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PubMed2003

[Factor structure and validity of a german version of the barratt impulsiveness scale].

OBJECTIVE: Impulsive traits are key characteristics in a number of psychiatric disorders and are part of the normal behavior spectrum. The BIS-5 is an instrument developed to assess impulsivity. The aim of this study is to evaluate the BIS-5 in two German psychiatric inpatient samples and healthy controls proving the originally proposed four-factor structure as well as convergent and discriminate validity. METHODS: 159 alcohol-dependent subjects and 77 suicidal inpatients were recruited in an University psychiatric hospital. 182 healthy subjects were recruited from town community. BIS-5 items were translated and back-translated. Principal component analysis with oblique rotation was conducted in the whole group. Furthermore, the discriminate and convergent validity of the BIS-5 was evaluated by correlation with other instruments measuring impulsive traits and comparing sample subgroups. RESULTS: A two-factor solution could be identified in this German sample. Alcohol-dependent individuals showed significantly higher factor 1 values compared to suicidal patients. The group of suicidal patients had higher scores in factor 2 compared to controls. Factor 1 correlated most significantly with extraversion-related personality traits while factor 2 showed significant relationships with irritability and neuroticism. CONCLUSIONS: A two-factor solution may be more appropriate in using the BIS-5 scale in German samples. These two factors might reflect different aspects of impulsive behavior and might be useful to characterize impulsive behavior in psychiatric and non-psychiatric samples.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Self-reported impulsivity is correlated with laboratory-measured escape behavior.

Aggression has been previously correlated with impulsive personality. In the present study, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS) scores of 40 male controls aged 15-40 years were related to the frequency of free-operant aggressive and escape responses toward a fictitious antagonist. Participants earned "points" worth money with repeated button presses on a fixed-ratio schedule and were provoked by the periodic subtraction of a point. These subtractions were blamed on the behavior of a (fictitious) other participant, and aggressive responses (presses of a separate button) were defined as those emitted by the participant with an intent to subtract earnings from the other (fictitious) participant. BIS scores were not correlated with frequency of point-subtracting (aggressive) responses to the point subtractions, but they were correlated with the frequency of escape responses on a third button, which the participant was told would protect his points from subtraction for an unspecified period of time. These results suggest that among normal controls, impulsivity might be characterized by some sensitivity to aversive stimuli.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Age-related changes in quantitative EEG in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

BACKGROUND: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adolescents is characterized by excessive restlessness and an extremely poor concentration span, resulting in impulsive and disruptive behavior. Clinical observation of ADHD in adults suggests that the hyperactivity component is diminished although the impulsive type behaviors remain apparent. EEG studies of children and adolescents with ADHD have reported significantly higher levels of low frequency activity (predominantly theta) and lower levels of beta activity than normal controls. METHODS: We examined the relationship between the age-related changes reported in clinical observation and changes in EEG activity occurring in a group of ADHD patients ranging in age from 6 to 42 years. Quantitative EEGs were obtained from the midline sites of 25 children, 25 adolescents and 25 adults diagnosed with ADHD, and compared with those of age matched normal controls. RESULTS: Theta activity was elevated in the ADHD groups across all age groups compared with the normal controls. The extent of the reduction in relative beta activity in the ADHD groups compared to normal controls decreased with increasing age. CONCLUSIONS: Given that the hyperactivity component in ADHD reduces with age while the impulsivity component remains, these data, in ADHD, suggest that decreased beta activity may be linked to hyperactivity and increased theta activity to impulsivity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Neurodevelopmental pathways to aggression: a model to understand and target treatment in youth.

The authors describe a neurodevelopmentally relevant, clinically derived model for understanding and treating aggressive behavior in youth. Based on case experience and literature review, the authors divide aggressive behavior into five symptomatic domains with respective neurobiological/neurodevelopmental underpinnings. These five symptom domains (impulsivity, affective instability, anxious/hyperarousal, cognitive disorganization, and predatory aggression) emerge as logical and clinically useful targets for treatment. The authors aim to establish a relationship between these symptom domains and brain structure and function that offers a clinically relevant approach to the complexities of understanding aggression and its treatment.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The 48,XXYY syndrome. Follow-up data on clinical characteristics and psychological findings in 4 patients.

In this study we report the physical and psychological findings in 4 males with 48,XXYY syndrome. They were diagnosed at the ages of 4, 6, 18 and 25 years respectively. The major indication for chromosomal analysis in these four slightly mentally retarded males was not their clinical appearance but the presence of behavioral problems with personality disturbances i.e. psychotic reactions, loss of structure, violent and impulsive reactions. These data are compared with previous findings in the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Enzyme activity and behavior in hyperactive children grown up.

Thirty-one men, originally seen as children for problems with overactivity, distractibility, and impulsiveness, were reevaluated at ages 21-23 years. Subjects were interviewed and tested and provided a blood sample for analyses of dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH), monoamine oxidase (MAO), and catechol-O-methyl-transferase (COMT). A series of Pearson correlations between the biological variables and psychological measures revealed that MAO levels were negatively associated with measures of drug involvement, cigarette use, fire-setting, and sensation seeking; DBH levels were positively associated with measures of sensation-seeking; and COMT levels were negatively associated with a measure of hostility and positively correlated with a measure of impulsiveness.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Characteristics of assaultive behavior among psychiatric inpatients.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to assess the extent to which psychosis, disordered impulse control, and psychopathy contribute to assaults among psychiatric inpatients. METHODS: The authors used a semistructured interview to elicit reasons for assaults from assailants and their victims on an inpatient research ward. Video monitoring provided supplemental information to confirm participants' identities and activities before and during the assault. RESULTS: Consensus clinical ratings indicated that approximately 20 percent of the assaults in this sample were directly related to positive psychotic symptoms. Factor analysis revealed two psychosis-related factors, one related to positive psychotic symptoms and the other to psychotic confusion and disorganization, as well as a third factor that differentiated impulsive from psychopathic assaults. CONCLUSIONS: Information obtained from interviews with assailants can reveal the underlying causes of specific assaults. This information is potentially useful in the selection of rational antiaggressive treatment strategies.

Consensus↗
PubMed1987

Identifying schizophrenia in adolescents.

This article reviews the nature of the functioning impairments that constitute schizophrenic disorder and provides specific guidelines for identifying these impairments in clinical evaluations. Attention is paid to certain distinctive profiles of impairment in adolescent as opposed to adult schizophrenics and to differential diagnosis between emerging schizophrenia and other conditions with which it may share some symptoms. Illustrations are provided of aspects of the interview behavior and clinical history of young people that provide clues to such characteristics of schizophrenia as disordered thinking, inaccurate perception of reality, interpersonal ineptness, and inadequate control over ideas, affects, and behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Sociopathy, self-actualization, and time.

Male sociopaths (n = 15), and self-actualizers (n = 15) ages 18-30, were compared on 18 measures of temporal behavior obtained from estimation, projective, and questionnaire techniques. Subjects differed significantly on half of these measures including time accuracy, delay, dominance, relatedness, and evaluation of the various time modes. Results are discussed in terms of theoretical notions of time, positive levels of coping, and therapeutic modifications of time-linked behavior.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Negative correlation between right prefrontal activity during response inhibition and impulsiveness: a fMRI study.

Behavioral disinhibition in Go/No-Go task is thought to be associated with impulsiveness in humans. Recent imaging studies showed that neural circuits involving diverse areas of the frontal cortex and other association cortex sites such as the parietal cortex are implicated in the inhibition of response during No-Go trials. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between regional cerebral activation during No-Go trials and impulsiveness. Seventeen right-handed healthy volunteers participated in the study. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure the brain activation during a Go/No-Go task. The Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, 11(th) version (BIS-11) was used to measure impulsiveness. Activated regions included the right middle frontal gyrus and the inferior parietal lobe, which is consistent with previous neuroimaging studies. A negative correlation was observed between the motor impulsiveness of BIS-11 and No-Go-related activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (RDLPFC). Our results suggest that the RDLPFC is the area most sensitive to differences in individual motor impulsiveness and its activity may be an indicator of the individual capacity for response inhibition.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Twenty-four boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) participating in an intensive summer treatment program each received b.i.d. placebo and two doses of methylphenidate (MPH, 0.3 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg) crossed with two classroom settings: a behavior modification classroom including a token economy system, time out and daily home report card, and a "regular" classroom setting not using these procedures. Dependent variables included classroom observations of on-task and disruptive behavior, academic work completion and accuracy, and daily self-ratings of performance. Both MPH and behavior modification alone significantly improved children's classroom behavior, but only MPH improved children's academic productivity and accuracy. Singly, behavior therapy and 0.3 mg/kg PMH produced roughly equivalent improvements in classroom behavior. Further, the combination of behavior therapy and 0.3 mg/kg MPH resulted in maximal behavioral improvements, which were nearly identical to those obtained with 0.6 mg/kg MPH alone.

Achievement↗
PubMed1987

Eating style: a validation study of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire in normal subjects and women with eating disorders.

This study is a validation of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ). Results from normal men and women confirmed the presence of three robust factors of restraint, emotional eating and external eating. Data from women attending 'weightwatchers', and patients with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa and bulimia indicated that the DEBQ was largely successful in identifying the eating styles which are thought to characterise these three client groups. The results were also evaluated in the light of predictions from restraint theory which suggest that chronic restraint is causally related to higher levels of externality and emotional eating.

Adolescent↗