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At least 667 records · Page 37Linked to original sources
PubMed1963

ECOLOGICAL CHANGE AS A FACTOR IN RENEWED MALARIA TRANSMISSION IN AN ERADICATED AREA. A LOCALIZED OUTBREAK OF A. AQUASALIS-TRANSMITTED MALARIA ON THE DEMERARA RIVER ESTUARY, BRITISH GUIANA, IN THE FIFTEENTH YEAR OF A. DARLINGI AND MALARIA ERADICATION.

In British Guiana, the successful eradication of Anopheles darlingi and malaria from the coastal areas has caused a very rapid increase in the population and has favoured a considerable social and economic improvement and expansion of both agriculture and industry. Housing and industrial developments and the constantly expanding rice cultivation have taken over most of the accessible pasture-lands, displacing the livestock which previously abounded around villages and settlements. Mechanization on the roads and in the fields increases daily, and the horse, the mule, the donkey and the ploughing oxen are gradually becoming obsolete.In some areas these changes have already caused such an upset in the balance between the human and the livestock population that A. aquasalis, a very abundant species all along the coast, but until recently entirely "fixed" by the livestock population, is now shifting its attention from livestock to man. On the Demerara river estuary, an area where malaria transmission was interrupted sixteen years ago and where eradication has been continually maintained, this mosquito has been responsible for a sharp, but localized, outbreak of P. vivax malaria. An entirely new epidemiological problem thus presents itself.Environmental changes, introduced and fostered by successful malaria eradication, may thus cause an anopheline species, potentially capable of malaria transmission, but originally inactive and harmless as a vector, to alter its feeding habits and thereby renew transmission. The immediate and long-term significance of some secondary and potential vectors may therefore require renewed evaluation in the planning of malaria eradication campaigns.

Animals↗
PubMed1963

INITIAL FIELD STUDIES IN UPPER VOLTA WITH DICHLORVOS RESIDUAL FUMIGANT AS A MALARIA ERADICATION TECHNIQUE. 2. ENTOMOLOGICAL EVALUATION.

In mud houses in Wakara, Upper Volta, dichlorvos dispensers installed at the rate of one dispenser per approximately 500 cubic feet (14 m(3)) produced 70% or higher average kills of adult Aëdes aegypti, exposed overnight in screen wire cages suspended at levels of 6 feet (1.8 m) and 2 feet (0.6 m), for approximately three months during the wet season and four months during the dry season. Average kills of 96% and 80% were obtained in the dry season at the 6-foot and 2-foot levels, respectively, with 6-hour daytime exposures 17-22 weeks after treatment.

Aedes↗
PubMed1963

INITIAL FIELD STUDIES IN UPPER VOLTA WITH DICHLORVOS RESIDUAL FUMIGANT AS A MALARIA ERADICATION TECHNIQUE. 3. TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATION.

The residual fumigant technique involving the use of dichlorvos in the solid dispenser formulation employed in the study reported in this paper appears to offer no hazard to the occupants of houses treated at the rate of one dispenser per 500 cubic feet (14 m(3)) in so far as dichlorvos vapour toxicity is concerned. Even the maximum dosage rate tested (one dispenser per 60 cubic feet (1.7 m(3)) or 28 dispensers in a two-room house) did not produce observable effects on the occupants of the houses. This maximum rate far exceeds that necessary for malaria eradication operations, thereby affording an additional safety factor.

Africa↗
PubMed1963

A VILLAGE-SCALE TRIAL WITH DICHLORVOS AS A RESIDUAL FUMIGANT INSECTICIDE IN SOUTHERN NIGERIA.

Hut and village-scale trials with solid and liquid-type dichlorvos dispensers were carried out in 1961 in the vicinity of Lagos, Nigeria, by the WHO Insecticide Testing Unit. Bioassay results indicated that with a single application satisfactory mortalities of caged mosquitos could be obtained for a period of 12-13 weeks in mud-walled huts, whether with galvanized corrugated-iron roofs or with thatched roofs. Chemical analysis of air samples showed that satisfactory concentrations of dichlorvos vapour were maintained throughout the huts for about 12 weeks, after which time sublethal concentrations were observed first near the floors of the dwellings. No depression in blood or plasma cholinesterase was noted in the exposed inhabitants

Dichlorvos↗
PubMed1964

OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF RESIDUAL INSECTICIDES IN EXPERIMENTAL HUTS IN MASAKA DISTRICT, UGANDA.

Observations made in Kigezi District, Uganda, had shown a great reduction in the number of Anopheles gambiae entering an experimental hut treated with DDT. The work reported in this paper confirms the phenomenon of reduced entry by A. gambiae and A. funestus in two experiments carried out in Masaka, another district of Uganda, using mud-walled huts, roofed with thatch or corrugated-iron sheets and sprayed with DDT and dieldrin. The fact that no similar reduction was observed with Mansonia (mansonioides) uniformis, a common species in the area, indicates the need to determine and take into account any reduction in the number of entering mosquitos when assessing the effect of residual insecticides. Of interest in these experiments was the finding that DDT and dieldrin produced satisfactory kills with all the local anopheline species in spite of their rapid sorption by the mud walls, an indication of the importance of thatch or metal roofs as a source of active insecticide.

Animals↗