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PubMed1987

Maternal prenatal, infancy and concurrent predictors of maternal reports of child psychopathology.

RESEARCH on parent perceptions of infant temperament and child maladjustment has evolved from an initial interpretation of parent reports as objective, veridical descriptions of the child to an interpretation of parent reports as social perceptions that reflect both objective qualities of children and personality characteristics of parents (Bates 1983). Evidence that parents' descriptions reflect generalized behavior of their children is provided by modest correlations between parent and teacher reports of child behavior (Becker and Krug 1964; Glidewell et al. 1959; Rutter et al. 1970). Although limited agreement of parents and teachers in descriptions of child behavior might be interpreted as evidence of situational specificity of behavior (Mischel 1968), an alternative interpretation is that characteristics of parents influence their perceptions of child behavior. This longitudinal study tests hypotheses that maternal characteristics during pregnancy and infancy, prior to the development of stable child characteristics, predict mothers' reports of child psychopathology during the kindergarten year.

Child↗
PubMed2002

Self-concept and introversion in adolescents with cleft lip and palate.

The purpose of this study was to investigate if adolescents with cleft lip, or palate, or both (CLP), have an altered self-concept, and to assess their degree of introversion, compared with a control group. The CLP group consisted of 55 adolescents (aged 17-20 years) and the control group consisted of 31 adolescents (16-19 years). The Tennessee Self Concept Scale (TSCS) was used to measure the subjects' self-concept, while the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Inventory (EPQ-I) was used to measure introversion. The results indicate that those with CLP have a normal or even a high self-concept, and no signs of introversion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Impulsive nonconformity in female chat room users.

Heavy chat room use has been associated with social isolation, introversion, impulse control problems, and risk taking. Such characteristics form part of the cluster of traits associated with schizotypy. This study used multiple regression to examine the relationship between age, sex, four dimensions of schizotypy, and frequency of reported chat room use. The only significant association with schizotypy was between frequency of chat room use and impulsive nonconformity (IN) in females. These findings may be explained by the increased risk associated with female chat room use.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Relations of age and personality dimensions to cognitive ability factors.

The relation between three cognitive ability factors - Information Processing Ability (IPA), Manual Dexterity (MD), and Pattern Analysis Capability (PAC) - and three personality dimensions - Anxiety, Extraversion, and Openness to Experience - were examined in three age groups. Subjects were 969 male volunteers ranging in age from 25 to 82. Subjects high in anixety scored lower on all three cognitive factors; subjects open to experience scored higher on IPA and PAC; and introverted subjects scored higher on PAC. Most of these effects remained when the education and socio-economic status were held constant in covariance analyses. Older subjects performed less well than younger ones on MD and PAC, but not on IPA. While personality has some influence on cognitive performance, the declines with age in performance on some cognitive tasks are not mediated by personality.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Platelet MAO activity: relationships to clinical and psychometric variables.

Platelet monoamine oxidase (MAO) activity was measured in a group of hospitalized male psychiatric patients. The findings of this study confirm previous reports of: (1) reduced platelet MAO activity in patients with auditory hallucinations, (2) reduced platelet MAO activity in patients with alcoholism, and (3) a positive correlation between platelet MAO activity and a psychometric index of social introversion.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

The non-entrained life of a young gentleman at Oxford.

Sleep logs over 9 months document the delayed sleep phase of a healthy male student at Oxford. The lack of any imperative zeitgebers also permits the rest-activity cycle to exhibit very long (circabidian) days similar to those seen under conditions of temporal isolation. No psychopathology or subjective distress was associated with this unusual rest-activity cycle: It was a preferred life-style.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Ratings of students' performances in a third-year internal medicine clerkship: a comparison between problem-based and lecture-based curricula.

PURPOSE: To compare clinical performances in a third-year medicine clerkship between studies from a problem-based learning (PBL) curriculum and students from a traditional, lecture-based learning (LBL) curriculum. METHOD: The study participants were 88 PBL students and 364 LBL students rotating through a common third-year internal medicine clerkship at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine at Wake Forest University, classes of 1991-1995. Faculty and housestaff assessed the students' performances using four clinical rating scales. The student also completed the medicine student ("shelf") test of the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME). RESULTS: On average, the PBL students received significantly higher ratings from housestaff and faculty on all four rating scales. No difference in scores on the NBME medicine shelf test was observed. CONCLUSION: The results support the hypothesis that preclinical PBL curricula as found at the Bowman Gray School of Medicine may enhance third-year students' clinical performances.

Achievement↗
PubMed1983

Alcohol, personality and predisposition to essential hypertension.

The nature of the relationship between alcohol, personality and blood pressure levels was examined in 491 working men who completed detailed questionnaires which included Eysenck's personality inventory. Alcohol had an effect on systolic blood pressure levels independent of all other factors studied. However, in 152 non-smoking moderate to heavy drinkers (greater than 18 g ethanol per day) the extroversion/introversion trait was the most significant predictor of systolic blood pressure levels, and in introverted drinkers the prevalence of hypertension (greater than or equal to 140 mmHg systolic or greater than or equal to 90 mmHg diastolic) was three times that of extroverted drinkers and nine times that of teetotallers. This association between introversion and 'hypertension' was not seen in drinkers who also smoked cigarettes. The interactions between environmental stimuli (alcohol, smoking) and presumably genetically determined personality characteristics may have an important bearing on concepts of essential hypertension and point to new approaches for investigation.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Dysfunctional attitudes in former psychiatric inpatients.

In order to test the hypothesis that patients who are predisposed to depression have an enduring cognitive style, dysfunctional attitudes (Dysfunctional Attitudes Schedule), neuroticism and extraversion (Maudsley Personality Inventory), and severity of depression (Levine-Pilowsky Depression Questionnaire) were measured in a survey of former patients with previous diagnoses of either depressive or nondepressive psychiatric conditions. We found that there were no significant differences in dysfunctional attitudes between these groups of patients and that their scores were similar to those reported for normal populations. There was, however, a correlation between introversion and high dysfunctional attitude scores. Possible implications regarding interactions between cognitive style, personality, and predisposition toward depression are discussed as well as a suggestion that a history of a suicide attempt may predict a poor response to cognitive psychotherapy.

Attitude↗
PubMed1993

Personality and depression in Parkinson's disease.

The Parkinson's disease (PD) patient has been characterized as having a distinctive personality with introverted features. These personality traits are said to predate motor symptoms and are theorized to serve as a subtle clue to latent PD. To examine this hypothesis, we compared remote and current personality features in 35 PD subjects and 35 controls. Subjects' spouses completed a personality inventory (PI) characterizing patients' premorbid and current status. The premorbid PI of PD subjects differed from that of controls in being more "quiet," "generous," "cautious," and "even-tempered," and less "flexible." The characterization of the PD subjects' current personality differed greatly from reported premorbid personality features, i.e., significant change in 13 of 24 PI items. Personality inventory responses regarding both the PD subjects' premorbid and current personality correlated to symptoms of depression and disease severity. Cognition, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and rural versus urban residency did not correlate with PI responses. We conclude that PD patients are apt to be viewed as introverts premorbidly, and, with disease onset, more striking personality changes are recognized. These perceptions appear to be closely linked to depressed affect and correlate with motor impairment to a lesser extent.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1997

Risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptomatology in police officers: a prospective analysis.

This study examines internal and external risk factors for posttraumatic stress symptoms in 262 traumatized police officers. Results show that 7% of the entire sample had PTSD, as established by means of a structured interview; 34% had posttraumatic stress symptoms or subthreshold PTSD. Trauma severity was the only predictor of posttraumatic stress symptoms identified at both 3 and 12 months posttrauma. At 3 months posttrauma, symptomatology was further predicted by introversion, difficulty in expressing feelings, emotional exhaustion at time of trauma, insufficient time allowed by employer for coming to terms with the trauma, dissatisfaction with organizational support, and insecure job future. At 12 months posttrauma, posttraumatic stress symptoms were further predicted by lack of hobbies, acute hyperarousal, subsequent traumatic events, job dissatisfaction, brooding over work, and lack of social interaction support in the private sphere. Implications of the findings regarding organizational risk factors are discussed in the light of possible occupational health interventions.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Designing class participation experiences for the introverted student.

Class participation for students is such a common expectation of nurse educators that it is easy to overlook the need to tailor class participation activities to individual student needs. An understanding of the various temperaments of individuals, especially preferences related to extroversion and introversion, can help nurse educators to plan class participation experiences that foster skills in critical thinking and enhance personal growth.

Education, Nursing, Baccalaureate↗
PubMed1985

Psychosocial adjustment and craniofacial malformations in childhood.

Forty-three children between the ages of 6 and 13 years with congenital facial anomalies underwent psychosocial evaluation prior to surgery. Also evaluated were healthy children matched to the craniofacial subjects by sex, age, intelligence, and economic background. Relative to this comparison group, the craniofacial children were found to have poorer self-concept, greater anxiety at the time of evaluation, and more introversion. Parents of the craniofacial children noted more frequent negative social encounters for their children and more hyperactive behavior at home. Teachers reported more problematic classroom behavior. Examination of these results revealed craniofacial malformations to be associated with psychosocial limitations rather than marked deficits. These children tended to function less well than the comparison children, but with few exceptions, they were not functioning in a psychosocially deviant range. Explanations for the observed circumscribed impact of facial deformity include the use of denial as a coping mechanism, possible diminished significance of appearance for younger children, and the restricted environment experienced by most of the subjects. It can be predicted that time would render these protective influences ineffective, so that adolescent and young adult patients could be at far greater psychosocial risk.

Adolescent↗