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PubMed2003

Elementary school age children's future intentions and use of substances.

This study describes the lifetime prevalence and future intentions related to trying cigarettes, chewing tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, and inhalants of students in the 1st through 7th grade. This article also describes the identification of these substances by children in the 1st through 3rd grade. Participants were 1,075 1st through 5th graders within a school district in western Oregon who were followed for 3 years. Across most substances, prevalence and intentions increased with grade, with a moderate increase between 3rd and 4th grade and a larger increase between 5th and 6th grade. Boys were more likely than girls to identify alcohol and cigarettes and were more likely than girls to report trying chewing tobacco. In addition, 3rd-grade boys were more likely to identify marijuana and, in the early grades, alcohol. Boys were also more likely than girls to intend to use tobacco and drink alcohol when older. For alcohol and cigarettes, intention was related to subsequent trying of the substance, suggesting that intention may be an early warning sign of subsequent substance use.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Why do gay men want to be vaccinated against hepatitis B? An assessment of psychosocial determinants of vaccination intention.

We assessed to what extent gay men are motivated to obtain vaccination against hepatitis B virus (HBV), as well as the social cognitive determinants of this motivation. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among homosexual men by means of a written questionnaire that contained assessments of intention, knowledge and social-cognitive determinants of intention (i.e. attitude, social norm and perceived behavioural control towards vaccination, perceived severity and perceived vulnerability regarding HBV infection). Four hundred and thirty-three homosexual men completed the questionnaire. We conducted a linear regression analysis to determine the contribution of social-cognitive variables in explaining intention to be vaccinated. Attitude, social norm and perceived vulnerability were significant predictors of intention. Usually, health education emphasizes the severity of a disease, but from this analysis we can conclude that gay men should be convinced of their personal vulnerability to HBV, the benefits of vaccination, and that important referents of the targeted person think positively about vaccination.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

A risk profile of emergency room adult trauma victims: intentional versus unintentional trauma injuries.

This article presents a prospective study of 285 adult trauma victims admitted to a Los Angeles inner-city level 1 trauma center, from November 1991 to February 1992. The purpose of this study was to determine the magnitude of intentional and unintentional trauma injuries in this adult patient population, and to identify sociodemographic, lifestyle and medical risk factors predisposing patients to intentional vs. unintentional trauma injury. Chi-square analysis revealed that intentional trauma victims and unintentional trauma victims significantly differ in 8 of 13 risk factors. The resulting risk profile indicated that intentional trauma victims were more likely to be between the ages of 16-29 years old; African American males and more likely to present to the emergency room with injury severity scores higher than 15 (indicating severe injuries) than unintentional trauma victims. Strategies for prevention and medical social work intervention are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Intentions to use hormonal male contraception: the role of message framing, attitudes and stress appraisals.

Two studies are reported. Study one (N = 104) explored the extent to which male hormonal contraception is perceived as risky compared to other prevention behaviours. Study two examined the effects of message framing on intentions to use hormonal male contraception and investigated whether attitude moderates message framing effects. Three hundred and four participants read either a loss frame or gain frame message and then completed questionnaires assessing their intentions to use hormonal male contraception, stress appraisals and the theory of planned behaviour (TPB) variables. Exposure to a loss frame influenced intention to use the daily male pill in men with a more positive attitude. This suggests that attitude, but not other TPB variables or stress appraisals have the capacity to moderate framing effects. Stress appraisals, in addition to TPB variables, significantly predicted variance in behavioural intentions in men and women. These findings are discussed within the context of Prospect Theory, perceived risk and prevention/detection behaviours.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Intentional communication elicits language-facilitating maternal responses in dyads with children who have developmental disabilities.

An experimental test of whether intentional communication elicits maternal responses purported to facilitate language development is presented. Fifty-eight prelinguistic children with disabilities and their mothers participated. Children were randomly assigned to two staff-implemented treatments that were designed to experimentally increase intentional communication ability. We predicted that treatment effects on maternal responses would vary by maternal education level and maternal responsive interaction style at the pretreatment period. We predicted any treatment effect on maternal responses would be mediated by posttreatment intentional communication. Results indicated that treatment effects on maternal responses varied by pretreatment maternal education level. A pattern of results also supports the conclusion that posttreatment intentional communication to mother was, at least in part, responsible for the effect on posttreatment maternal responses.

Child, Preschool↗

PubMed2005

Sexual intentions of black preadolescents: associations with risk and adaptive behaviors.

CONTEXT: Adolescent sexual activity in the United states is prevalent and occurring increasingly early, particularly among minority groups. Other risk behaviors (e.g., alcohol consumption) often co-occur with sexual behavior. By examining the association of risk and adaptive behaviors with precursors of sexual behavior--specifically, sexual intentions--it may be possible to identify preadolescents who are at increased risk for early sexual initiation. METHODS: Data from 1,090 black fourth and fifth graders and their parents from the Parents Matter! Program were used in logistic regression analyses to assess covariation between preadolescents' risk and adaptive behaviors, and their intentions to initiate sexual intercourse in the next year. RESULTS: Risk and adaptive behaviors, as reported by both preadolescents and parents, were associated with sexual intentions; the findings were not qualified by youth's gender. Alcohol consumption and having been in trouble with the police were the primary youth-reported risk behaviors associated with the odds of intending to have intercourse (odds ratios, 2.3 and 1.8); the preadolescent's being in trouble at home was the primary parent-reported risk behavior (2.1). In both sets of reports, performing well on schoolwork was associated with reduced odds of intending to engage in sex (0.5 - 0.6). CONCLUSIONS: Risk and adaptive behaviors are markers of sexual intentions among black preadolescents. Prevention programs can use these behaviors to identify black youth who may be at high risk for early sexual initiation.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

Grasping the intentions of others with one's own mirror neuron system.

Understanding the intentions of others while watching their actions is a fundamental building block of social behavior. The neural and functional mechanisms underlying this ability are still poorly understood. To investigate these mechanisms we used functional magnetic resonance imaging. Twenty-three subjects watched three kinds of stimuli: grasping hand actions without a context, context only (scenes containing objects), and grasping hand actions performed in two different contexts. In the latter condition the context suggested the intention associated with the grasping action (either drinking or cleaning). Actions embedded in contexts, compared with the other two conditions, yielded a significant signal increase in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus and the adjacent sector of the ventral premotor cortex where hand actions are represented. Thus, premotor mirror neuron areas-areas active during the execution and the observation of an action-previously thought to be involved only in action recognition are actually also involved in understanding the intentions of others. To ascribe an intention is to infer a forthcoming new goal, and this is an operation that the motor system does automatically.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

Correctional officers' intention of accepting or refusing to make HIV preventive tools accessible to inmates.

The aim of this study was to identify the factors which explain correctional officers' intention of accepting or refusing to make HIV preventive tools (condoms, bleach, tattooing equipment, and syringes) accessible to inmates. A total of 957 officers completed a questionnaire that took into account determinants from several social-cognitive behavior theories. The results indicated that only 21.4% of officers were favorable toward making accessible all of the preventive tools. The theoretical model explained 87% of the intention variance, p < .0001. Self-efficacy (beta = .35), personal normative belief (beta = .29), social determinants (beta = .21) and the affective dimension of attitude (beta = .19) were significant determinants. Moreover, officers with a high level of intention differed from those with a low level of intention on several points of the theoretical model. In conclusion, the results clearly indicated that several difficulties must be overcome before HIV preventive tools as a whole can be made accessible to inmates.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Why people engage in parasuicide: a cross-cultural study of intentions.

Information obtained at interview from 1,646 parasuicide patients in 14 regions in 13 European countries participating in the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Suicidal Behaviour was used to study self-reported intentions involved in parasuicide. Comparisons were made across cultures, genders, and age groups. Although some statistically significant differences were found, the effect sizes were very small. The main finding from this study is thus that parasuicide patients in different countries tend to indicate that similar types of intentions are involved in their acts of parasuicide, and that the intentions do not vary greatly with gender or age. The hypothesis that rates of suicide and parasuicide vary between regions with the frequency with which suicidal intention is indicated by the patients was also tested, but was supported only for women and in relation to national suicide rates. The findings from this study are likely to be generalizable to other settings and have implications for clinical practice.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Impact of the format of presentation of results in clinical trials on the intention of prescription in primary care. A crossed clinical trial in Ourense].

BACKGROUND: Given that there are different ways of setting out clinical test results, this study is aimed at ascertaining whether the way in which these results are set out has any bearing on the intention to prescribed on the part of Primary Care physicians. METHODS: Randomized, multi-center cross-study. Following a random sampling of Eight Primary Care Teams in the province of Ourense (Spain), two groups of family physicians (nA = 45 and nB = 51) were surveyed by means of a questionnaire on which the data from five published clinical tests (three on heart disease preventation, one on cognitive benefit in a dementia syndrome and another on preventing fractures among the elderly) was shown. One of the groups was shown the data as a relative lowering of the risk, and the other as the necessary number of individuals to be treated. Age, gender and years of practice were also asked. Following a three-week blanking period, the intervention was reversed. The intention of prescribing was gathered on a 0-10 Likert scale. The chi 2, simple Student t were used, or the Pearson test for paired data and correlation, according to whether an error a de 0.05 were to be achieved. RESULTS: Test A: C195% (-1.55-0.17); B: C195% (-2.75-1.20); C: CI95% (-0.16-1.65); D: C195% (-0.30-1.44); E:C195% (-1.22-0.35). No difference with regard to gender, age or professional experience were found. Regarding the overall effect, with the exception of one of the tests presented, no significant differences were found concerning the intention of prescribing the drugs involved in terms of the way in which the data was set out. CONCLUSIONS: The way in which clinical test data is set out has no bearing in itself on the intention to prescribe medications.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Television beer advertising and drinking knowledge, beliefs, and intentions among schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVES: The relationships between television beer advertising and drinking knowledge, beliefs, and intentions were investigated in a survey of schoolchildren. The research was guided by a theoretical model specifying that awareness of advertising, and not mere exposure, is necessary for it to have an effect on beliefs or behaviors. METHODS: Participants were a random sample of 468 fifth- and sixth-grade schoolchildren from a northern California community. Data were collected in the home with a combination of self-administered questionnaires and structured interviews. RESULTS: Nonrecursive statistical modeling indicated that awareness of television beer advertising was related to more favorable beliefs about drinking, to greater knowledge of beer brands and slogans, and to increased intentions to drink as an adult. The effects of advertising awareness on knowledge, beliefs, and intentions were maintained when the reciprocal effects of beliefs, knowledge, and intentions on awareness were controlled. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that alcohol advertising may predispose young people to drinking. As a result, efforts to prevent drinking and drinking problems among young people should give attention to countering the potential effects of alcohol advertising.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

The effects of perceived parental behaviors, attitudes, and substance-use on adolescent attitudes toward and intent to use psychoactive substances.

The effects of parental behaviors, attitudes, and drug-use as perceived by adolescents on the latter's attitudes toward and intent to use psychoactive substances were studied. Perceived parental rejection, acceptance, and attitudes significantly differentiated between adolescents who reported favorable attitudes toward and high intent to use substances and those who expressed less favorable attitudes. On most parameters, the father's influence was significant, whereas the effect of the mother did not reach significance. Positive and significant relationships were also found between perceived parental rejection, acceptance, and attitudes and adolescent attitudes and intent to use psychoactive substances. No relationships were found between controlling parental behavior and adolescent attitudes and intent to use psychoactive substances. The role of the parents, as well as implications of the findings for prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Personal value of alcohol use as a predictor of intention to decrease post-college alcohol use.

This study examines the utility of a new measure of personal value of alcohol use in predicting intentions to reduce post-college alcohol use. This measure is intended to distinguish college students who drink due to situational norms versus intrinsic commitment to alcohol use. As expected, alcohol consumption quantity/frequency and frequency of consuming five or more drinks per occasion were unrelated to intention to reduce alcohol use after college. When these alcohol consumption measures were controlled using partial correlation, the personal value of alcohol measure was significantly and negatively related to intention to reduce alcohol use. Conversely, when personal value of alcohol use was controlled in partial correlations, the relationship between alcohol consumption variables and intention to reduce alcohol use after college became positive, though only at marginally significant levels. Implications are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

The cognitive triad and suicide intent in depressed in-patients.

Daily ratings of self-esteem, hopelessness and suicide intent were made by senior psychiatric residents on 60 patients hospitalized for depression. Both hopelessness and low self-esteem correlated highly with suicide intent and both contributed independently to suicide intent. This suggested that self-esteem may be important in the development of suicide intent as well as hopelessness.

Attitude↗

PubMed1995

Children and exposure to the sun: relationships among attitudes, knowledge, intentions, and behavior.

This study examined the relationships among measures of knowledge of skin cancer, attitudes toward sun exposure, intentions to use sunscreen, and self-reported use of sunscreen by 105 fifth-grade children. Positive correlations were obtained between knowledge and intentions to use sunscreen, knowledge and healthier attitudes, and intentions to use sunscreen and healthier attitudes toward sun exposure. Surprisingly, knowledge, attitudes, and intentions were not significantly associated with reported use of sunscreen. Researchers designing interventions to effect behavioral change, i.e., sunscreen use, in children might further explore the predictive utility of these constructs as well as examine the utility of other important variables not measured here.

Child↗

PubMed2001

Relationships among perceived justice, customers' satisfaction, and behavioral intentions: the moderating role of gender.

This article tested the gender differences in the relationships between perceptions of justice, customers' satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. The sample consisted of 334 subjects (205 men and 129 women) surveyed in 38 hotels located in Spain. A questionnaire was used to measure distributive, procedural, and interactional justice as well as customers' responses of satisfaction and intentions. Analysis showed that the correlation between scores for distributive justice and customers' satisfaction as well as that between distributive justice and intentions were greater for men than for women. In contrast, the sex differences in the links of procedural and interactional justice to satisfaction and intentions were not significant.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Predictors of adolescents' intentions to smoke: age, sex, race, and regional differences.

The present study investigated the predictors of smoking intentions among subgroups of adolescent nonsmokers, examining age, sex, ethnic, and regional differences. Both proximal factors specific to smoking and more general, distal factors were successful predictors of intentions to smoke. The similarities in prediction outweighed the differences between demographic subgroups. There were three demographic differences: (1) peer and family smoking levels were more important in predicting intentions for girls than boys; (2) smoking initiation was more of a way of adopting deviant or problem behavior for midwestern than for southwestern subjects; (3) familial smoking models were more related to the intentions of midwestern than southwestern subjects. The theoretical significance of these results and their practical implications for smoking prevention are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Symptomatic and functional outcome of stereotactic ventralis lateralis thalamotomy for intention tremor.

In the past, intention tremor has responded well to selected neuroablative procedures; however, objective symptomatic and functional outcomes of ventralis lateralis (VL) thalamotomy specifically for intention tremor in the post-computerized tomography era has rarely been reported. This series explored the symptomatic and functional impact of VL thalamotomy on 14 patients presenting at the Mayo Clinic with severe, refractory intention tremor due to multiple sclerosis (five patients), trauma (four patients), or stroke (five patients). General neurological examinations, psychometric evaluations, speech pathology assessments, and neuroradiological scans were performed. Pre- and postoperative disability were graded according to a modified form of an established rating scale for tremor. All patients received VL radiofrequency thalamotomies utilizing neurophysiological recording and stimulation control. Contralateral targeted upper-extremity tremor remained symptomatically absent or markedly reduced in 81.8% of cases (mean follow-up period 23.4 months). The median disability score was reduced by 12 points (0.02 less than p less than 0.05). Persistent surgical morbidity was limited to two patients with mild, nondisabling dysarthrias. One elderly patient died of pulmonary complications 2 weeks postoperatively. There were no reported surgically induced exacerbations in multiple sclerosis; however, some of these patients exhibited difficulties with electrophysiological localization. These results compare favorably with those reported in the literature and confirm that stereotactic VL thalamotomy for debilitating intention tremor carries a low surgical risk and can be an effective treatment option for properly selected patients.

Adolescent↗