon, which may affect to 2.3% of the population. The reproductive capacity of the population depends not only on biological determinants but also on the heterogeneous culture of immigration, because immigrants are candidates to become stable members of society. There is a logic of discrimination of those which are different. Thus, we need a legislation to establish their rights and duties, as well as an integration policy to favour the cultural diversity.

Communicable Disease Control↗

PubMed1991

Immigration to Israel, January-June 1991.

"This publication presents data on the immigration to Israel in the first half of 1991. In the period under review the number of immigrants to Israel amounted to 110,600...compared to 57,600 immigrants in the first half of 1990 and about 141,900 immigrants in the second half of 1990." About 80 percent of immigrants were from the former Soviet Union, and 17 percent from Ethiopia.

Asia↗

PubMed1984

The household structure of U.S. immigrants and natives.

The household structures of U.S. immigrants and natives are compared in an attempt to assess migrant assimilation. Data from the 1976 Survey of Income and Education are used to "compare actual household structures of immigrants by country of origin to those of natives. Linear probability regression models are estimated to determine whether and to what extent the household structure of immigrants [converges] to that of natives as the number of years that the immigrant has lived in the United States approaches the total years of life....[It is found that] previous immigrants to the United States have adopted in their living arrangements forms of household structure that appear to converge toward those of natives with time in the United States."

Americas↗

PubMed1988

Punjabi orchard farmers: an immigrant enclave in rural California.

Examination of the adaptation patterns of Punjabi Sikh orchard farmers in rural California provides further evidence of ways in which strong ethnic enclaves help to promote rapid economic self-sufficiency among immigrant groups. The discussion emphasizes the need to consider not only the cultural traditions of group members, but also the historical context of immigration and the immigrants' perceptions of their particular situation. The Punjabi case indicates, too, how the 1965 Immigration Act, with its preference for family reunification, has promoted the formation of immigrant enclave.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1989

All about U.S. immigration statistics.

The quality of data collected by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) is assessed, with a focus on differences between U.S. and U.N. definitions of immigrants, emigrants, and refugees. The author suggests that "gaps in migration data collected for the U.S. limit their usefulness for studying international migration and estimating national population change. For example, no information is collected on emigration of legal permanent residents or U.S. citizens, nor is there any direct information on the immigration of U.S. citizens. Data collected on legal immigrants are based on a legal and administrative definition that often conflicts with the demographic definition of an immigrant."

Americas↗

PubMed1991

Dual chain migration: post-1965 Filipino immigration to the United States.

In analyzing Filipino migration to the United States since 1965, the authors identify two distinct chains of immigrants. One derives from the Filipinos who entered the country prior to 1965; the other comes from the flow of highly trained professionals who immigrated during the late 1960s and early 1970s. "To establish the historical basis for the two patterns of immigration that unfolded in the post-1965 period, the article begins with a brief examination of Filipino immigration to the United States. An analysis of the modes of entry used in both chains follows this overview. The study concludes with a discussion of the degree of convergence in these two chains and the consequences of each for contemporary Filipino-American community development." Data are from published U.S. census material and from Immigration and Naturalization Service reports and tapes dating from 1972 to 1985.

Americas↗

PubMed1992

The post-1965 Korean immigrants: their characteristics and settlement patterns.

The authors present an overview of immigration from South Korea to the United States since 1965, "based on data issued by the Immigration and Naturalization Service and the U.S. Bureau of the Census. It will focus on trends in patterns of Korean immigration over the past 25 years, characteristics of the new immigrants, and their settlement patterns. It will use graphs and charts as well as tables.... This paper basically provides descriptive information on the post-1965 Korean immigrants."

Asia↗

PubMed1994

Brazilian immigration to North America.

"This article is a comparative study of Brazilian immigration to Canada and the United States. Analysis of recently collected data in Toronto, Ontario and in a medium-size U.S. community facilitated the examination of the adaptation and adjustment experiences of a new group of immigrants to North America. This article begins with a discussion of the origins of this recent immigrant group and its rapid expansion. Next, it focuses on the labor force activities of Brazilian immigrants and compares and contrasts their experiences in the United States and Canada. A final section examines social adaptation in North America by exploring linguistic and cultural dimensions. This article closes with a section on the future aspirations of these immigrants."

Acculturation↗