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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Potential environmental impact of effluents from the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproduct ensiling process using additives.

Three treatments have been tested on canned artichoke byproduct after 50 days of ensilage: formic acid at 20% in doses of 2 mL. kg(-)(1) (FA), cane sugar molasses at 50 g.kg(-)(1) (M), and sodium chloride at 30 g.kg(-)(1) (SC). A fourth batch acted as a control group (C). The nutritive value, fermentation characteristics, environmental pollution effect, and total volume of effluents released have been studied. The highest nutritive value recorded was with SC silage. The use of the additives did not significantly improve the fermentation stability of the silage, but the total production of effluents in each treatment-52.7 (FA), 46.9 (M), and 55.2 (SC)-was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that of the control group (70.1 L.Tm(-)(1)). The chemical oxygen demand (COD), 117300 mg of O(2).L(-)(1), and the conductivity, 46.4 microOmega(-)(1). cm(-)(1), were significantly higher (P < 0.01) in M and SC, respectively, than in the other group.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Full-scale and laboratory-scale anaerobic treatment of citric acid production wastewater.

This paper reviews the operation of a full-scale, fixed-bed digester treating a citric acid production wastewater with a COD:sulphate ratio of 3-4:1. Support matrix pieces were removed from the digester at intervals during the first 5 years of operation in order to quantify the vertical distribution of biomass within the digester. Detailed analysis of the digester biomass after 5 years of operation indicated that H2 and propionate-utilising SRB had outcompeted hydrogenophilic methanogens and propionate syntrophs. Acetoclastic methanogens were shown to play the dominant role in acetate conversion. Butyrate and ethanol-degrading syntrophs also remained active in the digester after 5 years of operation. Laboratory-scale hybrid reactor treatment at 55 degrees C of a diluted molasses influent, with and without sulphate supplementation, showed that the reactors could be operated with high stability at volumetric loading rates of 24 kgCOD.m-3.d-1 (12 h HRT). In the presence of sulphate (2 g/l-1; COD/sulphate ratio of 6:1), acetate conversion was severely inhibited, resulting in effluent acetate concentrations of up to 4000 mg.l-1.

Bacteria, Anaerobic↗

PubMed2004

Anti-tick effects of Melinis minutiflora and Andropogon gayanus grasses on plots experimentally infested with Boophilus microplus larvae.

Our objective in this trial was to investigate the anti-tick effects of molasses grass (Melinis minutiflora) and gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus) against Boophilus microplus, using buffel grass (Cenchrus ciliaris) as a control. During a 3-year-period fieldwork was carried out in the tropical, subhumid climate at Progreso, Municipality of Jiutepec, Morelos, Mexico. Experimental plots were established for three treatments with six replicates under a random factorial design in order to evaluate each of the four seasons. Additional work was developed for two more consecutive autumn seasons to evaluate the anti-tick effects of these grasses. Once the plots were established they were infested with 5000 B. microplus larvae and sampled by dragging flannel cloths. The anti-tick effects were measured by counting the number of larvae recovered from each of the experimental plots. Both grasses, M. minutiflora and A. gayanus, demonstrated anti-tick effects; however, M. minutiflora grass had the greatest anti-tick effects through the seasons studied and in the three consecutive autumns evaluated.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Growth performance of lambs in Phangrang, Vietnam: effects of a dietary supplement containing prickly-pear cactus.

In Phanrang, Vietnam, sheep production is limited by the sparse availability of green roughage. Although prickly-pear cactus (Opuntia elator) is abundant in the area, it is not used. It was considered relevant therefore to test whether prickly-pear cactus could be used a component of feed supplements. With the use of the cactus and other local products--namely groundnut cake, fish sauce by-product, molasses, rice bran and cassava flour--two supplements were prepared. The level of cactus in the two supplements was 670 g/kg product (320 g/kg dry matter). The cactus was burned to remove the spines, chopped and sun-dried before use. The cactus preparation contained only 12 g crude protein/kg (68 g/ kg dry matter). The protein content of the two supplements was raised with either groundnut cake or fish sauce by-product. Sheep that were grazing during the day were offered either no supplement or one of the supplements when confined during the night. During a period of 3 months, non-supplemented control sheep gained 98 +/- 10.5 g/day (mean +/- SD, n=10). Sheep supplemented with cactus and groundnut gained 145 +/- 12.3 g/day, and those given cactus and fish sauce gained 130 +/- 11.7 g/day. It is concluded that prickly-pear cactus has potential as component of feed supplements for sheep.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2002

Influence of straw types and nitrogen sources on mushroom composting emissions and compost productivity.

The effects of different straw types and organic and inorganic nitrogen (N) sources on the chemical composition and odor concentration (OC) of mushroom composting emissions, compost parameters, and mushroom yield were examined using bench-scale and large-scale (windrows and aerated tunnels) composting systems. There were close correlations between the butanol or combined H(2)S+dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentration and OC of air samples taken from different composting ingredients (r=0.83 and 0.76-0.87, P<0.01, for log(e)-transformed data). Differences in N availability, in terms of NH(3) and N losses during composting, were found between different N sources. Materials in which the N was less available (chipboard and digester wastes, cocoa shells, ammonium sulfate) produced lower mushroom yields than materials in which the N was more readily available (poultry manure, urea, brewers' grains, hop and molasses wastes, cocoa meal). Replacement of poultry manure with the other N sources at 50-100% or wheat straw with rape, bean, or linseed straw in aerated tunnel or windrow composts reduced the OC and emissions of odorous sulfur-containing compounds, but also reduced yield. Urea and cocoa meal may be suitable for "low odor" prewetting of straw, with addition of poultry manure immediately before aerated tunnel composting. Rape straw in compost reduces the formation of anaerobic zones and resulting odorous emissions, since it maintains its structure and porosity better than wheat straw.

Agaricales↗

PubMed1998

Note: sucrose transport and metabolism in Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052.

Sucrose is the major carbon source in molasses, the traditional substrate employed in the industrial acetonebutanol-ethanol (ABE) fermentation by solventogenic clostridia. The utilization of sucrose by Clostridium beijerinckii NCIMB 8052 was investigated. Extracts prepared from cultures grown on sucrose (but not xylose or fructose) as the sole carbon source possessed sucrose phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)-dependent phosphotransferase system (PTS) activity. Extract fractionation and reconstitution experiments revealed that the entire sucrose Enzyme II complex resides within the membrane in this organism. Sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase and fructokinase activities were also detected in sucrose grown cultures. The fructokinase activity, which is required specifically during growth on sucrose, was shown to be inducible under these conditions. A pathway for sucrose metabolism in this organism is proposed.

Acetone↗

PubMed1999

Comparison of melibiose utilizing baker's yeast strains produced by genetic engineering and classical breeding.

Yeast strains currently used in the baking industry cannot fully utilize the trisaccharide raffinose found in beet molasses due to the absence of melibiase (alpha-galactosidase) activity. To overcome this deficiency, the MEL1 gene encoding melibiase enzyme was introduced into baker's yeast by both classical breeding and recombinant DNA technology. Both types of yeast strains were capable of vigorous fermentation in the presence of high levels of sucrose, making them suitable for the rapidly developing Asian markets where high levels of sugar are used in bread manufacture. Melibiase expression appeared to be dosage-dependent, with relatively low expression sufficient for complete melibiose utilization in a model fermentation system.

Fermentation↗

PubMed2000

Solute stresses affect growth patterns, endogenous water potentials and accumulation of sugars and sugar alcohols in cells of the biocontrol yeast Candida sake.

AIM: To evaluate the effect of modifications of water activity (aw 0. 996-0.92) of a molasses medium with different solutes (glycerol, glucose, NaCl, proline or sorbitol) on growth, intracellular water potentials (psi(c)) and endogenous accumulation of polyols/sugars in the biocontrol yeast Candida sake. METHODS AND RESULTS: Modification of solute stress significantly influenced growth, psi(c) and accumulation of sugars (glucose/trehalose) and polyols (glycerol, erythritol, arabitol and mannitol) in the yeast cells. Regardless of the solute used to modify aw, growth was always decreased as water stress increased. Candida sake cells grew better in glycerol- and proline-amended media, but were sensitive to NaCl. The psi(c) measured using psychrometry showed a significant effect of solutes, aw and time. Cells from the 0.96 aw NaCl treatment presented the lowest psic value (- 5.20 MPa) while cells from unmodified media (aw = 0. 996) had the highest value (- 0.30 MPa). In unmodified medium, glycerol was the predominant reserve accumulated. Glycerol and arabitol were the major compounds accumulated in media modified with glucose or NaCl. In proline media, the concentration of arabitol increased. In glycerol- and sorbitol-amended media, the concentration of glycerol rose. Some correlations were obtained between compatible solutes and psi(c). CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates that subtle changes in physiological parameters significantly affect the endogenous contents of C. sake cells. It may be possible to utilize such physiological information to develop biocontrol inocula with improved quality.

Candida↗

PubMed2001

Persistence of Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Aujeszky's Disease virus and Blue Eye Disease virus in ensilages based on the solid fraction of pig faeces.

AIMS: This study was carried out to determine the survival time of Escherichia coli, Salmonella choleraesuis, Aujeszky's Disease virus and Blue Eye Disease virus in ensilages based on the solid fraction of pig faeces. METHODS AND RESULTS: The four micro-organisms were inoculated into microsilos based on the solid fraction of pig faeces, sorghum and molasses. They were left for 0, 7, 14, 28 and 56 days, after which the state of each microsilo was evaluated, and isolation of the inoculated agents was attempted. The four inoculated agents were isolated only on day 0 of ensilage. The viral agents were identified through the cytopathic effect and fluorescence. CONCLUSIONS, SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: It is concluded that ensilages based on the solid fraction of pig faeces appear to reduce the risk of the transmission of the agents inoculated in this study and help to reduce the environmental impact by using the solid in animal feed.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Small intestinal digestibility of microbial and endogenous amino acids in dairy cows.

The small intestinal digestibility of microbial amino acids and the apparent re-absorption of endogenous amino acids were estimated in three ruminal, duodenal and ileal fistulated lactating dairy cows. The cows were assigned to a 3 x 3 Latin square and fed diets low in amino acids, composed of straw, starch, molasses and urea. The treatments were three straw to concentrate ratios. The digestibilities and re-absorptions were estimated from duodenal and ileal flows of amino acids from feed, microbial and endogenous sources. The duodenal distribution of amino acids between different origins was determined by the difference method and by the amino acid profile method. The ileal distribution was estimated by a simple method where the feed fraction was estimated by the mobile bag method, the endogenous fraction as the water soluble fraction and the microbial fraction as the rest. In ileal samples, 8.0 +/- 1.1, 52.2 +/- 2.9 and 39.8 +/- 2.6% of total amino acid nitrogen (AAN) were of feed, microbial and endogenous origin, respectively, compared with 5.1 +/- 0.9, 61.6 +/- 6.6 and 32.7 +/- 6.9% in duodenal samples. The small intestinal digestibility of microbial AAN was estimated to be 75.1 +/- 1.8% and the apparent re-absorption of endogenous AAN to be 62.3 +/- 11.1%.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed2001

Effect of plant oils and aspartate on rumen fermentation in vitro.

The effect of plant oils and aspartate (ASP) on rumen fermentation in vitro. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of plant oils (rapeseed - RO, sunflower - SO; linseed - LO; 10% wt/wt) and 8 mmol sodium aspartate on rumen fermentation of a diet (250 mg) consisting of hay, barley and sugar beet molasses (60 : 30 : 10). Rumen fluid was collected from two Slovak Merino sheep fed the same diet twice daily. Mixed ruminal micro-organisms were incubated in fermentation fluid (40 ml) containing rumen fluid and McDougall's buffer (1 : 4). Incubations were carried out in batch cultures for 72 h at 39 degrees C two times in a 3-week intervals. When compared to the control, all supplemented diets (RO, SO, LO, ASP) significantly increased the pH, the mol% of propionate (LO + 8.7%; SO + 10.12%; RO + 8.65%; ASP + 5.86%) and the acetate : propionate ratio and numerically decreased methane production (SO -32.8%; LO, RO -30.08%; ASP -21.56%). Lactate production was also significantly decreased. Addition of plant oils to aspartate-treated incubations partly inhibited the decrease of n-butyrate, lactate and the increase of pH and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) caused by ASP treatment. The effect of combined additives (RO + ASP, SO + ASP, LO + ASP) on methane production SO + ASP (-19.23%) and mol% propionate SO + ASP (+2.66%), LO + ASP (+4.28%) was less effective. All combined additives caused a significant decrease in digestibility of the given feeds. No effect of plant oils and ASP could be observed on the parameters of rumen fermentation (mainly methane and propionate).

Animal Feed↗

PubMed2000

Biodetoxification of silver-cyanide from electroplating industry wastewater.

A bacterial consortium capable of utilizing metal-cyanides as a source of nitrogen was used to develop a microbiological process for the detoxification of silver-cyanide from electroplating wastewater. When the treatment was carried out in a 27-l rotating biological contactor (R3C) in continuous mode, the system could achieve > 99.5% removal of 0.1 mmol l(-1) silver-cyanide (approximately 5 mg l(-1) cyanide and 10 mg l(-1) silver) in 10 h with sugarcane molasses (0.1 ml l(-1)) as carbon source. The silver ions set free during biodegradation were efficiently adsorbed by the bacterial biomass. The RBC-treated effluent was found to be safe for discharge into the environment, as confirmed by chemical analysis and fish bioassay studies.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Design for an optical cw atom laser.

A new type of optical cw atom laser design is proposed that should operate at high intensity and high coherence and possibly record low temperatures. It is based on an "optical-shepherd" technique, in which far-off-resonance blue-detuned swept sheet laser beams are used to make new types of high-density traps, atom waveguides, and other components for achieving very efficient Bose-Einstein condensation and cw atom laser operation. A shepherd-enhanced trap is proposed that should be superior to conventional magneto-optic traps for the initial collection of molasses-cooled atoms. A type of dark-spot optical trap is devised that can cool large numbers of atoms to polarization-gradient temperatures at densities limited only by three-body collisional loss. A scheme is designed to use shepherd beams to capture and recycle essentially all of the escaped atoms in evaporative cooling, thereby increasing the condensate output by several orders of magnitude. Condensate atoms are stored in a shepherd trap, protected from absorbing light, under effectively zero-gravity conditions, and coupled out directly into an optical waveguide. Many experiments and devices may be possible with this cw atom laser.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Beyond the Rayleigh instability limit for multicharged finite systems: from fission to Coulomb explosion.

We address the stability of multicharged finite systems driven by Coulomb forces beyond the Rayleigh instability limit. Our exploration of the nuclear dynamics of heavily charged Morse clusters enabled us to vary the range of the pair potential and of the fissibility parameter, which results in distinct fragmentation patterns and in the angular distributions of the fragments. The Rayleigh instability limit separates between nearly binary (or tertiary) spatially unisotropic fission and spatially isotropic Coulomb explosion into a large number of small, ionic fragments. Implications are addressed for a broad spectrum of dynamics in chemical physics, radiation physics of ultracold gases, and biophysics, involving the fission of clusters and droplets, the realization of Coulomb explosion of molecular clusters, the isotropic expansion of optical molasses, and the Coulomb instability of "isolated" proteins.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesis by recombinant Escherichia coli harbouring Streptomyces aureofaciens PHB biosynthesis genes: effect of various carbon and nitrogen sources.

Recombinant Escherichia coli (ATCC:PTA-1579) harbouring poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) synthesising genes from Streptomyces aureofaciens NRRL 2209 accumulates PHB. Effects of different carbon and nitrogen sources on PHB accumulation by recombinant E. coli were studied. Among the carbon sources used glycerol, glucose, palm oil and ethanol supported PHB accumulation. No PHB accumulated in recombinant cells when sucrose or molasses were used as carbon source. Yeast extract, peptone, a combination of yeast extract and peptone, and corn steep liquor were used as nitrogen sources. The maximum PHB accumulation (60% of cell dry weight) was measured after 48 h of cell growth at 37 degrees C in a medium with glycerol as the sole carbon source, and yeast extract and peptone as nitrogen sources. Scanning electron microscopy of the PHB granules isolated from recombinant E. coli revealed these to be spherical in shape with a diameter ranging from 0.11 to 0.35 pm with the mean value of 0.23 +/- 0.06 pm.

Acyltransferases↗

PubMed1988

Dynamics of protozoa in the rumen of cattle.

1. The dynamics of protozoa were studied in two groups of rumen-fistulated cattle fed on a basal diet of molasses ad lib., with oaten chaff given at 6 or 18 g/kg live weight. This diet resulted in different mixtures of protozoal species in the populations in the rumen. 2. The rumen protozoa were studied by intrarumen injections of protozoa labelled in vitro with [14CH3]choline. An indication of protozoal death and fermentation of protozoal cell residues was obtained by measuring 14C loss via the methane pool. 3. After a single injection of labelled protozoa, the decline in the specific radioactivity (microCi/g nitrogen) of the protozoal pool in the rumen indicated that first-order kinetic processes applied. Conversely the specific radioactivity of protozoa, incubated in rumen fluid, remained constant indicating no growth in vitro, presumably owing to a rapid exhaustion of essential nutrients. 4. The protozoal populations in the rumen of cattle fed on the diet with the low level of oaten chaff were mainly small ciliates; but on the higher level of chaff in the diet, the large ciliates were a higher proportion of the total protozoal population present. 5. The mean pool size of protozoa in the rumen was significantly larger and the protozoal half-life tended to be longer for cattle fed on the higher level of chaff in the diet. The apparent production rate of protozoa in cattle fed on each diet was not significantly different and there were no differences in the production rate of methane. The percentage losses of label from protozoa in the rumen via the methane pool were not significantly different on the two diets and indicated that 74% of the protozoa that were apparently irreversibly lost from the rumen could be accounted for by death and lysis in the rumen and therefore only 26% of protozoa apparently entered the lower digestive tract.

Ammonia↗

PubMed1988

Circadian variation in abomasal digesta flow in grazing ewes during lactation.

1. Lactating grazing ewes, fistulated at the rumen and abomasum were either not supplemented or offered, individually, 600 g/d of either pelleted, molassed sugar-beet pulp ('energy' supplement) or a pelleted 1:1 (w/w) mixture of this feed and formaldehyde-treated soya-bean meal ('protein' supplement). Digesta flows at the abomasum were estimated from the concentrations of the markers CrEDTA and ruthenium phenanthroline complex, during their administration by continuous intra-rumen infusion. Digesta samples were taken at 09.00 hours and at six further times at 4 h intervals. This was repeated 2 d later. 2. No significant difference in flow between days was noted. Daily flows of dry matter (DM) and non-ammonia-nitrogen (NAN) (g/d) in supplemented ewes were significantly higher than in unsupplemented ewes, both in total digesta and its particulate phase. However, there were significant differences between sampling times or significant interactions between sampling time and supplement treatment. The results were therefore examined by Fourier analysis for possible circadian variation in digesta flow. As there was marked between-animal variability in flow-rate, the digesta-flow values for each sampling time were re-expressed as percentages of the flows calculated from daily mean marker concentrations. 3. In unsupplemented animals, marked and significant circadian variation was then identified in the flow of DM, total N and NAN in both whole digesta and the particulate phase. There was also significant circadian variation in the flow of DM, total N and NAN in the digesta of the supplemented ewes. Curves were of the same general shape as those for unsupplemented animals, but some significant differences were found, principally for digesta NAN flow. In both supplemented and unsupplemented animals, peak flows occurred in the period 20.00-01.00 hours. The proportion of DM and NAN flowing in the particulate phase was relatively constant through the day for unsupplemented ewes, but significant circadian variation occurred for supplemented ewes. 4. The possible mechanisms generating the circadian variation in digesta flow, such as grazing behaviour and the rumen digestion of supplements, are discussed. Values are also presented to indicate the extent of the likely errors if digesta flows were estimated from samples which did not represent all stages of the circadian pattern.

Abomasum↗

PubMed1993

The role of propionate and acetate in the control of food intake in sheep.

Sheep fed ad lib. on a good-quality pelleted diet (g/kg; hay 500, barley 300, molasses, fish meal and minerals) were infused via the hepatic portal vein with mixtures of the sodium salts of volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate, and a variety of equivalent osmotic loads. Propionate infused at rates between 0.6 and 2.5 mmol/min consistently reduced food intake in a linear, dose-related manner. Propionate infusions resulted in consistent dose-related increases in peripheral venous plasma glucose concentration but variable changes in insulin concentration. Infusion of osmotically balanced mixtures of propionate, acetate, mannitol or saline (9 g NaCl/l) indicated that at constant osmotic loading propionate caused a greater reduction in intake than other infusions. Acetate infusions only depressed food intake when administered as a 1 M solution. Lower concentrations had little effect, similar to that of equivalent osmotic loads of mannitol or saline. It is concluded that portal propionate flow has a potential role in the control of food intake in ruminants which is independent of osmotic effects or changes in plasma insulin concentration.

Acetates↗