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PubMedDate not supplied

Pathology of velogenic Newcastle Disease virus infection in turkeys.

Twenty-four 4-week-old poults, free from Mycoplasma meleagridis and M. gallisepticum, were inoculated with a velogenic viscerotropic strain of Newcastle disease virus. Clinical signs (gasping, coughing, and dyspnea) developed 4-5 days postinoculation, continued until nervous derangement appeared, and then (usually 3 days after initial clinical signs appeared) declined in severity. Prominent nervous signs were paresis and paralysis of the extremities, with pronounced head-shaking. The most constant gross lesions detected involved the airsacs. The abdominal sacs of a few poults contained a large accumulation of yellowish, cheesy exudate and there was cloudiness of the thoracic airsacs of all inoculated poults. A few turkeys had tracheitis with some catarrhal exudates and casts in the lower part of the tracheal lumen. Congestion of lepto-meningeal vessels usually correlated with the severity of the nervous signs. The histologic lesions were characterized by both degenerative and proliferative changes with predominantly mononuclear cell and heterophil infiltrations throughout the body. The obvious lesion seen in the recovery stage of the disease was proliferation of lymphofollicular nodules in the parenchymatous organs.

Air Sacs↗

PubMed2006

Determination of organ tropism of Newcastle disease virus (strain I-2) by virus isolation and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

The vaccines I-2 and V4 are avirulent strains of Newcastle disease virus. Organ tropism of strain V4 has been determined and the virus has a predilection for the digestive tract. Tropism of strain I-2 has not yet been determined. The objective of this study was to determine the distribution of strain I-2 in various body organs and fluids following vaccination in comparison with V4. Four-week-old chickens were vaccinated by eye drop separately with these two avirulent strains. Virus isolation and the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction technique were employed to detect I-2 and V4 viruses in various tissues and body fluids for 7 days following vaccination. Tissues from the respiratory tract showed earlier positive signals than tissues from other organs for chickens vaccinated with strain I-2. Conversely, tissues from mainly digestive tract produced earlier positive signals than from respiratory tract and other organs from chickens vaccinated with strain V4. In early infection, strain I-2 had preferential predilection for the respiratory tract and strain V4 for the digestive tract. Later after vaccination, other organs showed positive results from chickens vaccinated with both I-2 and V4 strains. The differences in organ tropism observed in this study suggest that I-2 may perform better than V4 as a live vaccine strain.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Interactions between viscerotropic velogenic Newcastle disease virus and pet birds of six species. II. Viral evolution through bird passage.

Following in vivo studies in pet birds of 6 species, 279 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) reisolates were selected for characterization by the embryonated-chicken-egg mean-death-time, plaque-assay, hemagglutination-elution, and hemagglutinin-thermostability techniques. Initially, the 279 isolates were screened by the mean-death-time and plaque-assay techniques, and 5 sequential isolates were chosen for each of 3 budgerigars and 2 parrots for characterization by the other 2 in vitro assays to determine whether the Colorado Psittacine Isolate of viscerotropic velogenic (VV) NDV (COPI-VVNDV) had evolved during passage through pet birds. Nineteen isolates were then selected for chicken back-passage studies. Fifteen of the 19 isolates were chosen for potential avirulence for 8-week-old domestic chickens. The 4 remaining isolates produced large red plaques when assayed and were therefore used as virulent virus controls likely to be VVNDV. Subsequent in vitro characterization of selected back-passage chicken NDV isolates demonstrated little change in the 4 parameters originally evaluated for the pet-bird isolates used for the back-passage studies. Although the psittacine isolate slowly evolved to relatively avirulent strains of NDV by passage in pet birds, reversion did not occur during the chicken back-passage studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Interferon-hyporesponsiveness in mice in connection with dose interval and site of administration of Newcastle disease virus. Reflexion in serum complement levels.

Intraperitoneal administration of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) resulted in enhanced serum levels of complement not accompanied by an increase of interferon levels, when measured at 24 hours' intervals. On the other hand, intravenous injection of NDV caused a drop of complement levels of short duration with an accompanying increase of interferon levels. Hyporeactivity to induction of serum interferon could not be achieved by intraperitoneal administration of NDV, but an incomplete hyporeactivity could be achieved by intravenous administration of NDV. It might be assumed that production of interferon in mice occurs in different separated compartments depending on the route of inoculation of the inducer.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Pathogenesis of Newcastle disease in chickens experimentally infected with viruses of different virulence.

Groups of 4-week-old White Rock chickens were inoculated intraconjunctivally with nine isolates of Newcastle disease virus representing all pathotypes. Birds were monitored clinically and euthanatized sequentially, with collection of tissues for histopathologic examination and in situ hybridization using an anti-sense digoxigenin-labeled riboprobe corresponding to the sequence of the gene coding for the matrix protein. Disease was most severe with velogenic viscerotropic pathotypes and was characterized by acute systemic illness with extensive necrosis of lymphoid areas in the spleen and intestine. Viral nucleic acid was detected in multiple tissues but most prominently in macrophages associated with lymphoid tissue. Velogenic neurotropic isolates caused central nervous system disease despite minimal amounts of viral nucleic acid detected in neural tissue. Mesogenic and lentogenic pathotypes caused no overt disease; however, viral nucleic acid was present in myocardium and air sac epithelium following infection with these isolates. Compromise of air sac and myocardium may predispose mesogen- and lentogen-infected chickens to secondary infection and/or decreased meat and egg production.

Air Sacs↗

PubMed1984

Ocular pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus in rabbits and monkeys.

Studies on the ocular pathogenesis of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in rabbits and monkeys revealed that conjunctivitis can only be produced by the virus when conjunctival epithelium is traumatized; multiple instillations of large doses of virus over the intact conjunctiva failed to do so. The presence of serum HI antibodies showed no correlation with the clinical form of the disease in rabbits. However, in monkeys, the disease showed a uniform pattern of immune response irrespective of the strain of the virus. Monkeys may be useful for further studies.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

The contribution of lectins to the interaction between oral Newcastle disease vaccine and grains.

Successful oral vaccination of chickens with Newcastle disease (ND) depends on the survival of vaccine virus on the grains that are used as carriers. Some interactions between grains and the V4 strain of ND virus (NDV) were studied. Crude saline washings were prepared from several grains - rice (unhusked, brown, white and boiled white), sorghum, millet, wheat, maize and barley - and tested for lectin activity, as indicated by agglutination of chicken erythrocytes. Only washings from unhusked rice, sorghum and millet failed to haemagglutinate. None of the crude washings antagonised the haemagglutinating activity of NDV, and the washing from white rice produced an 8-fold enhancement. The presence of lectins in the washings from rice, wheat and barley was confirmed by purifying a substance with N-acetyl-D-glucosamine specificity. Only the crude extract from white rice had any profound effect on infectivity, reducing the infectivity titre by 99.99%. It is not known if the viricidal substance is identical with the lectin. Of 9 commercial lectins tested, only ConA bound the V4 virus.

Animal Feed↗

PubMed1992

Impairment of contrasuppressor activity in mice infected with the paramyxovirus of Newcastle disease.

Spleen cells from mice infected with the virus of Newcastle disease (NVD) fail to mediate the passive transfer of contact sensitivity to simple chemical haptens such as picryl chloride (Pcl) and oxazolone (Ox). The inhibitory effect of NDV can be bypassed by treating recipient mice with low doses of cyclophosphamide (Cy), suggesting that the T-effector cell which mediates the passive transfer of contact sensitivity is not affected by NDV infection. Vicia Villosa-adherent cells from immune mice display contrasuppressor activity and restore the ability of cells from NDV-infected mice to transfer contact sensitivity to naive recipients. In contrast, Vicia Villosa-adherent cells from NDV-infected mice fail to exert any contrasuppressor activity. Furthermore, contrasuppressor activity can also be detected in the culture supernatants of Vicia Villosa-adherent cells from uninfected, sensitized mice, but not in culture supernatants of Vicia Villosa-adherent cells from NDV-infected mice. The present results suggest that a Vicia Villosa-adherent contrasuppressor cell population is impaired by NDV infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Vaccination against Moroccan strains of Newcastle disease virus.

Different vaccination programmes commonly used in Moroccan poultry farms were tested for their capacity to protect chickens against two representative Moroccan strains of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease virus under controlled conditions. All vaccination programmes protected the chickens against mortality and the inactivated vaccine gave the highest antibody titres and the best protection against respiratory symptoms.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Non-structural proteins in Newcastle disease virus-infected cells.

Examination of pulse-labelled Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-infected chick embryo fibroblasts (CEF) by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed the presence of two-virus-coded non-structural polypeptides of mol. wt. 36K and 33K. Longer pulses and pulse-chase incubations revealed the production of an additional, glycosylated, non-structural polypeptide of mol. wt. 40K (gp40). Kinetic arguments suggest that 36K and 33 K are primary translation products but that gp40 is not. 36K was stable in chase incubations, but 33K was not. Partial digest peptide analysis showed that gp40 and an additional glycosylated polypeptide gp62, which is sometimes present (Chambers & Samson, 1980), are related to the HN polypeptides. Partial digest peptide analysis of the 36K polypeptide generated only a few peptides, which were not sufficient to conclude whether 36K was related to the major virus polypeptides, and since polypeptides 33K was metabolically unstable, insufficient radioactivity was incorporated for peptide studies. Extensive strain-dependent variation in the isoelectric points and mol. wt. of all the NDV polypeptides which are soluble in the isoelectric focusing gels, including 36K and 33K, is reported. This variation, and the insensitivity of the synthesis of 36K and 33K to actinomycin D, show that both non-structural polypeptides are virus-coded.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Further studies with an inactivated oil emulsion Newcastle disease vaccine in broiler breeders.

Chickens vaccinated with a live Newcastle disease (ND) vaccine and subsequently revaccinated with an inactivated oil emulsion ND vaccine had higher and more persistent hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers than birds vaccinated with live ND vaccine. The geometric mean HI antibody titers of flocks vaccinated with the inactivated ND vaccine ranged from 121 to 172, whereas the titers of flocks vaccinated every 90 days with a live ND vaccine ranged from 18 to 54. Breeder flocks revaccinated with live LaSota ND vaccine had lower egg production than the flocks vaccinated with inactivated vaccine. The average egg production per hen for the 40-week laying cycle was 174 and 170 eggs per hen for hens in the two houses vaccinated with the inactivated vaccine. Hens vaccinated with the live virus vaccine averaged 167 and 164 eggs per hen. The increase in egg production would more than offset the additional cost of the oil emulsion ND vaccine as well as the cost of injecting each individual bird at 18 weeks of age. Between 8 and 32 weeks after onset of egg production, geometric mean maternal antibody titers in 1-day-old chickens derived from breeders vaccinated with live ND vaccine ranged from 7 to 24, whereas, chicks from breeders vaccinated with the inactivated oil emulsion vaccine had maternal antibody titers that ranged from 64 to 89.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Biological functions of monospecific antibodies to envelope glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus.

Monospecific antisera to HN and F glycoproteins of Newcastle disease virus were prepared, and their effects on the biological activities of the virus were investigated. Anti-HN serum inhibited hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activity, as well as hemolysis. Anti-F serum had no effect on hemagglutination or neuraminidase but inhibited hemolysis and virus-induced cell fusion. Anti-HN serum was highly neutralizing, while neutralization by anti-F serum was very inefficient in conventional plaque reduction tests, although both sera were estimated to contain comparable amounts of antibody reacting with the virus as indicated by complement fixation and immuno-diffusion tests. The neutralizing activity of anti-F serum was greatly enhanced by the addition of anti-IgG serum or fresh guinea pig serum, whereas that of anti-HN serum was little enhanced. Anti-HN serum incorporated in the agar overlay suppressed the development of plaques to some degree, while anti-F serum had little effect. The combination of anti-HN and anti-F sera resulted in a marked decrease in the number and size of plaques, demonstrating the synergistic effect of the two species of antibody in the containment of the spread of viral infection.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Selective gene transfer in vitro to tumor cells via recombinant Newcastle disease virus.

We developed a novel strategy to target recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) to tumor cells for gene therapy. Modifying the virus with a bispecific fusion protein allowed virus receptor-independent tumor cell binding and gene transfer. The targeting molecule (alpha)HN-IL-2 contains an scFv antibody cloned from a neutralizing hemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN)-specific hybridoma linked to the human cytokine IL-2. A recombinant NDV expressing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (NDFL-EGFP) was applied to show the expression of foreign genes in virus-infected tumor cells. At 24 hours after infection with the modified virus (NDFL-EGFP/(alpha)HN-IL-2), FACS analysis and fluorescence microscopy revealed neutralization of natural infection in IL-2 receptor-negative Jurkat leukemia cells, but targeted expression of EGFP in IL-2 receptor-positive human leukemia-derived MT-2 cells. The targeted gene delivery of NDFL-EGFP/(alpha)HN-IL-2 in MT-2 cells was blocked by the target ligand human IL-2. Selective virus entry to IL-2 receptor bearing tumor cells was also observed in a mixture of Jurkat and MT-2 cell lines. These results demonstrate that a recombinant NDV carrying a foreign gene can be successfully targeted to a specific tumor through a bispecific protein, which thereby increases the selectivity of gene transfer.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Isolation of a human melanoma adapted Newcastle disease virus mutant with highly selective replication patterns.

The apathogenic Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strain Ulster has been used successfully as an adjuvant component for active specific immunotherapy of malignant mouse lymphoma, and in nude mice it was shown to be able to lead to retardation of the s.c. growth of xenotransplanted human melanoma cells. In order to improve in vivo effectiveness of virotherapy of human tumors without significantly increasing the risk of unspecific viral replication in host cells, we adapted the virus for growth in a human melanoma line (MeWo M). For this purpose NDV Ulster was mutagenized and a variant was selected which could replicate and reinfect the tumor line. The mutant (NDV 1E 10) performed late lysis on the melanoma line. Replication was found to be at least 100 times more efficient in MeWo M than in 6 of 8 other human tumor cell lines of different tissue origin. In 10 of 11 murine cell lines, NDV 1E 10 did not replicate via multicycles. Chick embryonic fibroblasts were permissive for nonlytic replication. Neither the virulent wild-type NDV Italian nor the avirulent strain NDV Ulster shared these specific replication properties with the new variant. We also established MeWo melanoma sublines with different metastatic capacities and tested them as targets for NDV 1E 10 infection. The MeWo subpopulations exhibited comparatively small differences in permissivity for multicyclic replication, but the more metastatic MeWo Met, like allogeneic melanoma lines, was more resistant to lysis. NDV Italian, in contrast, showed no differences in replication and lysis on any of the tested melanoma lines. Trypsin-activation experiments suggested an incomplete cleavage of mutant envelope glycoprotein F by the permissive cell line and, thus, mechanisms of specific infection and replication not requiring fully activated envelope glycoproteins.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Characterization of an alternate form of Newcastle disease virus fusion protein.

The sequence and structure of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) fusion (F) protein are consistent with its classification as a type 1 glycoprotein. We have previously reported, however, that F protein can be detected in at least two topological forms with respect to membranes in both a cell-free protein synthesizing system containing membranes and infected COS-7 cells (J. Virol. 77:1951-1963, 2003). One form is the classical type 1 glycoprotein, while the other is a polytopic form in which approximately 200 amino acids of the amino-terminal end as well as the cytoplasmic domain (CT) are translocated across membranes. Furthermore, we detected CT sequences on surfaces of F protein-expressing cells, and antibodies specific for these sequences inhibited red blood cell fusion to hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and F protein-expressing cells, suggesting a role for surface-expressed CT sequences in cell-cell fusion. Extending these findings, we have found that the alternate form of the F protein can also be detected in infected and transfected avian cells, the natural host cells of NDV. Furthermore, the alternate form of the F protein was also found in virions released from both infected COS-7 cells and avian cells by Western analysis. Mass spectrometry confirmed its presence in virions released from avian cells. Two different polyclonal antibodies raised against sequences of the CT domain of the F protein slowed plaque formation in both avian and COS-7 cells. Antibody specific for the CT domain also inhibited single-cycle infections, as detected by immunofluorescence of viral proteins in infected cells. The potential roles of this alternate form of the NDV F protein in infection are discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1981

Comparison of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and haemagglutination inhibition test for the detection of Newcastle disease virus antibodies in human sera.

A comparison of haemagglutination inhibition (HI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) techniques for the detection of antibodies against Newcastle disease virus in sera from persons working in poultry farms and veterinary vaccine institutes and from the general population revealed that 22% more sera were positive by ELISA compared to HI. No samples were negative by ELISA but positive by HI. While HI titres of positive sera were found in the range 8-64, ELISA titres were between 16 and 512. It was interesting that though 78% sera had concordant results by the two tests, titres obtained by ELISA were nearly six times higher than those by HI.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Biochemical changes in fowl serum during infection with strains of Newcastle disease virus of differing virulence. Changes in serum proteins, uric acid, lipids and electrolytes.

Chickens aged five to six weeks were inoculated with three strains of Newcastle disease virus of differing pathogenicity. The serum level of the metabolites: total protein, albumin, globulin, uric acid, total lipids, cholesterol and electrolytes: calcium, magnesium, sodium and potassium were determined. The changes in serum levels of metabolites were as follows: velogenic infection was accompanied by decrease in total protein and albumin, reduction of lipids and cholesterol and increase in uric acid. No significant changes were found in the values of these metabolites in the serum of chickens infected with mesogenic strain. Lentogenic strain caused elevation of uric acid and cholesterol. All three strains caused decrease of the level of potassium in serum.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Studies on vaccination against Newcastle disease with the "Komarov" strain of virus by the drinking water.

After a brief reference to the ordinary use of the "Komarov" mesogenic vaccinal strain of Newcastle disease virus for the secondary vaccination of domestic fowls, the authors deal with laboratory experiments conducted to ascertain that this strain can be used for the same purpose by the drinking water method. Three groups of chickens 45 days old previously vaccinated with LaSota strain in the drinking water at 20 days old, were revaccinated with the normal dose by the "Komarov" strain, as follows: a) intramuscularly, b) by the drinking water and c) per os. A fourth group was left as negative control. To investigate the effect of the revaccination by the two different routes of administration, the hemagglutination-inhibition test was used. The results of these tests are finally compared and discussed.

Administration, Oral↗